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Leonardi MS, Paz RR, Oliveira HL, Lazzari CR, Negrete J, Márquez F. The deeper the rounder: body shape variation in lice parasitizing diving hosts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20947. [PMID: 39251772 PMCID: PMC11385217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Seal lice, unique among insects, show remarkable adaptability to the extreme conditions of the deep sea. Evolving with their seal and sea lion hosts, they have managed to tolerate hypoxia, high salinity, low temperature, and elevated hydrostatic pressure. Given the diving capabilities of their mammalian hosts, which can reach depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, our study examines the morphological variation among closely related seal lice species infesting hosts with different maximum diving depths. In particular, our research reveals a significant morphological difference between lice associated with regular and deep-diving hosts, where lice from deep-diving hosts tend to be rounder. This could be an adaptation to withstand the high hydrostatic pressures found in the deep ocean. The rounded shape optimizes the louse's ability to withstand external pressure by redistributing it over a larger ventral/dorsal plane. This in turn minimizes the internal energy required to support body deformations, thereby increasing the louse's resilience in the deep sea environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Leonardi
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo R Paz
- ANSYS Inc., 7374 Las Positas Rd., Livermore, California, 94551, USA
- IMIT, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Libertad 5460, 1er. piso, W3404AAS, Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Hugo Luiz Oliveira
- FECFAU, Departamento de Estruturas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Albert Einstein, 951, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte-UMR CNRS 7261, University of Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Javier Negrete
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 122 and 60, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología de Predadores Tope, Instituto Antártico Argentino, Cerrito 1248, PC 1010, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Márquez
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, PC 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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2
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Petersen JM, Burgess AL, van Oers MM, Herniou EA, Bojko J. Nudiviruses in free-living and parasitic arthropods: evolutionary taxonomy. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:744-762. [PMID: 39019701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The nudiviruses (family: Nudiviridae) are large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that infect insects and crustaceans, and have most recently been identified from ectoparasitic members (fleas and lice). This virus family was created in 2014 and has since been expanded via the discovery of multiple novel viral candidates or accepted members, sparking the need for a new taxonomic and evolutionary overview. Using current information (including data from public databases), we construct a new comprehensive phylogeny, encompassing 49 different nudiviruses. We use this novel phylogeny to propose a new taxonomic structure of the Nudiviridae by suggesting two new viral genera (Zetanudivirus and Etanudivirus), from ectoparasitic lice. We detail novel emerging relationships between nudiviruses and their hosts, considering their evolutionary history and ecological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirka Manuel Petersen
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Amy L Burgess
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK; National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, UK.
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Sychra O, Rózsa L, Podani J, Sychra V, Literák I, Capek M. Multivariate study of lice (Insecta: Psocodea: Phthiraptera) assemblages hosted by hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). Parasitology 2024; 151:191-199. [PMID: 38116659 PMCID: PMC10941040 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Lice were collected from 579 hummingbirds, representing 49 species, in 19 locations in Brazil, Costa Rica, Honduras, Paraguay and Peru, at elevations 0–3000 m above sea level. The following variables were included in an ecological analysis (1) host species' mean body mass, sexual size dimorphism, sexual dichromatism, migratory behaviour and dominance behaviour; (2) mean elevation, mean and predictability of temperature, mean and predictability of precipitation of the host species' geographic area; (3) prevalence and mean abundance of species of lice as measures of infestation. Ordination methods were applied to evaluate data structure. Since the traits are expressed at different scales (nominal, interval and ratio), a principal component analysis based on d-correlations for the traits and a principal coordinates analysis based on the Gower index for species were applied. Lice or louse eggs were found on 80 (13.8%) birds of 22 species. A total of 267 lice of 4 genera, Trochiloecetes, Trochiliphagus, Myrsidea and Leremenopon, were collected, with a total mean intensity of 4.6. There were positive interactions between migration behaviour and infestation indices, with elevational migrants having a higher prevalence and abundance of lice than resident birds. Further, we found weak negative correlations between host body mass and infestation indices and positive correlations between mean elevation and prevalence and abundance of Trochiliphagus. Thus, formerly unknown differences in the ecological characteristics and infestation measures of Trochiliphagus and Trochiloecetes lice were revealed, which allows a better understanding of these associations and their potential impacts on hummingbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Sychra
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lajos Rózsa
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Eco-Epidemiology, National Laboratory for Health Security, Budapest, Hungary
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - János Podani
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vojtěch Sychra
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ivan Literák
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Capek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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4
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Museum-Based Research on the Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) Infestations of Hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae)—Prevalence, Genus Richness and Parasite Associations. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We documented the presence/absence of the eggs of Trochiloecetes, Trochiliphagus, and Leremenopon lice on over 50,000 hummingbird specimens (representing 348 species plus 247 additional subspecies) in four museums in the USA. (i) We provide sample estimates of infestation prevalence. (ii) Sample estimates of parasite genus richness increased with increasing host sample size. (iii) Host body mass did not correlate with parasite genus richness, even when controlled for sample size effects. (iv) The prevalence of Trochiliphagus and Trochiloecetes infestations did not correlate with host body mass, while the prevalence of Leremenopon exhibited a marginally significant positive correlation with host body mass. (v) The prevalence of Trochiliphagus and Leremenopon infestations correlated strongly and positively across host taxa (i.e., species or subspecies). (vi) The co-occurrence of Trochiliphagus and Trochiloecetes within the few largest host samples—i.e., within particular host taxa—was significantly more frequent than expected by chance. This latter association might indicate a true ecological relationship or, alternatively, might have emerged as an artifact of our sampling method. (vii) We found no relationship between host sexual size dimorphism and the prevalence of any of the three louse genera, contrary to the interspecific prediction of the Hamilton–Zuk hypothesis.
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Functional and sex-specific dynamics of ectoparasite size evolution in marine isopod-fish interactions: Harrison's rule and increasing variance. Oecologia 2023; 201:213-225. [PMID: 36522603 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Harrison's rule, a pattern predicting that the body size of parasites correlates positively with the size of their hosts, is well-supported. However, its interaction with highly distinct "guilds" of closely related parasites warrants further exploration. The increasing variance hypothesis predicts that the variance in parasite size should also increase with the size of their hosts. Though untested, in parasite taxa with differential sex-dependent pressures on body size, this relationship should also be divergent across sexes due to differential size-fecundity relationships. We compiled global data on sequentially hermaphroditic isopods (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) parasitic on fish from published literature. With a data set comprising of 204 marine cymothoid species and their hosts, we used Bayesian hierarchical models to primarily test (1) Harrison's rule and its scaling across three functionally distinct guilds (mouth, gill, external); (2) the increasing variance hypothesis and sex-specific patterns. Our results revealed a strong positive association between parasite and host body sizes, but with uniform scaling across guilds. Host size exerted divergent, sex-specific effects on the relative intraspecific variation in parasite size, where this association was positive in males and absent in females. Here, we show that Harrison's rule is independent of guild, suggesting body size evolution across all cymothoids is equally underpinned by the size of their hosts. The sex-specificity of the increasing variance hypothesis can be explained by female fecundity being tightly bound to body size, whereas the dependency of reproductive success on size is inherently more relaxed in males.
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Lim K, Lee S, Orr M, Lee S. Harrison's rule corroborated for the body size of cleptoparasitic cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Nomadinae) and their hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10984. [PMID: 35768474 PMCID: PMC9243014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Harrison’s rule, that body size is positively correlated between parasites and hosts, has been reported in a range of taxa, but whether the rule is applicable to cleptoparasitic insects is poorly understood. Subfamily Nomadinae, the largest group of cleptoparasitic bees, usurp the nests of a variety of host bees. Within the subfamily, Nomada exploits the most diverse hosts, using at least ten genera from five families. Here, we reassess the phylogeny of Nomadinae, including the expanded sampling of the genus Nomada, to explore host shift fluctuations throughout their evolutionary history and test the applicability of Harrison’s rule for the subfamily. Our phylogenetic results are mostly congruent with previous investigations, but we infer the tribe Hexepeolini as a sister taxon to the tribe Nomadini. Additionally, the results reveal discrepancies with the traditional classifications of Nomada. Ancestral state reconstruction of host use indicates that, early in their evolution, parasites used closer relatives, before attacking less related groups later. Lastly, we confirm Harrison’s rule in Nomadinae, supporting that body size dynamics influence the host shifts of cleptoparasitic bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayun Lim
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 92 Box, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 92 Box, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Leung TLF. Economies of parasite body size. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R645-R649. [PMID: 35728546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasitism has independently evolved multiple times across the entire tree of life, and there are numerous parasitic representatives from every major eukaryote kingdom. In animals alone, parasitism has independently evolved at least 200 times. If there are any organisms that one might think would have access to limitless resources, it would be parasites. You would think that living in or on the body of their host, which serves as both a habitat and a food source, would provide parasites with bountiful resources to maximise every aspect of their existence, especially reproduction. But parasitism is not a loophole out of life history trade-offs. There is still a finite amount of resources that a parasite can obtain and allocate to its many needs. Living in a resource-rich environment has allowed many parasites to grow to sizes that are of multiple orders of magnitude larger than their free-living relatives. But that does not mean that the underlying economy of nature and its limitations are inapplicable to parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L F Leung
- Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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8
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Tian C, Yu X, Wang Z, Zou F, Gustafsson DR. PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF GUIMARAESIELLA AND PRICEIELLA (PHTHIRAPTERA: ISCHNOCERA) FROM BABBLERS AND NON-BABBLERS (PASSERIFORMES). J Parasitol 2022; 108:107-121. [PMID: 35240688 DOI: 10.1645/21-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Babblers (Passeriformes: Leiothrichidae, Pellorneidae, Timaliidae) are parasitized by more genera of lice of the Brueelia complex than any other group of songbirds. However, the relationships of these louse groups are poorly known. We here try to resolve the relationships between Guimaraesiella (Guimaraesiella), Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella), and their putative sister group Priceiella by using mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit 1 (COI), 12S, and 16S sequences. Our data indicate that G. (Cicchinella) forms a monophyletic group of lice from babblers, but the relationship between G. (Guimaraesiella), G. (Cicchinella), and Priceiella could not be resolved. Moreover, the position of the third lineage of babbler-specific lice, containing only the aberrant species Guimaraesiella montisodalis, is unresolved. Morphologically, this species is different from all other Guimaraesiella in several characters and may represent a distinct lineage. We present some data indicating that (1) the Nanling Mountain range may be a biogeographical barrier to chewing lice and (2) host participation in mixed-species feeding flocks may influence host associations in Brueelia-complex chewing lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpo Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an City, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Library of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an City, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhengzhen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Library of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Library of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daniel R Gustafsson
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Library of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 105 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong Province, China
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9
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Rózsa L, Moldovan E. Relationship between body size and sexual size dimorphism in syringophilid quill mites. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:891-898. [PMID: 35067745 PMCID: PMC8858279 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A positive relationship of body size and sexual size dimorphism (males' size relative to females), called Rensch's rule, is often observed in comparisons within non-parasitic taxa. However, this allometric relationship has rarely been tested in comparisons across closely related parasite species. Since male sexual rivalry is often regarded as the main cause of this phenomenon, the present study tests this rule in a taxon where sexual selection is almost totally absent in males. Body size data of (non-physogastric) female and male quill mites (Acari: Syringophilidae) were gathered from the literature to investigate this relationship. The data set consisted of 113 species representing 8 genera. For the data set as a whole, increasing body size came together with decreasing relative body size of males (relative to females), a phenomenon known as converse Rensch's rule. Repeating the same analysis for the 8 genera separately, similar patterns were found in 4 significant and 3 non-significant cases. There was a significant tendency to comply with Rensch's rule only in one genus, the Neoaulonastus. Thus, converse Rensch's rule is the primary trend in syringophilid quill mites that appears repeatedly and independently in several genera. This phenomenon is probably caused by their extreme inbreeding, which strongly reduces sexual competition among males in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Rózsa
- Institute of Evolution, ELKH Centre for Ecological Research, Konkoly-Thege street 29-33, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary.
| | - Evelyn Moldovan
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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10
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Host-associated morphological convergence in symbiotic pea crabs. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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KUSAKISAKO K, NIIYAMA H, ASANO E, HARAGUCHI A, HAKOZAKI J, NAKAYAMA K, NAKAMURA S, SHINDO J, KUDO N, IKADAI H. Morphological and molecular phylogenetical identification of <i>Tricodectes pinguis</i> from Japanese black bears (<i>Ursus thibetanus japonicus</i>) in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1015-1018. [PMID: 35644573 PMCID: PMC9353088 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichodectes pinguis, referred to commonly as the bear-biting louse, has been reported in several bear species. However, graphical (blurred or coarse) and genetic
information on the louse is limited. In this study, we identified T. pinguis collected from Japanese black bears in the Aomori Prefecture, Japan. We confirmed 12S rDNA
sequences derived from the collected T. pinguis and performed molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 12S rDNA. The analysis revealed the parasitic louse to be T.
pinguis. Interestingly, the body size of T. pinguis found in this study was smaller than the previous recorded body size of them in Japan and Turkey. To better
understand the biting louse infesting bears, morphometric and genetic information from other bear hosts needs to be accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodai KUSAKISAKO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hikaru NIIYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Erika ASANO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Asako HARAGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Jun HAKOZAKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kazuhiko NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Sakure NAKAMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Junji SHINDO
- Laboratory of Wildlife Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Noboru KUDO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Hiromi IKADAI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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Sychra O, Palma RL. A new species of Myrsidea (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from Chile. Zootaxa 2021; 5016:441-447. [PMID: 34810437 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5016.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myrsidea danielalfonsoi new species is described and illustrated from the Austral thrush (Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King, 1831) in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldrich Sychra
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Palackho t. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic. .
| | - Ricardo L Palma
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand. .
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Maestri R, Fiedler MS, Shenbrot GI, Surkova EN, Medvedev SG, Khokhlova IS, Krasnov BR. Harrison's rule scales up to entire parasite assemblages but is determined by environmental factors. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2888-2895. [PMID: 32936457 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Harrison's rule states that parasite body size and the body size of their hosts tend to be positively correlated. After it was proposed a century ago, a number of studies have investigated this trend, but the support level has varied greatly between parasite/host associations. Moreover, while the rule has been tested at the individual species level, we still lack knowledge on whether Harrison's rule holds at the scale of parasite and host communities. Here, we mapped flea (parasites) and rodent (hosts) body sizes across Mongolia and asked whether Harrison's rule holds for parasite/host assemblages (i.e. whether a parasite's average body size in a locality is positively correlated with its host's average body size). In addition, we attempted to disentangle complex relationships between flea size, host size and environmental factors by testing alternative hypotheses for the determinants of fleas' body size variation. We gathered occurrence data for fleas and rodents from 2,370 sites across Mongolia, constructed incidence matrices for both taxa and calculated the average body sizes of fleas and their hosts over half-degree cells. Then, we applied a path analysis, accounting for spatial autocorrelation, trying to disentangle the drivers of the correlation between parasite and host body sizes. We found a strong positive correlation between average flea and host size across assemblages. Surprisingly though, we found that environmental factors simultaneously affected the body sizes of both fleas and hosts in the same direction, leading to a most likely deceptive correlation between parasite and host size across assemblages. We suggest that environmental factors may, to a great extent, reflect the environmental conditions inside the hosts' burrows where fleas develop and attain their adult body size, thus influencing their larval growth. Similarly, rodent body size is strongly influenced by air temperature, in the direction predicted by Bergmann's rule. If our findings are valid in other host-parasite associations, this may explain the dissenting results of both support and lack thereof for Harrison's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Maestri
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maico S Fiedler
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Georgy I Shenbrot
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute of Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion Univiversity of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Elena N Surkova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei G Medvedev
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina S Khokhlova
- Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute of Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben-Gurion Univiversity of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Piross IS, Solt S, Horváth É, Kotymán L, Palatitz P, Bertók P, Szabó K, Vili N, Vas Z, Rózsa L, Harnos A, Fehérvári P. Sex-dependent changes in the louse abundance of red-footed falcons (Falco vespertinus). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1327-1335. [PMID: 32179987 PMCID: PMC7176593 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Permanent ectoparasites live in stable environments; thus, their population dynamics are mostly adapted to changes in the host life cycle. We aimed to investigate how static and dynamic traits of red-footed falcons interplay with the dynamics of their louse subpopulations during breeding and how they affect the colonisation of new hosts by lice. We sampled red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus) nestlings (two breeding seasons) and adults (one breeding season) in southern Hungary. The mean abundance of Colpocephalum subzerafae and Degeeriella rufa lice on the nestlings was modelled with generalized linear mixed models using clutch size and host sex in interaction with wing length. For adults, we used wing length and the number of days after laying the first egg, both in interaction with sex. D. rufa abundances increased with the nestlings' wing length. In one year, this trend was steeper on females. In adult birds, both louse species exhibited higher abundances on females at the beginning, but it decreased subsequently through the breeding season. Contrarily, abundances were constantly low on adult males. Apparently, D. rufa postpones transmission until nestlings develop juvenile plumage and choose the more feathered individual among siblings. The sexual difference in the observed abundance could either be caused by the different plumage, or by the females' preference for less parasitized males. Moreover, females likely have more time to preen during the incubation period, lowering their louse burdens. Thus, sex-biased infestation levels likely arise due to parasite preferences in the nestlings and host behavioural processes in the adult falcons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Sándor Piross
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Szablocs Solt
- MME BirdLife Hungary, Red-footed Falcon Workgroup, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Horváth
- MME BirdLife Hungary, Red-footed Falcon Workgroup, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Péter Palatitz
- MME BirdLife Hungary, Red-footed Falcon Workgroup, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Krisztián Szabó
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Vili
- Conservation Genetics Research Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Vas
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Rózsa
- GINOP Evolutionary Systems Research Group, Institute of Evolution, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fehérvári
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Piross IS, Harnos A, Rózsa L. Rensch's rule in avian lice: contradictory allometric trends for sexual size dimorphism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7908. [PMID: 31133727 PMCID: PMC6536520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rensch’s rule (RR) postulates that in comparisons across closely related species, male body size relative to female size increases with the average size of the species. This holds true in several vertebrate and also in certain free-living invertebrate taxa. Here, we document the validity of RR in avian lice using three families (Philopteridae, Menoponidae, and Ricinidae). Using published data on the body length of 989 louse species, subspecies, or distinct intraspecific lineages, we applied phylogenetic reduced major axis regression to analyse the body size of females vs. males while accounting for phylogenetic non-independence. Our results indicate that philopterid and menoponid lice follow RR, while ricinids exhibit the opposite pattern. In the case of philopterids and menoponids, we argue that larger-bodied bird species tend to host lice that are both larger in size and more abundant. Thus, sexual selection acting on males makes them relatively larger, and this is stronger than fecundity selection acting on females. Ricinids exhibit converse RR, likely because fecundity selection is stronger in their case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Sándor Piross
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. .,Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Rózsa
- Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Tammaru T, Johansson NR, Õunap E, Davis RB. Day-flying moths are smaller: evidence for ecological costs of being large. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1400-1404. [PMID: 29904956 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research on evolutionary forces determining optimal body sizes has primarily relied on experimental evaluation of respective selective pressures. Accounting for among-species variation through application of phylogenetic comparative methods is a complementary although little used approach. It enables the direct association of body size values with particular environments. Using phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses, we show that small body size is associated with diurnal (rather than nocturnal) activity of adults among temperate species of the moth family Geometridae. The association of an exclusively adult trait with species-specific body size suggests that optimal body sizes are at least partly determined by the costs being a large adult, as opposed to the more frequently considered costs of attaining large size. It appears likely that size-selective predation by insectivorous birds is the primary factor responsible for selection against large body size in day-flying moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Niko R Johansson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Erki Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Robert B Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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