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Cīrulis A, Nordén AK, Churcher AM, Ramm SA, Zadesenets KS, Abbott JK. Sex-limited experimental evolution drives transcriptomic divergence in a hermaphrodite. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evad235. [PMID: 38155579 PMCID: PMC10786194 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of gonochorism from hermaphroditism is linked with the formation of sex chromosomes, as well as the evolution of sex-biased and sex-specific gene expression to allow both sexes to reach their fitness optimum. There is evidence that sexual selection drives the evolution of male-biased gene expression in particular. However, previous research in this area in animals comes from either theoretical models or comparative studies of already old sex chromosomes. We therefore investigated changes in gene expression under 3 different selection regimes for the simultaneous hermaphrodite Macrostomum lignano subjected to sex-limited experimental evolution (i.e. selection for fitness via eggs, sperm, or a control regime allowing both). After 21 and 22 generations of selection for male-specific or female-specific fitness, we characterized changes in whole-organism gene expression. We found that female-selected lines had changed the most in their gene expression. Although annotation for this species is limited, gene ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggest that metabolic changes (e.g. biosynthesis of amino acids and carbon metabolism) are an important adaptive component. As predicted, we found that the expression of genes previously identified as testis-biased candidates tended to be downregulated in the female-selected lines. We did not find any significant expression differences for previously identified candidates of other sex-specific organs, but this may simply reflect that few transcripts have been characterized in this way. In conclusion, our experiment suggests that changes in testis-biased gene expression are important in the early evolution of sex chromosomes and gonochorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivars Cīrulis
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR,”Riga LV-1076, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Anna K Nordén
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Allison M Churcher
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven A Ramm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Kira S Zadesenets
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cell Biology and Bionformatics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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2
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David P, Degletagne C, Saclier N, Jennan A, Jarne P, Plénet S, Konecny L, François C, Guéguen L, Garcia N, Lefébure T, Luquet E. Extreme mitochondrial DNA divergence underlies genetic conflict over sex determination. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2325-2333.e6. [PMID: 35483362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a form of genetic conflict over sex determination that results from differences in modes of inheritance between genomic compartments.1-3 Indeed, maternally transmitted (usually mitochondrial) genes sometimes enhance their transmission by suppressing the male function in a hermaphroditic organism to the detriment of biparentally inherited nuclear genes. Therefore, these hermaphrodites become functionally female and may coexist with regular hermaphrodites in so-called gynodioecious populations.3 CMS has been known in plants since Darwin's times4 but is previously unknown in the animal kingdom.5-8 We relate the first observation of CMS in animals. It occurs in a freshwater snail population, where some individuals appear unable to sire offspring in controlled crosses and show anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characters consistent with a suppression of the male function. Male sterility is associated with a mitochondrial lineage that underwent a spectacular acceleration of DNA substitution rates, affecting the entire mitochondrial genome-this acceleration concerns both synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions and therefore results from increased mitogenome mutation rates. Consequently, mitochondrial haplotype divergence within the population is exceptionally high, matching that observed between snail taxa that diverged 475 million years ago. This result is reminiscent of similar accelerations in mitogenome evolution observed in plant clades where gynodioecy is frequent,9,10 both being consistent with arms-race evolution of genome regions implicated in CMS.11,12 Our study shows that genomic conflicts can trigger independent evolution of similar sex-determination systems in plants and animals and dramatically accelerate molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice David
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Cyril Degletagne
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Aurel Jennan
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Plénet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lara Konecny
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Laurent Guéguen
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Noéline Garcia
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tristan Lefébure
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilien Luquet
- University of Lyon, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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3
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Janicke T, Chapuis E, Meconcelli S, Bonel N, Delahaie B, David P. Environmental effects on the genetic architecture of fitness components in a simultaneous hermaphrodite. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:124-137. [PMID: 34652857 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how environmental change affects genetic variances and covariances of reproductive traits is key to formulate firm predictions on evolutionary responses. This is particularly true for sex-specific variance in reproductive success, which has been argued to affect how populations can adapt to environmental change. Our current knowledge on the impact of environmental stress on sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness components is still limited and restricted to separate-sexed organisms. However, hermaphroditism is widespread across animals and may entail interesting peculiarities with respect to genetic constraints imposed on the evolution of male and female reproduction. We explored how food restriction affects the genetic variance-covariance (G) matrix of body size and reproductive success of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta. Our results provide strong evidence that the imposed environmental stress elevated the opportunity for selection in both sex functions. However, the G-matrix remained largely stable across the tested food treatments. Importantly, our results provide no support for cross-sex genetic correlations suggesting no strong evolutionary coupling of male and female reproductive traits. We discuss potential implications for the adaptation to changing environments and highlight the need for more quantitative genetic studies on male and female fitness components in simultaneous hermaphrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janicke
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Applied Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elodie Chapuis
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefania Meconcelli
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicolas Bonel
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-CCT-CONICET Bahía Blanca), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Boris Delahaie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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4
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Kulbaba MW, Shaw RG. Lifetime Fitness through Female and Male Function: Influences of Genetically Effective Population Size and Density. Am Nat 2021; 197:434-447. [PMID: 33755534 DOI: 10.1086/713067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn individual's lifetime fitness and patterns of mating between individuals are interdependent features of sexual organisms. Mating systems (outcrossing vs. selfing or mating between close relatives) can affect the distribution of offspring fitness, which generally declines with inbreeding, which in turn is related to a population's genetically effective size (Ne). Fitness and mating patterns are also expected to vary with proximity of mates (i.e., population density). Consequently, density and Ne may influence demographic and genetic changes over generations and interact in their effects. Here, we report an experiment designed to assess the influence of these two population-level properties on mating system and lifetime fitness. In experimental arrays under quasi-natural conditions, we varied the density and Ne of the hermaphroditic annual legume Chamaecrista fasciculata. We recorded components of fitness for each individual and employed microsatellite markers to estimate outcrossing and assign paternity. We used aster analyses to estimate lifetime fitness for genetic families using female (seeds set) and male (seeds sired) reproduction as fitness measures. With estimates from these analyses, we assessed the evidence for a trade-off between fitness attained through female versus male function, but we found none. Lifetime fitness increased with density, especially under high Ne. Outcrossing rates increased with density under high Ne but declined modestly with density under low Ne. Our results show that density and Ne have strong direct effects on fitness and mating systems, with negative fitness effects of low Ne limiting the positive effects of increasing density. These findings highlight the importance of the interactive effects of density and Ne on lifetime fitness.
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Ruzicka F, Dutoit L, Czuppon P, Jordan CY, Li X, Olito C, Runemark A, Svensson EI, Yazdi HP, Connallon T. The search for sexually antagonistic genes: Practical insights from studies of local adaptation and statistical genomics. Evol Lett 2020; 4:398-415. [PMID: 33014417 PMCID: PMC7523564 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually antagonistic (SA) genetic variation-in which alleles favored in one sex are disfavored in the other-is predicted to be common and has been documented in several animal and plant populations, yet we currently know little about its pervasiveness among species or its population genetic basis. Recent applications of genomics in studies of SA genetic variation have highlighted considerable methodological challenges to the identification and characterization of SA genes, raising questions about the feasibility of genomic approaches for inferring SA selection. The related fields of local adaptation and statistical genomics have previously dealt with similar challenges, and lessons from these disciplines can therefore help overcome current difficulties in applying genomics to study SA genetic variation. Here, we integrate theoretical and analytical concepts from local adaptation and statistical genomics research-including F ST and F IS statistics, genome-wide association studies, pedigree analyses, reciprocal transplant studies, and evolve-and-resequence experiments-to evaluate methods for identifying SA genes and genome-wide signals of SA genetic variation. We begin by developing theoretical models for between-sex F ST and F IS, including explicit null distributions for each statistic, and using them to critically evaluate putative multilocus signals of sex-specific selection in previously published datasets. We then highlight new statistics that address some of the limitations of F ST and F IS, along with applications of more direct approaches for characterizing SA genetic variation, which incorporate explicit fitness measurements. We finish by presenting practical guidelines for the validation and evolutionary analysis of candidate SA genes and discussing promising empirical systems for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ruzicka
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
| | - Ludovic Dutoit
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9054New Zealand
| | - Peter Czuppon
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRASorbonne UniversitéParis75252France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, CNRS, Collège de FrancePSL Research UniversityParis75231France
| | - Crispin Y. Jordan
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH8 9XDUnited Kingdom
| | - Xiang‐Yi Li
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelCH‐2000Switzerland
| | - Colin Olito
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | - Anna Runemark
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden
| | | | | | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVIC 3800Australia
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6
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Noël E, Fruitet E, Lelaurin D, Bonel N, Ségard A, Sarda V, Jarne P, David P. Sexual selection and inbreeding: Two efficient ways to limit the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Evol Lett 2018; 3:80-92. [PMID: 30788144 PMCID: PMC6369961 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory and empirical data showed that two processes can boost selection against deleterious mutations, thus facilitating the purging of the mutation load: inbreeding, by exposing recessive deleterious alleles to selection in homozygous form, and sexual selection, by enhancing the relative reproductive success of males with small mutation loads. These processes tend to be mutually exclusive because sexual selection is reduced under mating systems that promote inbreeding, such as self‐fertilization in hermaphrodites. We estimated the relative efficiency of inbreeding and sexual selection at purging the genetic load, using 50 generations of experimental evolution, in a hermaphroditic snail (Physa acuta). To this end, we generated lines that were exposed to various intensities of inbreeding, sexual selection (on the male function), and nonsexual selection (on the female function). We measured how these regimes affected the mutation load, quantified through the survival of outcrossed and selfed juveniles. We found that juvenile survival strongly decreased in outbred lines with reduced male selection, but not when female selection was relaxed, showing that male‐specific sexual selection does purge deleterious mutations. However, in lines exposed to inbreeding, where sexual selection was also relaxed, survival did not decrease, and even increased for self‐fertilized juveniles, showing that purging through inbreeding can compensate for the absence of sexual selection. Our results point to the further question of whether a mixed strategy combining the advantages of both mechanisms of genetic purging could be evolutionary stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Noël
- UMR AGAP (CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro) 2 Place Pierre Viala 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1 France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Elise Fruitet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France.,Department of Entomology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Strasse 8 Jena 07745 Germany.,IBED University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dennyss Lelaurin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Nicolas Bonel
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France.,Universidad Nacional del Sur B8000ICN Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Adeline Ségard
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Violette Sarda
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry Montpellier-IRD-EPHE 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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