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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Guo J, Wan Q, Zhang Y, Li H, Rao H, Yang J, Xu P, Chen H, Wang M. Factor XII and prekallikrein promote microvascular inflammation and psoriasis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38872396 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease, featuring microvascular abnormalities and elevated levels of bradykinin. Contact activation of Factor XII can initiate the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade, producing inflammation and angioedema. The role of Factor XII in psoriasis is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of deficiency of Factor XII or its enzymatic substrate, prekallikrein, were examined in the imiquimod-induced mouse model of psoriasis. Skin microcirculation was assessed using intravital confocal microscopy and laser Doppler flowmeter. A novel antibody blocking Factor XII activation was evaluated for psoriasis prevention. KEY RESULTS Expression of Factor XII was markedly up-regulated in human and mouse psoriatic skin. Genetic deletion of Factor XII or prekallikrein, attenuated imiquimod-induced psoriatic lesions in mice. Psoriatic induction increased skin microvascular blood perfusion, causing vasodilation, hyperpermeability and angiogenesis. It also promoted neutrophil-vascular interaction, inflammatory cytokine release and enhanced Factor XII / prekallikrein enzymatic activity with elevated bradykinin. Factor XII or prekallikrein deficiency ameliorated these microvascular abnormalities and abolished bradykinin increase. Antagonism of bradykinin B2 receptors reproduced the microvascular protection of Factor XII / prekallikrein deficiency, attenuated psoriatic lesions, and prevented protection by Factor XII / prekallikrein deficiency against psoriasis. Furthermore, treatment of mice with Factor XII antibody alleviated experimentally induced psoriasis and suppressed microvascular inflammation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of Factor XII promoted psoriasis via prekallikrein-dependent formation of bradykinin, which critically mediated psoriatic microvascular inflammation. Inhibition of contact activation represents a novel therapeutic strategy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zengrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, China
| | - Qing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Central China Subcenter of National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Cardiovascular Disease Center, Fuwai Central-China Cardiovascular Hospital, Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li N, Lee Y, Suh JH, Oh JH, Jin SP, Lee DH, Chung JH. Fucosylation deficiency enhances imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation by promoting CXCL1 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166988. [PMID: 38070583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifaceted chronic inflammatory skin disease; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we explored the role of fucosylation in psoriasis using an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. ABH antigen and fucosyltransferase 1 (Fut1) expression was reduced in the granular layer of lesional skin of patients with psoriasis. In particular, the blood group H antigen type 2 (H2 antigen)-a precursor of blood group A and B antigens-and FUT1 were highly expressed throughout the spinous layer in both patients with psoriasis and the skin of imiquimod-treated mice. Upon the application of imiquimod, Fut1-deficient mice, which lacked the H2 antigen, exhibited higher clinical scores based on erythema, induration, and scaling than those of wild-type mice. Imiquimod-treated Fut1-deficient mice displayed increased skin thickness, trans-epidermal water loss, and Gr-1+ cell infiltration compared with wild-type mice. Notably, the levels of CXCL1 protein and mRNA were significantly higher in Fut1-deficient mice than those in wild-type mice; however, there were no significant differences in other psoriasis-related markers, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-23. Fut1-deficient primary keratinocytes treated with IL-17A also showed a significant increase in both mRNA and protein levels of CXCL1 compared with IL-17A-treated wild-type primary keratinocytes. Further mechanistic studies revealed that this increased Cxcl1 mRNA in Fut1-deficient keratinocytes was caused by enhanced Cxcl1 mRNA stabilization. In summary, our findings indicated that fucosylation, which is essential for ABH antigen synthesis in humans, plays a protective role in psoriasis-like skin inflammation and is a potential therapeutic target for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngae Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Heon Suh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Pil Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Martín Monreal MT, Kvist-Hansen A, Massarenti L, Steffensen R, Loft N, Hansen PR, Ødum N, Skov L, Nielsen CH. Characterization of circulating extracellular traps and immune responses to citrullinated LL37 in psoriasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1247592. [PMID: 38173716 PMCID: PMC10762777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1247592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The DNA-binding peptide LL37 is a suspected autoantigen in psoriasis. It can be found in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which have been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Citrullination, the conversion of peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline, can be implicated in the formation of NETs. We hypothesized that citrullination increases LL37 immunogenicity and that NETs are a source of LL37. Objectives We aimed to characterize cytokine responses of B cells and T cells to native and citrullinated LL37 (citLL37) and determine the prevalence and composition of circulating NETs in patients with psoriasis and healthy blood donors (HDs). Methods Mononuclear cells (MNCs) and serum were isolated from 20 HDs and 20 patients with psoriasis. The MNCs were stimulated with native LL37 and citLL37 and the proportion of cytokine-positive B cells and T cells was determined by flow cytometry. Circulating antibodies against native LL37 and citLL37 as well as circulating NETs were measured by ELISA, as was the content of LL37, citLL37, and IgG in the NETs. Results CitLL37, but not native LL37, induced IFN-γ-production by T cells and B cells from psoriasis patients, as well as IL-10-production by the patients' CD4+ T cells. Serum from 40% of patients and 55% of HDs contained circulating NETs, of which 63% and 27%, respectively, contained LL37. Only two patients had NETs containing citLL37 and IgG antibodies were found in NETs from three patients and one HD. Post-hoc analysis of the cytokines produced by B cells and T cells after stimulation with citLL37 revealed two clusters of patients consisting of 10 high-responders and 9 low-responders. The high-responders were those that had circulating NETs in combination with an earlier age of onset of the disease. Conclusion Citrullinated but not native LL37 elicits IFN-γ-responses by T cells and B cells from psoriasis patients, particularly those with circulating NETs and early disease onset, suggesting a role of citLL37 as an autoantigen in this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Martín Monreal
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amanda Kvist-Hansen
- Department of Demartology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rudi Steffensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Loft
- Department of Demartology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Peter Riis Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Demartology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H. Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Krishnan VS, Kõks S. Transcriptional Basis of Psoriasis from Large Scale Gene Expression Studies: The Importance of Moving towards a Precision Medicine Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116130. [PMID: 35682804 PMCID: PMC9181806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling techniques, such as microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), are valuable tools for deciphering the regulatory network underlying psoriasis and have revealed large number of differentially expressed genes in lesional and non-lesional skin. Such approaches provide a more precise measurement of transcript levels and their isoforms than any other methods. Large cohort transcriptomic analyses have greatly improved our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and progression. Here, we mostly review the findings of some important large scale psoriatic transcriptomic studies, and the benefits of such studies in elucidating potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for psoriasis treatment. We also emphasised the importance of looking into the alternatively spliced RNA isoforms/transcripts in psoriasis, rather than focussing only on the gene-level annotation. The neutrophil and blood transcriptome signature in psoriasis is also briefly reviewed, as it provides the immune status information of patients and is a less invasive platform. The application of precision medicine in current management of psoriasis, by combining transcriptomic data, improves the clinical response outcome in individual patients. Drugs tailored to individual patient’s genetic profile will greatly improve patient outcome and cost savings for the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S. Krishnan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Discovery Way, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zhao Z, Patrinely JR, Saknite I, Byrne M, Tkaczyk ER. Guideline for in vivo assessment of adherent and rolling leukocytes in human skin microvasculature via reflectance confocal videomicroscopy. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12725. [PMID: 34409720 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a guideline that reliably identifies cutaneous adherent and rolling leukocytes from mimicking scenarios via in vivo reflectance confocal videomicroscopy. METHODS We used a clinical reflectance confocal microscope, the VivaScope 1500, to acquire 1522 videos of the upper dermal microcirculation from 12 healthy subjects and 60 patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blinded to clinical information, two trained raters independently counted the number of adherent and rolling leukocytes in 88 videos. Based on discrepancies in the initial assessments, we developed a guideline to identify both types of leukocyte-endothelial interactions via a modified Delphi method (without anonymity). To test the guideline's ability to improve the inter-rater reliability, the two raters assessed the remaining 1434 videos by using the guideline. RESULTS We demonstrate a guideline that consists of definitions, a step-by-step flowchart, and corresponding visuals of adherent and rolling leukocytes and mimicking scenarios. The guideline improved the inter-rater reliability of the manual assessment of both interactions. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of adherent leukocyte counts increased from 0.056 (95% confidence interval: 0-0.236, n = 88 videos, N = 10 subjects) to 0.791 (0.770-0.809, n = 1434, N = 67). The ICC of rolling leukocyte counts increased from 0.385 (0.191-0.550, n = 88, N = 10) to 0.626 (0.593-0.657, n = 1434, N = 67). Intra-rater ICC post-guideline was 0.953 (0.886-0.981, n = 20, N = 12) and 0.956 (0.894-0.983, n = 20, N = 12) for adherent and rolling, respectively. CONCLUSION The guideline aids in the manual identification of adherent and rolling leukocytes via in vivo reflectance confocal videomicroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Zhao
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James Randall Patrinely
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Inga Saknite
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Byrne
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric R Tkaczyk
- Dermatology Service and Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Dermatology Translational Research Clinic, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Immunomodulatory aged neutrophils are augmented in blood and skin of psoriasis patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1030-1040. [PMID: 33745888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil accumulation in the skin is a hallmark of psoriasis. Novel insights on neutrophil phenotypic and functional heterogeneity raise the question to what extent these cells contribute to the sustained inflammatory skin reaction. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the phenotype and functional properties of neutrophils in blood and skin of patients with psoriasis, and the effect of TNF-α and p40(IL-12/IL-23) antibody therapy on circulating neutrophils. METHODS Thirty-two patients with psoriasis were enrolled in an observational study performed in 2 university hospitals. We evaluated neutrophil phenotype and function using in vitro (co)culture stimulation assays, flow cytometry, multiplex immunohistochemistry, and multispectral imaging of patient-derived blood and skin samples. RESULTS Cluster of differentiation (CD)10pos and CD10neg neutrophils were increased in peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis. In CD10neg neutrophils, different maturation stages were observed, including a subset resembling aged neutrophils that was 3 times more abundant than in healthy individuals. These aged neutrophils displayed suboptimal canonical neutrophil functions and induced IL-17 and IFN-γ production by T cells in vitro, mediated by neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Also, mature and aged neutrophils were present in psoriatic skin and were found in the vicinity of T cells. Upon antibody therapy, numbers of these cells in circulation decreased. CONCLUSIONS Patients with psoriasis reveal a unique neutrophil profile in circulation, and 2 distinct neutrophil subsets are present in psoriatic skin. Targeted biological treatment may aid in the containment of sustained neutrophil-mediated inflammation.
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7
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Meibomian Glands or Not? Identification of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy Features and Histological Correlates in the Eyelid Margin. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:7516286. [PMID: 32676204 PMCID: PMC7345604 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7516286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an emerging diagnostic tool allowing fast and easy microscopic tissue examination. For the diagnostics of pathological eyelid margin lesions, the knowledge of the normal eyelid margin is essential. Methods We examined 18 eyelid margins of healthy humans using the in vivo CLSM device and 10 samples of healthy eyelid margins from donor sites with ex vivo CLSM and compared the findings to the corresponding histological sections of donor sites. Cross-section images of different depths and depths of different skin appendages were measured. Results The depth observed by in vivo CLSM is less than 150 μm into the eyelid. Images of the epidermis and superficial dermis skin, appendages including hair follicle, and sebaceous catheters can be captured associated with histopathology and ex vivo confocal microscopy. In correlation with histopathology, we identified different layers of the eyelid margin, different layers of the epidermis, and skin appendages by ex vivo confocal microscopy. Conclusions The study offers an overview of the in vivo confocal microscopy human eyelid margin characteristics in comparison to the standard histological examination and confirms that in vivo CLSM could not observe the meibomian gland acini structure.
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Christophers E, van de Kerkhof PCM. Severity, heterogeneity and systemic inflammation in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:643-647. [PMID: 30924245 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis may express as active severe disease or as mild stable disease. In particular, patients with active severe disease present systemic involvement, including comorbidities and increased values of parameters reflecting an active state of innate immunity. In contrast, patients with mild stable disease show a dominancy of acquired immunity. In this review article, we report the clinical aspects of disease manifestations of both active and quiescent psoriasis as well as the immunological aspects, as well as the impact on antimicrobial resistance. The activity of psoriasis is not captured in the present outcome measures for severity assessment. The present review suggests that incorporating disease activity may be important in the assessment of the efficacy of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christophers
- Department of Dermatology, SH University Clinics, Kiel, Germany
| | - P C M van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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van de Kerkhof PCM. Branching immune pathways in psoriasis and its significance for disease severity assessment. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 29:641-642. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1515819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter CM van de Kerkhof
- Department of dermatology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre PO Box 9101 6500HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
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10
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Batani A, Brănișteanu DE, Ilie MA, Boda D, Ianosi S, Ianosi G, Caruntu C. Assessment of dermal papillary and microvascular parameters in psoriasis vulgaris using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1241-1246. [PMID: 29434710 PMCID: PMC5774437 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a modern, non-invasive imaging technique, which allows for real-time examination of the upper layers of the skin at a resolution similar to that of classic microscopy. In addition, it has the advantage of real-time evaluation of blood flow and dynamic monitoring of cutaneous changes while preserving tissue integrity. The present study reported on the in vivo RCM technique as an objective method for the noninvasive assessment of psoriasis vulgaris that is potentially applicable in clinical studies and in monitoring the evolution of lesions under treatment. In psoriasis lesions, RCM virtual horizontal sections at the level of the dermo-epidermal junction featured numerous and prominent dermal papillae that were not surrounded by bright rings of basal cells. Micromorphological examination of the lesions using this technique revealed that mean values of the section area, the perimeter and the Feret's diameter of the dermal papillae were significantly higher in psoriatic lesions than in normal skin. An increased number of capillary vessels per lesional dermal papilla as compared to healthy skin was observed. Furthermore, micromorphological parameters of dermal capillaries were increased in psoriatic skin. These observations point to the utility of in vivo RCM as a promising technique for the non-invasive diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris, for monitoring the evolution of lesions at a micromorphological level under various treatments and for gaining a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes that occur in the evolution of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Batani
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daciana Elena Brănișteanu
- Department of Dermatology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iassy, Romania
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Ianosi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ianosi
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Military Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Physiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, N. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Kienle K, Lämmermann T. Neutrophil swarming: an essential process of the neutrophil tissue response. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:76-93. [PMID: 27558329 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into inflamed and infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. While neutrophil interactions with the blood vessel wall have been intensely studied over the last decades, neutrophil dynamics beyond the vasculature have for a long time remained poorly investigated. Recent intravital microscopy studies of neutrophil populations directly at the site of tissue damage or microbial invasion have changed our perspective on neutrophil responses within tissues. Swarm-like migration patterns of neutrophils, referred to as 'neutrophil swarming', have been detected in diverse tissues under conditions of sterile inflammation and infection with various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Current work has begun to unravel the molecular pathways choreographing the sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis followed by neutrophil accumulation and the formation of substantial neutrophil clusters. It is now clear that intercellular communication among neutrophils amplifies their recruitment in a feed-forward manner, which provides them with a level of self-organization during neutrophil swarming. This review will summarize recent developments and current concepts on neutrophil swarming, an important process of the neutrophil tissue response with a critical role in maintaining the balance between host protection and inflammation-driven tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany
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Fostad IG, Eidet JR, Lagali NS, Dartt DA, Ræder S, Messelt EB, Utheim TP. Identification of Objective Morphometric Markers of Xerostomia in the Oral Mucosa Epithelium with In Vivo Confocal Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:88-96. [PMID: 28162126 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine whether the morphology of the oral mucosa epithelium (OME) of patients with xerostomia differ from patients without xerostomia. In total, 34 patients with dry eye disease (DED) with or without xerostomia were examined at The Norwegian Dry Eye Disease Clinic with in vivo confocal microscopy of the lower lip. In addition, age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were included. DED patients with xerostomia had a higher superficial to deep backscatter ratio compared with DED patients without xerostomia (p=0.002) and HC (p=0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that this ratio was related to xerostomia independently of gender and age (p<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of detecting xerostomia were 0.78 and 0.85, respectively, when using a superficial to deep backscatter ratio cut-off value of 0.995 (p=0.004). The mean nucleus to cytosol backscatter ratio in the superficial OME was lower in patients with xerostomia than in those without xerostomia (p=0.034). In vivo confocal microscopy is a potential tool for evaluating the oral cavity and to assess changes in the OME associated with xerostomia, objectively and quantitatively. The cause of the increased backscatter in the superficial OME in xerostomia, however, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida G Fostad
- 1Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry,University of Oslo,Sognsvannsveien 10,PO Box 1052,0316 Oslo,Norway
| | - Jon R Eidet
- 2The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic,Lille Grensen 7,0159 Oslo,Norway
| | - Neil S Lagali
- 4Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine,Linköping University,SE-581 83 Linköping,Sweden
| | - Darlene A Dartt
- 5Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear,Harvard Medical School,20 Staniford Street,Boston,MA 02114,USA
| | - Sten Ræder
- 2The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic,Lille Grensen 7,0159 Oslo,Norway
| | - Edvard B Messelt
- 1Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry,University of Oslo,Sognsvannsveien 10,PO Box 1052,0316 Oslo,Norway
| | - Tor P Utheim
- 1Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry,University of Oslo,Sognsvannsveien 10,PO Box 1052,0316 Oslo,Norway
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Arzberger E, Oliveira A, Massone C, Komericki P, Zalaudek I, Hofmann-Wellenhof R. Reflectance confocal microscopy as a noninvasive complementary tool in the diagnosis of psoriatic balanitis. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:1360-1362. [PMID: 27514619 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Arzberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology, British Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Massone
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Komericki
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - I Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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14
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Rodijk FMW, Zanelli G, Geerligs M, van Erp PEJ, Peppelman M. The influence of different shavers on the skin quantified by non-invasive reflectance confocal microscopy. Skin Res Technol 2016; 22:311-7. [PMID: 27381679 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of personal care devices on skin is mainly assessed using subjective tools. However, new objective, accurate non-invasive in vivo imaging techniques have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in quantifying morphological impact of shavers on skin. Furthermore, tape stripping (TS) as method to study morphological impact of shavers was evaluated. METHODS In 12 healthy male subjects, for two consecutive days, a split-face test was performed in the neck; on one side a shaver was applied, while the other side was exposed to TS. The stratum corneum (SC) thickness was quantified using RCM and sensory observations were evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS Shavers with a different impact on skin, can be discriminated by RCM; shaver B removed more SC after application than the skin friendlier shaver A. Furthermore, the changes in SC thickness induced by TS corresponded well to that of the shavers. CONCLUSION RCM is able to quantify the impact of different shavers on skin. Besides, TS appeared to be a suitable model mimicking the mechanical impact of shavers on skin. RCM in combination with the TS model appeared to be a suitable minimally invasive model to obtain morphological and cell biological data on skin-material interactions caused by different personal care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M W Rodijk
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V., Drachten, The Netherlands
| | - G Zanelli
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V., Drachten, The Netherlands
| | - M Geerligs
- Philips Consumer Lifestyle B.V., Drachten, The Netherlands
| | - P E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Peppelman M, Nguyen KP, Alkemade HAC, Maessen-Visch B, Hendriks JCM, van Erp PEJ, Adang EMM, Gerritsen MJP. Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Study Design and Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e114. [PMID: 27363577 PMCID: PMC4945846 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), has become a major health care problem. The limitations of a punch biopsy (at present the gold standard) as diagnostic method together with the increasing incidence of skin cancer point out the need for more accurate, cost-effective, and patient friendly diagnostic tools. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive imaging technique that has great potential for skin cancer diagnosis. Objective To investigate whether in vivo RCM can correctly identify the subtype of BCC and to determine the cost-effectiveness of RCM compared with punch biopsy (usual care). Study design: Randomized controlled multicenter trial. Methods On the basis of 80% power and an alpha of 0.05, 329 patients with lesions clinically suspicious for BCC will be included in this study. Patients will be randomized for RCM or for a punch biopsy (usual care). When a BCC is diagnosed, surgical excision will follow and a follow-up visit will be planned 3 months later. Several questionnaires will be filled in (EQ-5D, EQ-5D VAS, iMTA PCQ, and TSQM-9). We will perform statistical analysis, cost-effectiveness, and patient outcome analysis after data collection. Results This research started in January 2016 and is ethically approved. We expect to finish this study at the end of 2018. Conclusions In this study, we will investigate whether RCM is at least as good in identifying BCC subtypes as conventional pathological investigation of skin biopsies. Anticipating that RCM is found to be a cost-effective alternative, it saves on direct medical consumption like labor of the pathologist and other medical personnel as well as materials related to treatment failure with at least equal effectiveness. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02623101; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02623101 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6id54WQa2)
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Peppelman
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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16
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Hoogedoorn L, Gerritsen MJP, Wolberink EAW, Peppelman M, van de Kerkhof PCM, van Erp PEJ. A four-phase strategy for the implementation of reflectance confocal microscopy in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:1308-14. [PMID: 27038136 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is gradually implemented in dermatology. Strategies for further implementation and practical 'hands on' guidelines are lacking. OBJECTIVE The primary outcome was to conduct a general strategy for further implementation of RCM. The secondary outcome was the diagnosis of psoriasis and differentiation of stable from unstable psoriatic plaques by means of the 'hands on' protocol, derived from the strategy. METHODS We used a four-phased model; an exploring phase, a systematic literature search, a clinical approach and, finally, an integration phase to develop a clinical guideline for RCM in psoriasis. Receiver operating characteristic curve statistics was applied to define the accuracy for the diagnosis of unstable psoriasis. RESULTS A general strategy for further implementation of RCM and practical approach was developed to examine psoriasis by RCM and to distinguish stable from unstable psoriasis. Unstable psoriasis was diagnosed by epidermal inflammatory cell counts with a sensitivity and specificity of 91.7% and 98.3%, respectively, and with an accuracy of 0.92 (area under the curve). In addition, a monitoring model was proposed. CONCLUSION This is the first study that shows a method for implementation of RCM in dermatology. The strategy and hands on protocol for psoriasis may serve as a model for other dermatological entities and additionally may lead to specialized ready-to-use RCM protocols for clinical dermatological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hoogedoorn
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M J P Gerritsen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E A W Wolberink
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P C M van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Hoogedoorn L, Peppelman M, van de Kerkhof P, van Erp P, Gerritsen M. The value ofin vivoreflectance confocal microscopy in the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory and infectious skin diseases: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1222-48. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Hoogedoorn
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - M. Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - P.C.M. van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - P.E.J. van Erp
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - M.J.P. Gerritsen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; PO Box 9101 NL 6500 HB Nijmegen the Netherlands
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18
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Peppelman M, van den Eijnde WAJ, Jaspers EJ, Gerritsen MJP, van Erp PEJ. Combining tape stripping and non-invasive reflectance confocal microscopy : an in vivo model to study skin damage. Skin Res Technol 2015; 21:474-84. [PMID: 25773201 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of (immuno)histological and cell biological changes in damaged skin requires often an invasive skin biopsy, making in vivo models inappropriate to study skin damage. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) might overcome this limitation. Therefore, we evaluated the use of a tape-stripping model in combination with RCM to provide morphological data on skin damage and recovery. METHODS In 25 volunteers, a tape-stripping stimulus was applied. The skin was imaged with RCM during 1 week and 3 mm punch biopsies were obtained. RESULTS Strong correlations between epidermal thickness determined by RCM and conventional histological measurements were found. RCM thickness measurements correlated well with epidermal proliferation. The 10× or 15× repeated tape-stripping resulted in skin damage similar to acute stripping. Mild repeated tape-stripping showed no skin damage. CONCLUSION Overall, we demonstrated that non-invasive RCM in combination with tape-stripping could be used as model to obtain morphological and cell biological data on skin-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W A J van den Eijnde
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - E J Jaspers
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M-J P Gerritsen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Peppelman M, Wolberink EAW, Gerritsen MJP, van de Kerkhof PCM, van Erp PEJ. Application of leukotriene B4 and reflectance confocal microscopy as a noninvasive in vivo model to study the dynamics of skin inflammation. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:232-40. [PMID: 25156913 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is an established in vivo model that locally induces skin inflammation. Currently in this model, a biopsy is inevitable. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), a noninvasive imaging technique, could overcome this limitation. To find out to what extent RCM may be an in vivo investigative and diagnostic tool in neutrophilic conditions, we studied the dynamics of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) migration from dermis to stratum corneum using an established LTB4 model. METHODS Leukotriene B4 was topically applied on the skin of the lower back of seven volunteers. The skin sites were evaluated by RCM for three consecutive days with a 24 h time interval. For histological correlation, 3-mm punch biopsies were obtained. The tissue sections were hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical stained. Minimal and average epidermal thickness was measured. RESULTS Reflectance confocal microscopy imaging showed highly reflective ill-defined particles with a granular content throughout the epidermis 24 h after application of LTB4. Over time, the appearance of these cells changed throughout the epidermis. Epidermal thickness increased over time, and the measurements based on the RCM images corresponded very well with the histological images. CONCLUSIONS Reflectance confocal microscopy was able to visualize PMN migration, accumulation, and degeneration over time in the used LTB4 model. The noninvasive character and the possibility to obtain multiple in vivo images from the same location over time make that RCM in combination with this model a useful tool to study the dynamics and function of PMN in inflammatory processes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Moscarella E, Argenziano G, Lallas A, Pellacani G, Longo C. Confocal microscopy: a new era in understanding the pathophysiologic background of inflammatory skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:320-1. [PMID: 24593193 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the emerging and intriguing applications of reflectance confocal microscopy is the evaluation of 'dynamic' processes of the skin that cannot be otherwise analysed using histopathology that offers a picture of the tissue at one time point. This is nicely illustrated by recent article by Wolberink et al. in the current issue of Exp Dermatol, in which the Authors evaluated patterns and time interval of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration in psoriatic plaques by means of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). This example underscores that a new era of confocal microscopy is starting, which promises to reveal a dynamic in vivo understanding of the pathophysiology of human skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Moscarella
- Dermatology and Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale S.Maria Nuova, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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