1
|
Wu W, Wang X, He K, Li C, Li S. From mice to men: An assessment of preclinical model systems for the study of vitiligo. Clin Immunol 2024; 262:110171. [PMID: 38462156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease of multiple etiology, for which there is no complete cure. This chronic depigmentation is characterized by epidermal melanocyte loss, and causes disfigurement and significant psychosocial distress. Mouse models have been extensively employed to further our understanding of complex disease mechanisms in vitiligo, as well as to provide a preclinical platform for clinical interventional research on potential treatment strategies in humans. The current mouse models can be categorized into three groups: spontaneous mouse models, induced mouse models, and transgenic mice. Despite their limitations, these models allow us to understand the pathology processes of vitiligo at molecule, cell, tissue, organ, and system levels, and have been used to test prospective drugs. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate existing murine systems of vitiligo and elucidate their respective characteristics, aiming to offer a panorama for researchers to select the appropriate mouse models for their study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinju Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaiqiao He
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 127 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Le Poole IC. Myron Gordon Award paper: Microbes, T-cell diversity and pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:244-255. [PMID: 33438345 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are static, minimally proliferative cells. This leaves them vulnerable in vitiligo. Yet upon malignant transformation, they form vicious tumors. This profound switch in physiology is accompanied by genetic change and is driven by environmental factors. If UV exposure in younger years supports malignant transformation and melanoma formation, it can likewise impart mutations on melanocytes that reduce their viability, to initiate vitiligo. A wide variety of microbes can influence these diametrically opposed outcomes before either disease takes hold. These microbes are vehicles of change that we are only beginning to study. Once a genetic modification occurs, there is a wide variety of immune cells ready to respond. Though it does not act alone, the T cell is among the most decisive responders in this process. The same biochemical process that offered the skin protection by producing melanin can become an Achilles heel for the cell when the T cells target melanosomal enzymes or, on occasion, neoantigens. T cells are precise, determined, and consequential when they strike. Here, we probe the relationship between the microbiome and its metabolites, epithelial integrity, and the activation of T cells that target benign and malignant melanocytes in vitiligo and melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Dermatology, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang HJ, Yang KC, Wang YF, Yang YT, Ko JL. In vitro proliferation of human epidermal melanocytes biopsied from multiple anatomical sites. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:3077-3082. [PMID: 32125076 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an acquired disease that involves low pigment variation in the skin. The use of cultured melanocytes for treatment of recalcitrant vitiligo has become a well-established treatment modality. In vitro cultured melanocytes present an effective autologous transplantation treatment modality for vitiligo. The present study investigated the in vitro culture of epidermal melanocytes sampled from multiple body parts, as well as the differences in total propagation time. METHODS Skin specimens were collected from 30 participants (14 males and 16 females) who supplied normal colored skin sections from various regions of their body, including the face, chest, abdomen, buttock, and extremities. Subsequently, all of these specimens were treated with an identical melanocyte purification and culturing process. RESULTS Melanocytes from the face demonstrated the most rapid growth and longest total propagation time. Melanocytes from the buttock, abdomen, and extremities displayed similar results to one another, and melanocytes from the chest and back had the slowest growth and shortest total propagation time. CONCLUSION Selecting the most favorable site to obtain epidermal melanocytes will reduce the required quantity of skin and culturing time, and maximize the growth and total propagation time of melanocytes. Therefore, care should be exercised when selecting the region of skin when culturing epidermal melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chia Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kammeyer A, Willemsen KJ, Ouwerkerk W, Bakker WJ, Ratsma D, Pronk SD, Smit NPM, Luiten RM. Mechanism of action of 4-substituted phenols to induce vitiligo and antimelanoma immunity. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:540-552. [PMID: 30767390 PMCID: PMC6850206 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monobenzone is a 4-substituted phenol that can induce vitiligo and antimelanoma immunity. We investigated the influence of the chemical structure on the biological activity of a series of structurally related 4-substituted phenols. All phenols inhibited cellular melanin synthesis, and eight of ten phenols inhibited tyrosinase activity, using the MBTH assay. These phenols also induced glutathione (GSH) depletion, indicative of quinone formation and protein thiol binding, which can increase the immunogenicity of melanosomal proteins. Specific T-cell activation was found upon stimulation with phenol-exposed pigmented cells, which also reacted with unexposed cells. In contrast, 4-tertbutylphenol induced immune activation was not restricted to pigment cells, analogous to contact sensitization. We conclude that 4-substituted phenols can induce specific T-cell responses against melanocytes and melanoma cells, also acting at distant, unexposed body sites, and may confer a risk of chemical vitiligo. Conversely, these phenols may be applicable to induce specific antimelanoma immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kammeyer
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J Willemsen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Ouwerkerk
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walbert J Bakker
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Ratsma
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebas D Pronk
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P M Smit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kundu RV, Mhlaba JM, Rangel SM, Le Poole IC. The convergence theory for vitiligo: A reappraisal. Exp Dermatol 2018; 28:647-655. [PMID: 29704874 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is characterized by progressive loss of skin pigmentation. The search for aetiologic factors has led to the biochemical, the neurologic and the autoimmune theory. The convergence theory was then proposed several years ago to incorporate existing theories of vitiligo development into a single overview of vitiligo aetiology. The viewpoint that vitiligo is not caused only by predisposing mutations, or only by melanocytes responding to chemical/radiation exposure, or only by hyperreactive T cells, but rather results from a combination of aetiologic factors that impact melanocyte viability, has certainly stood the test of time. New findings have since informed the description of progressive depigmentation. Understanding the relative importance of such aetiologic factors combined with a careful selection of the most targetable pathways will continue to drive the next phase in vitiligo research: the development of effective therapeutics. In that arena, it is likewise important to acknowledge that pathways affected in some patients may not be altered in others. Taken together, the convergence theory continues to provide a comprehensive viewpoint of vitiligo aetiology. The theory serves to intertwine aetiologic pathways and will help to define pathways amenable to disease intervention in individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roopal V Kundu
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julia M Mhlaba
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - I Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chauhan A. Interplay of vitamin D with T regulatory cells (FOXP3+Treg) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in children with atopic diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.15406/moji.2018.06.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|