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Librizzi M, Naselli F, Abruscato G, Luparello C, Caradonna F. Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein (PTHrP)-Associated Molecular Signatures in Tissue Differentiation and Non-Tumoral Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:950. [PMID: 37508381 PMCID: PMC10376784 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is encoded by the PTHLH gene which, via alternative promoter usage and splicing mechanisms, can give rise to at least three isoforms of 139, 141, and 173 amino acids with distinct C-terminals. PTHrP is subjected to different post-translational processing that generates smaller bioactive forms, comprising amino terminus, mid-region (containing a nuclear/nucleolar targeting signal), and carboxy terminus peptides. Both the full-length protein and the discrete peptides are key controllers of viability, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in diverse normal and pathological biological systems via the reprogramming of gene expression and remodulation of PKA or PKC-mediated signalization mechanisms. The aim of this review is to pick up selected studies on PTHrP-associated signatures as revealed by molecular profiling assays, focusing on the available data about exemplary differentiating, differentiated, or nontumoral cell and tissue models. In particular, the data presented relate to adipose, bone, dental, cartilaginous, and skin tissues, as well as intestinal, renal, hepatic, pulmonary, and pancreatic epithelia, with a focus on hepatic fibrosis-, pancreatitis-, and diabetes-related changes as diseased states. When reported, the biochemical and/or physiological aspects associated with the specific molecular modulation of gene expression and signal transduction pathways in the target model systems under examination are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Librizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Flores Naselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Abruscato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Grunbaum A, Kremer R. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and malignancy. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:133-177. [PMID: 35953108 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PTHrP (parathyroid hormone related protein) is an important mediator of malignancy-related tumor progression and hypercalcemia that shares considerable homology and functionality with parathyroid hormone. In this chapter, we review what has been elucidated to date regarding PTHrP's role in malignancies. Starting with a review of calcium metabolism and regulation, we then summarize the discovery and structure of PTHrP and development of sensitive immunoassays for specific measurement. Subsequently, we explore its role in tumor progression, with emphasis on the primary tumor as well as skeletal and non-osseus metastases. We then consider the clinical implications of PTHrP in cancer before concluding with a discussion of both established and potential treatments for malignancy associated hypercalcemia and bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Grunbaum
- Calcium Research Laboratories and Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard Kremer
- Calcium Research Laboratories and Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Liu Y, Wang Q, Wang Q, Cui M, Jin Y, Wang R, Mao Z, Miao D, Karaplis AC, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Zhang Y. Role of PTHrP nuclear localization and carboxyl terminus sequences in postnatal spinal cord development. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:47-62. [PMID: 33275829 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) acts under physiological conditions to regulate normal development of several tissues and organs. The role of PTHrP in spinal cord development has not been characterized. Pthrp knock in (Pthrp KI) mice were genetically modified to produce PTHrP in which there is a deficiency of the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and C-terminus. Using this genetically modified mouse model, we have characterized its effect on spinal cord development early postnatally. The spinal cords from Pthrp KI mice displayed a significant reduction in its length, weight, and cross-sectional area compared to wild-type controls. Histologically, there was a decreased development of neurons and glial cells that caused decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. The neural stem cells (NSCs) cultures also revealed decreased cell proliferation and differentiation and increased apoptosis. The proposed mechanism of delayed spinal cord development in Pthrp KI mice may be due to alteration in associated pathways in regulation of cell-division cycles and apoptosis. There was significant downregulation of Bmi-1 and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27, p21, and p16 in Pthrp KI animals. We conclude that NLS and C-terminus peptide segments of PTHrP play an important role in inhibiting cell apoptosis and stimulation of cellular proliferation necessary for normal spinal cord development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qiangcheng Wang
- The First Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yaoyao Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C Karaplis
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Aging & Diseases of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Chen L, Yang R, Qiao W, Zhang W, Chen J, Mao L, Goltzman D, Miao D. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D exerts an antiaging role by activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and inactivation of p16/p53-senescence signaling. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12951. [PMID: 30907059 PMCID: PMC6516172 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3[1α,25(OH)2D3] has antiaging effects via upregulating nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreasing DNA damage, reducing p16/Rb and p53/p21 signaling, increasing cell proliferation, and reducing cellular senescence and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3‐deficient [1α(OH)ase−/−] mice survived on average for only 3 months. Increased tissue oxidative stress and DNA damage, downregulated Bmi1 and upregulated p16, p53 and p21 expression levels, reduced cell proliferation, and induced cell senescence and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) were observed. Supplementation of 1α(OH)ase−/− mice with dietary calcium and phosphate, which normalized serum calcium and phosphorus, prolonged their average lifespan to more than 8 months with reduced oxidative stress and cellular senescence and SASP. However, supplementation with exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 or with combined calcium/phosphate and the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine prolonged their average lifespan to more than 16 months and nearly 14 months, respectively, largely rescuing the aging phenotypes. We demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3exerted an antioxidant role by transcriptional regulation of Nrf2 via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Homozygous ablation of p16 or heterozygous ablation of p53 prolonged the average lifespan of 1α(OH)ase−/− mice on the normal diet from 3 to 6 months by enhancing cell proliferative ability and reducing cell senescence or apoptosis. This study suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in delaying aging by upregulating Nrf2, inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage,inactivating p53‐p21 and p16‐Rb signaling pathways, and inhibiting cell senescence and SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Renlei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wanxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Huai'an First People's Hospital Nanjing Medical University Huai'an China
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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