1
|
Kwantwi LB, Rosen ST, Querfeld C. The role of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family receptors in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol 2024; 36:449-455. [PMID: 39007334 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of SLAM-family receptors in hematologic malignancies. We highlighted their contribution to the disease pathogenesis and targeting strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging studies have reported the tumor-promoting role of SLAM-family receptors in various hematologic malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Specifically, they regulate the interaction between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment to promote apoptosis resistance, therapeutic resistance, impairment of antitumor and tumor progression. SUMMARY SLAM-family receptors promote the progression of hematologic malignancies by regulating the interaction between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment. This provides the rationale that SLAM-targeted therapies are appealing strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
- Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christiane Querfeld
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
- Division of Dermatology, City of Hope Medical Center
- Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou T, Guan Y, Sun L, Liu W. A review: Mechanisms and molecular pathways of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 3 (SLAMF3) in immune modulation and therapeutic prospects. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112088. [PMID: 38626547 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family participates in the modulation of various innate and adaptive immune responses. SLAM family (SLAMF) receptors include nine transmembrane glycoproteins, of which SLAMF3 (also known as CD229 or Ly9) has important roles in the modulation of immune responses, from the fundamental activation and suppression of immune cells to the regulation of intricate immune networks. SLAMF3 is mainly expressed in immune cells, such as T, B, and natural killer cells. It has a unique molecular structure, including four immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular domain and two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based signaling motifs in the intracellular structural domains. These unique structures have important implications for protein functioning. SLAMF3 is involved in pathogenesis of various disease, particularly autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, despite its potential clinical significance, a comprehensive overview of the current paradigm of SLAMF3 research is lacking. This review summarizes the structure, functional mechanisms, and therapeutic implications of SLAMF3. Our findings highlight the significance of SLAMF3 in both physiological and pathological contexts, and underline its dual role in autoimmunity and malignancies, and including disease progression and prognosis. The review also proposes that future studies on SLAMF3 should explore its context-specific inhibitory and stimulatory effects, expand on its potential in disease mapping, investigate related signaling pathways, and explore its value as a drug target. Research in these areas related to SLAMF3 can provide more precise directions for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yanjie Guan
- Department of Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng Y, Zhao J, Zhou M, Wei K, Jiang P, Xu L, Chang C, Shan Y, Xu L, Shi Y, Schrodi SJ, Guo S, He D. Role of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family of receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: insights and application. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1306584. [PMID: 38027031 PMCID: PMC10657885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1306584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and joint damage. The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAMF) family of receptors are expressed on various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and can regulate both immune cell activation and cytokine production. Altered expression of certain SLAMF receptors contributes to aberrant immune responses in RA. In RA, SLAMF1 is upregulated on T cells and may promote inflammation by participating in immune cell-mediated responses. SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 are involved in regulating monocyte tumor necrosis factor production and promoting inflammation. SLAMF7 activates multiple inflammatory pathways in macrophages to drive inflammatory gene expression. SLAMF8 inhibition can reduce inflammation in RA by blocking ERK/MMPs signaling. Of note, there are differences in SLAMF receptor (SFR) expression between normal and arthritic joint tissues, suggesting a role as potential diagnostic biomarkers. This review summarizes recent advances on the roles of SLAMF receptors 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8 in RA pathogenesis. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of SLAMF regulation of immune cells in RA. Understanding interactions between SLAMF receptors and immune cells will help identify selective strategies for targeting SLAMF signaling without compromising normal immunity. Overall, the SLAMF gene family holds promise as a target for precision medicine in RA, but additional investigation of the underlying immunological mechanisms is needed. Targeting SLAMF receptors presents opportunities for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to dampen damaging immune-mediated inflammation in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fortis SP, Batsaki P, Stokidis S, Moschandreou D, Grouzi E, Baxevanis CN, Gritzapis AD, Goulielmaki M. A Blood-Based Immune Gene Signature with Prognostic Significance in Localized Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3697. [PMID: 37509358 PMCID: PMC10377824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male cancers worldwide and one of the deadliest if unsuccessfully treated. Τhe need for reliable, easily accessible immune-related molecular biomarkers that could be combined with clinically defined criteria, including PSA and Gleason score, to accurately predict PCa patients' clinical outcomes is emerging. Herein, we describe for the first time a blood-identified immune-related gene signature comprising eight upregulated multi-functional genes associated with poor prognosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of PCa patients' peripheral blood samples revealed a more than three-fold upregulation of each of the eight genes as compared to samples originating from healthy donors. The construction of gene and protein interaction networks revealed different extents of the functional implications of these genes in the regulation of cell proliferation and immune responses. Analysis of the available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) regarding gene expression and survival of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and pan-cancer (PANCAN) patients revealed that intra-tumoral upregulation of this eight-gene signature (8-GS) was associated with poor 5-year progression-free intervals in PCa patients, even in those with high Gleason scores, and also with an unfavorable prognosis for cancer patients irrespective of the cancer type and even in the early stages. These observations suggest that further investigation of the 8-GS prospectively in randomized clinical trials, in which clinical benefit in terms of evaluating time to disease progression can be assessed, is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios P Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Batsaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Savvas Stokidis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Moschandreou
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Grouzi
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos D Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Farhangnia P, Ghomi SM, Mollazadehghomi S, Nickho H, Akbarpour M, Delbandi AA. SLAM-family receptors come of age as a potential molecular target in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174138. [PMID: 37251372 PMCID: PMC10213746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors were discovered in immune cells for the first time. The SLAM-family receptors are a significant player in cytotoxicity, humoral immune responses, autoimmune diseases, lymphocyte development, cell survival, and cell adhesion. There is growing evidence that SLAM-family receptors have been involved in cancer progression and heralded as a novel immune checkpoint on T cells. Previous studies have reported the role of SLAMs in tumor immunity in various cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreas, lung, and melanoma. Evidence has deciphered that the SLAM-family receptors may be targeted for cancer immunotherapy. However, our understanding in this regard is not complete. This review will discuss the role of SLAM-family receptors in cancer immunotherapy. It will also provide an update on recent advances in SLAM-based targeted immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Mollazadeh Ghomi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mollazadehghomi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, Huang Y, Zeng J, Chen C, Li P, Ning Q, Guan X, Li L. SLAMF8 promotes the proliferation and migration of synovial fibroblasts by regulating the ERK/MMPs signalling pathway. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:294-300. [PMID: 35506438 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2070742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is troublesome to treat effectively and often requires concomitant long-term treatment. Meanwhile, synovial fibroblasts could induce inflammation response and lead to joint erosion, finally causing progressive joint destruction, disability, and increased mortality. This study focussed on the role of SLAM family member 8 (SLAMF8) in mediating cell function from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts stimulated with TNF-α. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony-forming unit assay were used to evaluate cell proliferation. SLAMF8 expression was analysed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to measure the apoptosis rate. The cell migration and invasion in TNF-α-stimulated MH7A (human rheumatoid arthritis synovial cell line) and HFLS-RA cells (human fibroblast-like synoviocytes: rheumatoid arthritis) were tested via wound healing assay and transwell migration assay. In the present study, after TNF-α treatments, the SLAMF8 mRNA and protein expression in both MH7A and HFLS-RA cell lines have a time-dependent increase. The attenuation of SLAMF8 ameliorated TNF-α-induced proliferation, invasion and migration in MH7A and HFLS-RA cells. Simultaneously, when SLAMF8 was silenced, the expression of p-ERK, MMP-1, and MMP-13 was suppressed significantly. In summary, these results indicated that the knockdown of the SLAMF8 significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced proinflammatory responses in MH7A and HFLS-RA cells. Therefore, SLAMF8 exhibits therapeutic potential for the management of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jiashun Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Peiting Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiaoyi Ning
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The 2nd Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
SLAM family member 8 is expressed in and enhances the growth of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2505. [PMID: 32054954 PMCID: PMC7018816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 8 (SLAMF8) / B-lymphocyte activator macrophage expressed/CD353 is a member of the CD2 family. SLAMF8 suppresses macrophage function but enhances the growth of neoplastic mast cells via SHP-2. In this study, we found that some anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) samples were immunohistochemically positive for SLAMF8. However, we found no significant differences between SLAMF8-positive and SLAMF8-negative ALCL samples with respect to age, gender, site, or prognosis. We also identified SLAMF8 expression in ALCL cell lines, Karpas299, and SU-DHL-1. SLAMF8 knockdown decreased the activation of SHP-2 and the growth of these cell lines, and increased the apoptosis of these cell lines. In addition, we observed the interaction between SLAMF8 and SHP-2 in these cell lines using the DuoLink in situ kit. Taken together, these results suggest that SLAMF8 may enhance the growth of ALCL via SHP-2 interaction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor 2DL4 (CD158d) Regulates Human Mast Cells both Positively and Negatively: Possible Roles in Pregnancy and Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030954. [PMID: 32023940 PMCID: PMC7037260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 2DL4 (CD158d) was previously thought to be a human NK cell-specific protein. Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions via their KIT-mediated and FcɛRI-mediated responses. We recently detected the expression of KIR2DL4 in human cultured mast cells established from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (PB-mast), in the human mast cell line LAD2, and in human tissue mast cells. Agonistic antibodies against KIR2DL4 negatively regulate the KIT-mediated and FcɛRI-mediated responses of PB-mast and LAD2 cells. In addition, agonistic antibodies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, a natural ligand for KIR2DL4, induce the secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor and serine proteases from human mast cells, which have been implicated in pregnancy establishment and cancer metastasis. Therefore, KIR2DL4 stimulation with agonistic antibodies and recombinant HLA-G protein may enhance both processes, in addition to suppressing mast-cell-mediated allergic reactions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pahima H, Puzzovio PG, Levi-Schaffer F. 2B4 and CD48: A powerful couple of the immune system. Clin Immunol 2019; 204:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|