1
|
Abdel-Salam LO, El Hanbuli H, Abdelhafez DN. Tumoral and Stromal Pdl1 and Pdl2 Checkpoints Immunohistochemical Expression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma, a Promising Field Of Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is world-widely considered as one of the most malignant tumors. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), via its ligands PDL1 and PDL2 plays a critical role in cancer immunoediting. The ligands are expressed in many solid tumors and there is an emerging hope of using anti-PDL in cancer immunotherapy.
Material and methods:
This study included 40 patients with PDAC who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. PDL1 and PDL2 pancreatic expression were evaluated in these patients using immunohistochemical staining and correlated their expression levels with each patient’s reported clinicopathological features.
Results:
There were significant relations between high tumoral PDL1 expression and the PDAC tumor histologic grade (p= 0.021) and the tumor status (T) (p= 0.022), while the stromal expression of PDL1 showed non-significant relation with any of the studied features. There were significant relations between high tumoral PDL2 expression and tumor stage (p=0.012), while the stromal expression of PDL2 showed significant relation with tumor status, lymph node status, tumor stage and the presence lympho-vascular invasion with P value equal 0.001, 0.009, 0.009, 0.045 respectively.
Conclusion:
This study showed that in PDAC patients high tumoral PDL1 and PDL2 expression was associated with some important prognostic factors, while only stromal PDL2 expression was significantly associated with most of the studied prognostic features emphasizing a role of both markers in the prognosis of this neoplasm.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gaffal E. Focus theme issue: Celebrating the ADF-EXD partnership: A look back into the future of experimental dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1036-1038. [PMID: 32935364 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gaffal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simon B, Uslu U. Fasten the seat belt: Increasing safety of CAR T-cell therapy. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1039-1045. [PMID: 32627228 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After the recent success and approvals of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in haematological malignancies, its efficacy is currently evaluated in a broad spectrum of tumor entities including melanoma. However, severe and potentially life-threatening side effects like cytokine release syndrome, neurologic toxicities, and the competing risk of morbidity and mortality from the treatment itself are still a major limiting factor in the current CAR T-cell landscape. In addition, especially in solid tumors, the lack of ideal target antigens to avoid on-target/off-tumor toxicities also restricts its use. While various groups are working on strategies to boost CAR T-cell efficacy, mechanisms to increase engineered T-cell safety should not move out of focus. Thus, the aim of this article is to summarize and to discuss current and potential future strategies and mechanisms to increase CAR T-cell safety in order to enable the wide use of this promising approach in melanoma and other tumor entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen- European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen- European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grabacka M, Plonka PM, Reiss K. Melanoma-Time to fast or time to feast? An interplay between PPARs, metabolism and immunity. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:436-445. [PMID: 31957066 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of melanoma can be accelerated by intensification of particular metabolic pathways, such as aerobic glycolysis and avid amino acid catabolism, and is accompanied by aberrant immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. Contrary to other cancer types, melanoma reveals some unique tissue-specific features, such as melanogenesis, which is intertwined with metabolism. Nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) take part in regulation of systemic and cellular metabolism, inflammation and melanogenesis. They appear as a focal regulatory point for these three distinct processes by occupying the intersection among AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and PPAR gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) signalling pathways. When deregulated, they may accelerate melanoma malignant growth. Presenting the contribution of PPARα and PPARγ in melanoma biology, we attempt to ask how two contrasting metabolic states: obesity and fasting, can change progression of the disease and possible outcome of the treatment. This short essay is aimed to provoke a discussion about some practical implications for melanoma prevention and treatment, especially: how metabolic manipulation may be exploited to overcome immunosuppression and support immune checkpoint blockade efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grabacka
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Foods, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw M Plonka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Reiss
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simon B, Uslu U. CAR-T cell therapy in melanoma: A future success story? Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:1315-1321. [PMID: 30288790 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are one of the impressive recent success stories of anti-cancer immunotherapy. Especially in haematological malignancies, this treatment strategy has shown promising results leading to the recent approval of two CAR-T cell constructs targeting CD19 in the United States and the European Union. After the huge success in haematological cancers, the next step will be the evaluation of its efficacy in different solid tumors, which is currently investigated in preclinical as well as clinical settings. A commonly examined tumor model in the context of immunotherapy is melanoma, since it is known for its immunogenic features. However, the first results of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors did not reveal the same impressive outcomes that were observed in haematological malignancies, as engineered cells need to cope with several challenges. Obstacles include the lack of migration of CAR-T cells from blood vessels to the tumor site as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment within solid tumors. Another hurdle is posed by the identification of an ideal target antigen to avoid on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Regarding immune escape mechanisms, which can be developed by tumor cells to bypass immune recognition, the observation of antigen loss should also be considered. This article gives an overview of the challenges displayed in CAR-T cell therapy for the use in solid tumors and discusses different new strategies and approaches that deal with these problems in order to improve CAR-T cell therapy, particularly for its use in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ugur Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
IFN-gamma-induced PD-L1 expression in melanoma depends on p53 expression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:397. [PMID: 31506076 PMCID: PMC6737652 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibition and in particular anti-PD-1 immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma. In this regard, higher tumoral PD-L1 protein (gene name: CD274) expression is associated with better clinical response and increased survival to anti-PD-1 therapy. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that tumor suppressor proteins are involved in immune regulation and are capable of modulating the expression of immune checkpoint proteins. Here, we determined the role of p53 protein (gene name: TP53) in the regulation of PD-L1 expression in melanoma. Methods We analyzed publicly available mRNA and protein expression data from the cancer genome/proteome atlas and performed immunohistochemistry on tumors with known TP53 status. Constitutive and IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression upon p53 knockdown in wildtype, TP53-mutated or JAK2-overexpressing melanoma cells or in cells, in which p53 was rendered transcriptionally inactive by CRISPR/Cas9, was determined by immunoblot or flow cytometry. Similarly, PD-L1 expression was investigated after overexpression of a transcriptionally-impaired p53 (L22Q, W23S) in TP53-wt or a TP53-knockout melanoma cell line. Immunoblot was applied to analyze the IFN-ɣ signaling pathway. Results For TP53-mutated tumors, an increased CD274 mRNA expression and a higher frequency of PD-L1 positivity was observed. Interestingly, positive correlations of IFNG mRNA and PD-L1 protein in both TP53-wt and -mutated samples and of p53 and PD-L1 protein suggest a non-transcriptional mode of action of p53. Indeed, cell line experiments revealed a diminished IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression upon p53 knockdown in both wildtype and TP53-mutated melanoma cells, which was not the case when p53 wildtype protein was rendered transcriptionally inactive or by ectopic expression of p53L22Q,W23S, a transcriptionally-impaired variant, in TP53-wt cells. Accordingly, expression of p53L22Q,W23S in a TP53-knockout melanoma cell line boosted IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression. The impaired PD-L1-inducibility after p53 knockdown was associated with a reduced JAK2 expression in the cells and was almost abrogated by JAK2 overexpression. Conclusions While having only a small impact on basal PD-L1 expression, both wildtype and mutated p53 play an important positive role for IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression in melanoma cells by supporting JAK2 expression. Future studies should address, whether p53 expression levels might influence response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Duverger L, Osio A, Cribier B, Mortier L, De Masson A, Basset-Seguin N, Lebbé C, Battistella M. Heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression and CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes among subtypes of cutaneous adnexal carcinomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:951-960. [PMID: 30953116 PMCID: PMC11028315 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adnexal carcinomas are rare and heterogeneous skin tumors, for which no standard treatments exist for locally advanced or metastatic tumors. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the expression of PD-L1 and CD8 in adnexal carcinomas, and to study the association between PD-L1 expression, intra-tumoral T cell CD8+ infiltrate, and metastatic evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-three adnexal carcinomas were included. Immunohistochemistry using anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (E1L3N and 22C3) and CD8 was performed. PD-L1 expression in tumor and immune cells, and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density were analyzed semi-quantitatively. RESULTS Among the 60 sweat gland, 18 sebaceous and 5 trichoblastic carcinomas, 11% expressed PD-L1 in ≥ 1% tumor cells, more frequently sweat gland carcinomas (13%, 8/60) including apocrine carcinoma (40%, 2/5) and invasive extramammary Paget disease (57%, 4/7). Immune cells expressed significantly more PD-L1 than tumor cells (p < 0.01). Dense CD8+ TILs were present in 60% trichoblastic, 43% sweat gland, and 39% sebaceous carcinomas. CD8+ TILs were associated with PD-L1 expression by tumor cells (p < 0.01). Thirteen patients out of 47 developed metastases (27%) with a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range 7-36). Expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells was associated with the development of metastasis in univariate analysis (HR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-15, p = 0.0377) but not in multivariate analysis (HR 4.1, 95% CI 0.6-29, p = 0.15). CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression is highly heterogeneous among adnexal carcinoma subtypes, higher in apocrine carcinoma and invasive extramammary Paget disease, and associated with CD8+ TILs. Our data suggest the interest of evaluating anti-PD1 immunotherapy in advanced or metastatic cutaneous adnexal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Duverger
- Pathology Department, INSERM UMR_S1165, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Osio
- Pathology Department, INSERM UMR_S1165, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Cribier
- Dermatology Department, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mortier
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adèle De Masson
- INSERM, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)_S976, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Basset-Seguin
- INSERM, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)_S976, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- INSERM, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)_S976, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Hôpital St Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Battistella
- Pathology Department, INSERM UMR_S1165, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France.
- INSERM, UMR_S1165, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|