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Sah B, Singh J, Shen Y, Goldfarb N, Samie FH, Geskin LJ, Liu L. Loss of CELF2 promotes skin tumorigenesis and increases drug resistance. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38887832 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CELF2 belongs to the CELF RNA-binding protein family and exhibits antitumor activity in various tumor models. Analysis of the pan-cancer TCGA database reveals that CELF2 expression strongly correlates with favorable prognosis among cancer patients. The function of CELF2 in nonmelanoma skin cancer has not been studied. METHODS We used shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of CELF2 expression in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells to investigate how CELF2 impacted SCC cell proliferation, survival, and xenograft tumor growth. We determined CELF2 expression in human SCC tissues and adjacent normal skin using immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, we investigated the changes in CELF2 and its target gene expression during UV-induced and chemical-induced skin tumorigenesis by western blotting. RESULTS CELF2 KD significantly increased SCC cell proliferation, colony growth, and SCC xenograft tumor growth in immunodeficient mice. CELF2 KD in SCC cells led to activation of KRT80 and GDF15, which can potentially promote cell proliferation and tumor growth. While control SCC cells were sensitive to anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin, SCC cells with CELF2 KD became resistant to drug-induced tumor growth retardation. Finally, we found CELF2 expression diminished during both UV- and chemical-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice, consistent with reduced CELF2 expression in human SCC tumors compared to adjacent normal skin. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that CELF2 loss occurs during skin tumorigenesis and increases drug resistance in SCC cells, highlighting the possibility of targeting CELF2-regulated pathways in skin cancer prevention and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindeshwar Sah
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noah Goldfarb
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Medical Center Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Faramarz H Samie
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Austin E, Mineroff J, Dana I, Jagdeo J. Blue light aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy downregulates cell division and proliferation pathways in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300369. [PMID: 38332564 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) and has been studied as a treatment for noninvasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). PDT induces apoptosis and necrosis in AKs and cSCC. 5-ALA blue light PDT may modulate gene expression and pathways in surviving cells. In this study, differential gene expression and pathway analysis of cSCC and human dermal fibroblasts were compared before and after 5-ALA blue light PDT using RNA sequencing. No genes were differentially expressed after correcting for multiple testing (false discovery rate < 0.05). As a result, transcription factor, gene enrichment, and pathway analysis were performed with genes identified before multiple testing (p < 0.05). Pathways associated with proliferation and carcinogenesis were downregulated. These findings using 5-ALA blue light PDT are similar to previously published studies using methyl-aminolevulinic and red light protocols, indicating that surviving residual cells may undergo changes consistent with a less aggressive cancerous phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Austin
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Mineroff
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Isabella Dana
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Dermatology, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Oflas D, Canaz F, Özer İ, Demir L, Çolak E. Significance of High-Mobility Group A Protein 2 Expression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Ampullary Adenocarcinoma. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 34:1014-1024. [PMID: 37787719 PMCID: PMC10645280 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.22881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pancreatic and ampullary adenocarcinoma (AAC) are quite resistant to chemotherapy with high metastasis potential. Our study aimed to interpret high-mobility group A protein 2 (HMGA2) expression in benign and precursor pancreatic lesions and pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma and to evaluate its relationship with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, normal-appearing pancreas, chronic pancreatitis (CP), low- (L) and high (H)-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and AAC were evaluated with the immunohistochemical marker of HMGA2. Vimentin and E-cadherin immunohistochemical stains were applied in PDAC and AAC. RESULTS The HMGA2 expression was not detected in normal-appearing pancreas, CP, and L-PanIN. A statistically significant expression was observed in PDAC and H-PanIN (P < .001). A statistically significant correlation was found between loss of membranous E-cadherin expression and vimentin positivity and HMGA2 expression (P > .05). The HMGA2 expression was observed to increase the risk of diseaserelated death and decrease overall survival (OS) in AAC and the neoplasia group (P = .002 and P = .016, respectively). There was no significant difference in OS and risk of death in PDAC (P > .05) with respect to HMGA2 positivity. CONCLUSION High-mobility group A protein 2 is a helpful immunohistochemical marker in differentiating CP from PDAC. It also plays a role in EMT and may serve as a potential new prognostic agent and therapeutic target in tumors of the periampullary region, especially AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Oflas
- Department of Pathology, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Funda Canaz
- Department of Pathology, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - İlter Özer
- Department of General Surgery, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Lütfiye Demir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Çolak
- Department of Biostatistics, Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Hashemi M, Rashidi M, Hushmandi K, Ten Hagen TLM, Salimimoghadam S, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Falahati M. HMGA2 regulation by miRNAs in cancer: affecting cancer hallmarks and therapy response. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106732. [PMID: 36931542 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group A 2 (HMGA2) is a protein that modulates the structure of chromatin in the nucleus. Importantly, aberrant expression of HMGA2 occurs during carcinogenesis, and this protein is an upstream mediator of cancer hallmarks including evasion of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. HMGA2 targets critical signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and mTOR in cancer cells. Therefore, suppression of HMGA2 function notably decreases cancer progression and improves outcome in patients. As HMGA2 is mainly oncogenic, targeting expression by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is crucial to take into consideration since it affects HMGA2 function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to ncRNAs and are master regulators of vital cell processes, which affect all aspects of cancer hallmarks. Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), other members of ncRNAs, are upstream mediators of miRNAs. The current review intends to discuss the importance of the miRNA/HMGA2 axis in modulation of various types of cancer, and mentions lncRNAs and circRNAs, which regulate this axis as upstream mediators. Finally, we discuss the effect of miRNAs and HMGA2 interactions on the response of cancer cells to therapy. Regarding the critical role of HMGA2 in regulation of critical signaling pathways in cancer cells, and considering the confirmed interaction between HMGA2 and one of the master regulators of cancer, miRNAs, targeting miRNA/HMGA2 axis in cancer therapy is promising and this could be the subject of future clinical trial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran.
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Precision Medicine in Oncology (PrMiO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Shen Y, Singh J, Sah B, Chen Z, Ha W, Henzler C, Su T, Xie L, Deng Y, Li G, Guo H, Hibshoosh H, Liu L. The Histone Demethylase HR Suppresses Breast Cancer Development through Enhanced CELF2 Tumor Suppressor Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4648. [PMID: 36230572 PMCID: PMC9564370 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hairless (HR) gene encodes a transcription factor with histone demethylase activity that is essential for development and tissue homeostasis. Previous studies suggest that mutational inactivation of HR promotes tumorigenesis. To investigate HR mutations in breast cancer, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing using DNA isolated from primary breast cancer tissues. We identified HR somatic mutations in approximately 15% of the patient cohort (n = 85), compared with 23% for BRCA2, 13% for GATA3, 7% for BRCA1, and 3% for PTEN in the same patient cohort. We also found an average 23% HR copy number loss in breast cancers. In support of HR's antitumor functions, HR reconstitution in HR-deficient human breast cancer cells significantly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft mouse models. We further demonstrated that HR's antitumor activity was at least partly mediated by transcriptional activation of CELF2, a tumor suppressor with RNA-binding activity. Consistent with HR's histone demethylase activity, pharmacologic inhibition of histone methylation suppressed HR-deficient breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and tumor growth. Taken together, we identified HR as a novel tumor suppressor that is frequently mutated in breast cancer. We also showed that pharmacologic inhibition of histone methylation is effective in suppressing HR-deficient breast tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Bindeshwar Sah
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zhongming Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Wootae Ha
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Christine Henzler
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lillian Xie
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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The Contributions of Cancer-Testis and Developmental Genes to the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153630. [PMID: 35892887 PMCID: PMC9367444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In addition to mutations, ectopically-expressed genes are emerging as important contributors to cancer development. Efforts to characterize the expression patterns in cancers of gamete-restricted cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes are underway, revealing these genes to be putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various malignancies. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are two highly-prevalent non-melanoma skin cancers that result in considerable burden on patients and our health system. To optimize disease prognostication and treatment, it is necessary to further classify the molecular complexity of these malignancies. This review describes the expression patterns and functions of cancer-testis antigens and developmentally-restricted genes in BCC and cSCC tumors. A large number of cancer-testis antigens and developmental genes exhibit substantial expression levels in BCC and cSCC. These genes have been shown to contribute to several aspects of cancer biology, including tumorigenesis, differentiation, invasion and responses to anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Keratinocyte carcinomas are among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the two cancers recognized as keratinocyte carcinomas. The standard of care for treating these cancers includes surgery and ablative therapies. However, in recent years, targeted therapies (e.g., cetuximab for cSCC and vismodegib/sonidegib for BCC) have been used to treat advanced disease as well as immunotherapy (e.g., cemiplimab). These treatments are expensive and have significant toxicities with objective response rates approaching ~50–65%. Hence, there is a need to dissect the molecular pathogenesis of these cancers to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve disease management. Several cancer-testis antigens (CTA) and developmental genes (including embryonic stem cell factors and fetal genes) are ectopically expressed in BCC and cSCC. When ectopically expressed in malignant tissues, functions of these genes may be recaptured to promote tumorigenesis. CTAs and developmental genes are emerging as important players in the pathogenesis of BCC and cSCC, positioning themselves as attractive candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets requiring rigorous testing. Herein, we review the current research and offer perspectives on the contributions of CTAs and developmental genes to the pathogenesis of keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Xiao E, Zhang D, Zhan W, Yin H, Ma L, Wei J, Kang Y, Mao Z. circNFIX facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting miR-3064-5p/HMGA2 to enhance glutaminolysis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:8697-8710. [PMID: 34539988 PMCID: PMC8430108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is acknowledged to be a fatal malignant cancer around the world. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) function as crucial regulators in the pathological procession of HCC. Here, we elucidated the biological function of a novel circRNA, circNFIX, in HCC tumorigenesis. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expressions of circNFIX, miR-3064-5p, and HMGA2. circNFIX stability was evaluated after treatment with ribonuclease R. The growth and invasion of HCC cells were assessed by CCK8 and transwell assays. Protein levels were measured by Western blotting. The levels of glutaminolysis metabolites were evaluated by commercial kits. Dual-luciferase report assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and RNA pull-down assay were performed for validating the interaction between miR-3064-5p and circNFIX/HMGA2. Tumor growth in vivo was detected using xenograft assay. Our results showed that circNFIX was remarkably up-regulated in HCC and was associated with a poor survival. Knockdown of circNFIX repressed proliferation, invasion and glutaminolysis of HCC cells. Moreover, circNFIX directly sponged miR-3064-5p to release HMGA2 expression, and thus conferred the malignant development of HCC. In conclusion, circNFIX serves as a competing endogenous RNA to accelerate HCC progression via regulating miR-3064-5p/HMGA2 axis, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for HCC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhui Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Weili Zhan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Junfeng Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
| | - Zhongshan Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, He'nan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of He'nan University Zhengzhou, He'nan Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogi Andersen
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine
| | - Sarah Millar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Departments of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Trager MH, Sah B, Chen Z, Liu L. Control of Breast Cancer Pathogenesis by Histone Methylation and the Hairless Histone Demethylase. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6259332. [PMID: 33928351 PMCID: PMC8237996 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, encompassing many subtypes that have distinct origins, behaviors, and prognoses. Although traditionally seen as a genetic disease, breast cancer is now also known to involve epigenetic abnormalities. Epigenetic regulators, such as DNA methyltransferases and histone-modifying enzymes, play essential roles in gene regulation and cancer development. Dysregulation of epigenetic regulator activity has been causally linked with breast cancer pathogenesis. Hairless (HR) encodes a 130-kDa transcription factor that is essential for development and tissue homeostasis. Its role in transcription regulation is partly mediated by its interaction with multiple nuclear receptors, including thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors, and vitamin D receptor. HR has been studied primarily in epidermal development and homeostasis. Hr-mutant mice are highly susceptible to ultraviolet- or carcinogen-induced skin tumors. Besides its putative tumor suppressor function in skin, loss of HR function has also been implicated in increased leukemia susceptibility and promotes the growth of melanoma and brain cancer cells. HR has also been demonstrated to function as a histone H3 lysine 9 demethylase. Recent genomics studies have identified HR mutations in a variety of human cancers, including breast cancer. The anticancer function and mechanism of action by HR in mammary tissue remains to be investigated. Here, we review the emerging role of HR, its histone demethylase activity and histone methylation in breast cancer development, and potential for epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan H Trager
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Bindeshwar Sah
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
| | - Zhongming Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55912, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55912, USA
- Correspondence: Liang Liu, PhD, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
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Böhm M. In search of the needle in a haystack: Finding a suitable serum biomarker for monitoring disease activity of systemic sclerosis. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:880-886. [PMID: 34121239 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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