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Messner L, Deußing M, Maurer M, Buttgereit L, Stärr L, French LE, Hartmann D. Ex Vivo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy in Rare Skin Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1713. [PMID: 38730676 PMCID: PMC11083278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy has previously demonstrated its utility in most common skin diseases, its use in the assessment of dermatological entities with lower incidence remains unexplored in most cases. We therefore aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of some rare skin tumors as well as a few inflammatory skin diseases, that have not yet been studied in ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. A total of 50 tissue samples comprising 10 healthy controls, 10 basal cell carcinoma, 10 squamous cell carcinoma, and 20 rare skin conditions were imaged using the newest generation ex vivo confocal microscopy (Vivascope 2500 M-G4, Vivascope GmbH, Munich, Germany). Three blinded investigators were asked to identify characteristic features of rare skin disorders and distinguish them from more common skin diseases in the ex vivo confocal microscopy images. Our findings present the capability of ex vivo confocal microscopy to display distinctive morphologic patterns in common and rare skin diseases. As might be expected, we found a strong correlation between imaging experience and diagnostic accuracy. While the imaging inexperienced dermatohistopathologist reached 60% concordance, the imaging-trained dermatologist obtained 88% agreement with dermatohistopathology. The imaging-trained dermatohistopathologist achieved concordance up to 92% with gold-standard dermatohistopathology. This study highlights the potential of ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy as a promising adjunct to conventional dermatohistopathology for the early and precise identification of rare dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Messner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Maximilian Deußing
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Lisa Buttgereit
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Lara Stärr
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
| | - Lars E. French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniela Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany (D.H.)
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Kim MS, Lee GJ. Visually Hidden, Self-Assembled Porous Polymers for Optical Physically Unclonable Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4477-4486. [PMID: 36633500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the advancement of security technologies, several encryption methods have been proposed. Despite such efforts, forging artifices is financially and somatically becoming a constraint for individuals and society (e.g., imprinting replicas of luxury goods or directly life-connected medicines). Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are one of the promising solutions to address these personal and social issues. The unreplicability of PUFs is a crucial factor for high security levels. Here, this study proposes a visually hidden and self-assembled porous polymer (VSPP) as a tag for optical PUF systems. The VSPP has virtues in terms of wavelength dependency, lens-free compact PUF system, and simple/affordable fabrication processes (i.e., spin coating and annealing). The VSPP consists of an external saturated surface, which covers the inner structures, and an internally abundant porous layer, which triggers stochastic multiple Mie scattering with wavelength dependency. We theoretically and experimentally validate the unobservability of the VSPP and the uniqueness of optical responses by image sensors. Finally, we establish a wavelength-dependent PUF system by using the following three components: solid-state light sources, a VSPP tag, and an image sensor. The captured raw images by the sensor serve as "seed" for unique bit sequences. The robustness of our system is successfully confirmed in terms of bit uniformity (∼0.5), intra/interdevice Hamming distances (∼0.04/∼0.5), and randomness (using NIST test).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seong Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Ju Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
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Vladimirova G, Ruini C, Kapp F, Kendziora B, Ergün EZ, Bağcı IS, Krammer S, Jastaneyah J, Sattler EC, Flaig MJ, French LE, Hartmann D. Ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy: A diagnostic technique for easy real-time evaluation of benign and malignant skin tumours. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100372. [PMID: 35233962 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (ex vivo CLSM) is a novel diagnostic tool for a quick bedside evaluation of freshly excised tissue, comparable to histology. We aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ex vivo CLSM in detecting malignant features, to validate its reliability in identifying various skin tumours based on a combination of confocal features and to evaluate the digital staining mode (DS). One-hundred twenty freshly excised skin samples from 91 patients were evaluated. Each lesion was screened for the presence of 23 predefined confocal criteria with ex vivo CLSM, followed by a histopathological examination. The diagnostic agreement between ex vivo CLSM and histology was 89.2%. The diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo CLSM in detecting malignancy reached a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 76%. Ex vivo CLSM enabled a rapid identification of the most common skin tumours, the tumour dignity and cytological features. The DS demonstrated a close resemblance to conventional histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vladimirova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristel Ruini
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Kapp
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendziora
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ecem Z Ergün
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Org. Abdurrahman Nafiz Gürman Cad. Etyemez, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Işın S Bağcı
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Krammer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jawaher Jastaneyah
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elke C Sattler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J Flaig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Daniela Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Fredman G, Christensen RL, Ortner VK, Haedersdal M. Visualization of energy-based device-induced thermal tissue alterations using bimodal ex-vivo confocal microscopy with digital staining. A proof-of-concept study. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:564-570. [PMID: 35411961 PMCID: PMC9907604 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex-vivo confocal microscopy (EVCM) enables examination of tissue alterations immediately after treatment with energy-based devices (EBDs). This proof-of-concept study aimed to describe EBD-induced tissue effects in ex-vivo porcine skin after treatment with microneedle radiofrequency (MNRF) and ablative fractional CO2 -laser (AFL) using EVCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ex-vivo porcine skin was treated with MNRF and AFL. Three cryosections from each intervention were stained with acridine orange (AO) and scanned with EVCM. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM, 638 nm) and fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM, 488 nm) images were captured and evaluated individually, after image fusion, and after digital hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS Bimodal EVCM was able to visualize EBD-induced thermal alterations in porcine skin. In RCM mode, the full width and depth of the vertically aligned microscopic treatment zones (MTZs) were displayed with clear demarcation to surrounding intact skin. In FCM mode, the ablation of the epidermis after AFL was prominent in contrast with the almost intact epidermis observed in MNRF treated skin. In fusion mode, fluorescence signal from AO marked the surrounding coagulation zone (CZ) from both interventions, with enhanced discrimination between ablation and coagulation. Digitally H&E-stained images closely resembled conventional histopathology but proved superior in terms of visualization of the CZ. CONCLUSION Bimodal EVCM with digital H&E-staining facilitates the identification and qualitative evaluation of thermal alterations induced by treatment with EBD. By providing high-resolution images comparable to standard histology, EVCM is a useful tool in the research and development of EBD to visualize and evaluate device-tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Fredman
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Louise Christensen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vinzent Kevin Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ruini C, Schlingmann S, Jonke Ž, Avci P, Padrón-Laso V, Neumeier F, Koveshazi I, Ikeliani IU, Patzer K, Kunrad E, Kendziora B, Sattler E, French LE, Hartmann D. Machine Learning Based Prediction of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Ex Vivo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215522. [PMID: 34771684 PMCID: PMC8583634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Image classification with convolutional neural networks (CNN) offers an unprecedented opportunity to medical imaging. Regulatory agencies in the USA and Europe have already cleared numerous deep learning/machine learning based medical devices and algorithms. While the field of radiology is on the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) revolution, conventional pathology, which commonly relies on examination of tissue samples on a glass slide, is falling behind in leveraging this technology. On the other hand, ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (ex vivo CLSM), owing to its digital workflow features, has a high potential to benefit from integrating AI tools into the assessment and decision-making process. Aim of this work was to explore a preliminary application of CNN in digitally stained ex vivo CLSM images of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) for automated detection of tumor tissue. Thirty-four freshly excised tissue samples were prospectively collected and examined immediately after resection. After the histologically confirmed ex vivo CLSM diagnosis, the tumor tissue was annotated for segmentation by experts, in order to train the MobileNet CNN. The model was then trained and evaluated using cross validation. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the deep neural network for detecting cSCC and tumor free areas on ex vivo CLSM slides compared to expert evaluation were 0.76 and 0.91, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was equal to 0.90 and the area under the precision-recall curve was 0.85. The results demonstrate a high potential of deep learning models to detect cSCC regions on digitally stained ex vivo CLSM slides and to distinguish them from tumor-free skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristel Ruini
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
- PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sophia Schlingmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Žan Jonke
- Munich Innovation Labs GmbH, 80336 Munich, Germany; (Ž.J.); (V.P.-L.)
| | - Pinar Avci
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | | | - Florian Neumeier
- M3i Industry-in-Clinic-Platform GmbH, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.N.); (I.K.); (I.U.I.)
| | - Istvan Koveshazi
- M3i Industry-in-Clinic-Platform GmbH, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.N.); (I.K.); (I.U.I.)
| | - Ikenna U. Ikeliani
- M3i Industry-in-Clinic-Platform GmbH, 80336 Munich, Germany; (F.N.); (I.K.); (I.U.I.)
| | - Kathrin Patzer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Elena Kunrad
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Benjamin Kendziora
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Elke Sattler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
| | - Lars E. French
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniela Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (P.A.); (K.P.); (E.K.); (B.K.); (E.S.); (L.E.F.); (D.H.)
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Hartmann D. [Ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy for melanocytic lesions and autoimmune diseases]. Hautarzt 2021; 72:1058-1065. [PMID: 34705067 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) enables bedside histology and offers the surgeon a direct intraoperative tissue examination. OBJECTIVES To determine whether this innovative, ultra-fast diagnostic tool can be expanded beyond nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma, to other indications including melanocytic lesions and autoimmune diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of literature and summary of the current knowledge and experience of the use of ex vivo CLSM in melanocytic lesions and in autoimmune diseases. RESULTS Up to date experience of the use of ex vivo CLSM in melanocytic lesions and in autoimmune diseases is limited but promising. Current knowledge on melanocytic lesions in ex vivo CLSM and their examples together with classic ex vivo CLSM features are presented. Previous results on the use of ex vivo CLSM in autoimmune dermatoses are presented, and future application possibilities of ex vivo CLSM are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The method is particularly suitable for the rapid examination of basal cell carcinomas during Mohs surgery but could also be used in the future for the intraoperative examination of melanocytic and autoimmune skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hartmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337, München, Deutschland.
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Sendín-Martín M, Lara-Caro M, Harris U, Moronta M, Rossi A, Lee E, Chen CSJ, Nehal K, Conejo-Mir Sánchez J, Pereyra-Rodríguez JJ, Jain M. Classification of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy Images from Freshly Excised Tissues Using a Deep Learning Algorithm. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1291-1299.e2. [PMID: 34695413 PMCID: PMC9447468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo confocal microscopy (EVCM) generates digitally colored purple-pink images similar to H&E without time-consuming tissue processing. It can be used during Mohs surgery for rapid detection of basal cell carcinoma (BCC); however, reading EVCM images requires specialized training. An automated approach using a deep learning algorithm for BCC detection in EVCM images can aid in diagnosis. A total of 40 BCCs and 28 negative (not-BCC) samples were collected at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to create three training datasets: (i) EVCM image dataset (663 images), (ii) H&E image dataset (516 images), and (iii) a combination of the two datasets. A total of seven BCCs and four negative samples were collected to create an EVCM test dataset (107 images). The model trained with the EVCM dataset achieved 92% diagnostic accuracy, similar to the H&E model (93%). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.94, 0.95, and 0.94 for EVCM-, H&E-, and combination-trained models, respectively. We developed an algorithm for automatic BCC detection in EVCM images (comparable accuracy to dermatologists). This approach could be used to assist with BCC detection during Mohs surgery. Furthermore, we found that a model trained with only H&E images (which are more available than EVCM images) can accurately detect BCC in EVCM images.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Lara-Caro
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ucalene Harris
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Moronta
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erica Lee
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Shan Jason Chen
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kishwer Nehal
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julián Conejo-Mir Sánchez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José-Juan Pereyra-Rodríguez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Dermatology Service, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Manu Jain
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA; Dermatology Service, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA.
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