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Ashour NH, El-Tanbouly DM, El Sayed NS, Khattab MM. Roflumilast ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of amyloidogenesis and tauopathy: Involvement of nitric oxide status, Aβ extrusion transporter ABCB1, and reversal by PKA inhibitor H89. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110366. [PMID: 34051306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The biological cascade of second messenger-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) -as a molecular mechanism implicated in memory and learning regulation has captured the attention of neuroscientists worldwide. cAMP triggers its foremost effector, protein kinase A (PKA), resulting in the activation of innumerable downstream targets. Roflumilast (ROF), a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, has demonstrated a greater efficiency in enhancing cAMP signaling in various neurological disorders. This study was conducted to identify various downstream targets of PKA as mechanistic tools through which ROF could hinder the progressive cognitive impairment following central streptozotocin (STZ) administration in mice. Animals were injected with STZ (3 mg/kg/i.c.v) once. Five hours later, mice received ROF (0.4 mg/kg) with or without the PKA inhibitor, H89, for 21 days. ROF highly preserved the structure of hippocampal neurons. It improved the ability of mice to develop short-term memories and retrieve spatial memories in Y-maze and Morris water maze tests, respectively. ROF enhanced the gene expression of ABCB1 transporters and pregnane X receptors (PXR), and hampered Aβ accumulation in hippocampus. Simultaneously, it interfered with the processes of tau phosphorylation and nitration. This effect was associated with an upsurge in hippocampal arginase activity as well as a decline in glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, and inducible NOS expression. Contrariwise, ROF's beneficial effects were utterly abolished by co-administration of H89. In conclusion, boosting PKA, by ROF, modulated PXR/ABCB1 expression and arginase/NOS activities to restrict the main post-translational modifications of tau, Aβ deposition and, accordingly, cognitive deterioration of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Soleimani M, Asgharzadeh Salmasi A, Asghari S, Joneidi Yekta H, Kamyab Moghadas B, Shahriari S, Saber-Samandari S, Khandan A. Optimization and fabrication of alginate scaffold for alveolar bone regeneration with sufficient drug release. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40089-021-00342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shahali M, Khandan A, Raisi A, Asefnejad A, Sadat Kazerouni Z, Kolooshani A, Saber-Samandari S, Moghadas B. Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial studies of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan as a wound dressing for bedsore application. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/atr.atr_10_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Li H, Yang S, Wu J, Ji L, Zhu L, Cao L, Huang J, Jiang Q, Wei J, Liu M, Mao K, Wei N, Xie W, Yang Z. cAMP/PKA signaling pathway contributes to neuronal apoptosis via regulating IDE expression in a mixed model of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1616-1626. [PMID: 28771808 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) may play a relevant role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the underlying mechanism was not clear yet. We developed an animal model presenting both AD and T2D, morris water maze (MWM) test and recognition task were performed to trace the cognitive function. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were determined to trace the metabolism evolution. TUNEL assay and apoptosis-related protein levels were analyzed for the detection of neuronal apoptosis. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) agonist bucladesine or protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89 were used to determine the effects of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway on IDE expression and neuronal apoptosis. The results showed that T2D contributes to the AD progress by accelerating and worsening spatial memory and recognition dysfunctions. Metabolic parameters and glucose tolerance were significantly changed in the presence of the AD and T2D. The significantly induced neuronal apoptosis and increased pro-apoptotic proteins in mice with AD and T2D were also observed. We showed the decreased expression level of IDE and the activating of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in AD and T2D mice. Further studies indicated that cAMP agonist decreased the expression level of IDE and induced the neuronal apoptosis in mice with AD and T2D; whereas PKA inhibitor H-89 treatment showed the completely opposite results. Our study indicated that, in the T2D and AD mice, cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and IDE may participate in the contribute role of T2D in accelerating the pathological process of AD via causing the accumulation of Aβ and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linfeng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhong Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Wei
- Department of General Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keshi Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Salehi F, Hosseini-Zare MS, Aghajani H, Seyedi SY, Hosseini-Zare MS, Sharifzadeh M. Effect of bucladesine, pentoxifylline, and H-89 as cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog, phosphodiesterase, and protein kinase A inhibitor on acute pain. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:411-419. [PMID: 28267871 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and its dependent pathway on thermal nociception in a mouse model of acute pain. Here, we studied the effect of H-89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), bucladesine (Db-cAMP) (membrane-permeable analog of cAMP), and pentoxifylline (PTX; nonspecific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor) on pain sensation. Different doses of H-89 (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/100 g), PTX (5, 10, and 20 mg/100 g), and Db-cAMP (50, 100, and 300 nm/mouse) were administered intraperitoneally (I.p.) 15 min before a tail-flick test. In combination groups, we injected the first and the second compounds 30 and 15 min before the tail-flick test, respectively. I.p. administration of H-89 and PTX significantly decreased the thermal-induced pain sensation in their low applied doses. Db-cAMP, however, decreased the pain sensation in a dose-dependent manner. The highest applied dose of H-89 (0.5 mg/100 g) attenuated the antinociceptive effect of Db-cAMP in doses of 50 and 100 nm/mouse. Surprisingly, Db-cAMP decreased the antinociceptive effect of the lowest dose of H-89 (0.05 mg/100 g). All applied doses of PTX reduced the effect of 0.05 mg/100 g H-89 on pain sensation; however, the highest dose of H-89 compromised the antinociceptive effect of 20 mg/100 g dose of PTX. Co-administration of Db-cAMP and PTX increased the antinociceptive effect of each compound on thermal-induced pain. In conclusion, PTX, H-89, and Db-cAMP affect the thermal-induced pain by probably interacting with intracellular cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouz Salehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid S Hosseini-Zare
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Haleh Aghajani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Seyedeh Yalda Seyedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
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Motaghinejad M, Fatima S, Banifazl S, Bangash MY, Karimian M. Study of the effects of controlled morphine administration for treatment of anxiety, depression and cognition impairment in morphine-addicted rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:178. [PMID: 28028518 PMCID: PMC5156972 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.188491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Morphine dependency usually results in undesired outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive alterations. In this study, morphine was used to manage morphine dependence-induced anxiety, depression, and learning and memory disturbances. Materials and Methods: Forty rats were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 received saline for 21 days. Groups 2–5 were dependent by increasing administration of morphine (15–45 mg/kg) for 7 days. For the next 14 days, morphine was administered as the following regimen: Group 2: once daily; 45 mg/kg (positive controls), Group 3: the same dose with an increasing interval (6 h longer than the previous intervals each time), Group 4: the same dose with an irregular intervals (12, 24, 36 h intervals interchangeably), and Group 5: decreasing doses once daily (every time 2.5 mg/kg less than the former dosage). On days 22–26, elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST) were performed to investigate anxiety level and depression in animals. Between 17th and 21st days, Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory. Results: Chronic morphine administration caused depression and anxiety as observed by FST, EPM, and TST and decreased motor activity in OFT and caused impairment in learning and memory performance in MWM. Treatment with our protocol as increasing interval, irregular interval, and decreasing dosage of morphine caused marked reduction in depression, anxiety, and improved cognition performance compared with positive control group; and attenuated motor deficits in morphine-dependent rats, remarkably. Conclusions: Change in dosage regimens of morphine can reduce morphine-induced anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Banifazl
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yasan Bangash
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang T, Hong J, Di T, Chen L. MPTP Impairs Dopamine D1 Receptor-Mediated Survival of Newborn Neurons in Ventral Hippocampus to Cause Depressive-Like Behaviors in Adult Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:101. [PMID: 27790091 PMCID: PMC5062058 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms with depression. We evaluated the influence of dopaminergic depletion on hippocampal neurogenesis process to explore mechanisms of depression production. Five consecutive days of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection in mice (MPTP-mice) reduced dopaminergic fibers in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). MPTP-mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors later for 2–3 weeks. BrdU was injected 4 h after last-injection of MPTP. BrdU-positive (BrdU+) cells in dorsal (d-DG) and ventral (v-DG) DG were examined on day 1 (D1), 7 (D7), 14 (D14) and 21 (D21) after BrdU injection. Fewer D7-, D14- and D21-BrdU+ cells or BrdU+/NeuN+ cells, but not D1-BrdU+ cells, were found in v-DG of MPTP-mice than in controls. However, the number of BrdU+ cells in d-DG did not differ between the both. Loss of doublecortin-positive (DCX+) cells was observed in v-DG of MPTP-mice. Protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca2+/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation were reduced in v-DG of MPTP-mice, which were reversed by D1-like receptor (D1R) agonist SKF38393, but not D2R agonist quinpirole. The treatment of MPTP-mice with SKF38393 on days 2–7 after BrdU-injection reduced the loss of D7- and D21-BrdU+ cells in v-DG and improved the depressive-like behaviors; these changes were sensitive to PKA inhibitor H89. Moreover, the v-DG injection of SKF38393 in MPTP-mice could reduce the loss of D21-BrdU+ cells and relieve the depressive-like behaviors. In control mice, the blockade of D1R by SCH23390 caused the reduction of D21-BrdU+ cells in v-DG and the depressive-like behaviors. Our results indicate that MPTP-reduced dopaminergic depletion impairs the D1R-mediated early survival of newborn neurons in v-DG, producing depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tingting Di
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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8
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Nicoara D, Zhang Y, Nelson JT, Brewer AL, Maharaj P, DeWald SN, Shirachi DY, Quock RM. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment suppresses withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice. Brain Res 2016; 1648:434-437. [PMID: 27534375 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy reportedly reduces opiate withdrawal in human subjects. The purpose of this research was to determine whether HBO2 treatment could suppress physical signs of withdrawal in opiate-dependent mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were injected s.c. with morphine sulfate twice a day for 4 days, the daily dose gradually increasing from 50mg/kg on day 1 to 125mg/kg on day 4. On day 5, withdrawal was precipitated by i.p. injection of 5.0mg/kg naloxone. Mice were observed for physical withdrawal signs, including jumping, forepaw tremor, wet-dog shakes, rearing and defecation for 30min. Sixty min prior to the naloxone injection, different groups of mice received either a 30-min or 60-min HBO2 treatment at 3.5atm absolute. HBO2 treatment significantly reduced naloxone-precipitated jumping, forepaw tremor, wet-dog shakes, rearing and defecation. Based on these experimental findings, we concluded that treatment with HBO2 can suppress physical signs of withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicoara
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yangmiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jordan T Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Abigail L Brewer
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Prianka Maharaj
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shea N DeWald
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Donald Y Shirachi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of the Pacific Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Raymond M Quock
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Translational Addiction Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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García-Pardo MP, Roger-Sanchez C, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Aguilar MA. Pharmacological modulation of protein kinases as a new approach to treat addiction to cocaine and opiates. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Motaghinejad M, Karimian SM, Motaghinejad O, Shabab B, Asadighaleni M, Fatima S. The effect of various morphine weaning regimens on the sequelae of opioid tolerance involving physical dependency, anxiety and hippocampus cell neurodegeneration in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:299-309. [PMID: 25846801 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of morphine induces physical dependency, anxiety, and neurodegeneration. In this study, morphine on its own has been used for the management of morphine-induced dependency, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats in groups 1-5 were made morphine dependent by an increasing manner of morphine for 7 days (15-45 mg/kg). For the next 14 days, morphine was administered using the following regimen: (i) once daily 45 mg/kg (positive controls), (ii) the same dose at additional intervals (6 h longer than the previous intervals each time), (iii) 45 mg/kg of morphine at irregular intervals like of 12, 24, 36 h, (iv) decreasing dose once daily (every time 2.5 mg/kg less than the former dosage). Group 5 received 45 mg/kg of morphine and 10 mg/kg of SOD mimetic agent (M40401) injection per day. Group 6 (negative control) received saline solution only. On day 22, all animals received naloxone (3 mg/kg) and their Total Withdrawal Index (TWI) and blood cortisol levels were measured. After drug treatment, hippocampus cells were isolated, and oxidative, antioxidative, and apoptotic factors were evaluated. Various regimens of morphine reduced TWI, cortisol levels, Bax activity, caspase-3, caspase-9, TNF-α, and IL-1β and lipid peroxidation. In all treatment groups, GSH level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Bcl-2 activity were significantly increased. Furthermore, SOD mimetic agent c diminished morphine effect on SOD activity. Thus, varying the dosage regimen of morphine can reduce the severity of morphine-induced dependency and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceuticals Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Asadighaleni
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceuticals Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences- International Campus, Tehran, Iran
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