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Rapoport RM, Soleimani M. Mechanism of Thiazide Diuretic Arterial Pressure Reduction: The Search Continues. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:815. [PMID: 31543812 PMCID: PMC6730501 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazide diuretic (TZD)-mediated chronic reduction of arterial pressure is thought to occur through decreased total peripheral vascular resistance. Further, the decreased peripheral vascular resistance is accomplished through TZD activation of an extrarenal target, resulting in inhibition of vascular constriction. However, despite greater than five decades of investigation, little progress has been made into the identification of the TZD extrarenal target. Proposed mechanisms range from direct inhibition of constrictor and activation of relaxant signaling pathways in the vascular smooth muscle to indirect inhibition through decreased neurogenic and hormonal regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, particularly in view of this lack of progress, comprehensive reviews of the subject are absent. Moreover, even though it is well recognized that 1) several types of hypertension are insensitive to TZD reduction of arterial pressure and, further, TZD fail to reduce arterial pressure in normotensive subjects and animals, and 2) different mechanisms underlie acute and chronic TZD, findings derived from these models and parameters remain largely undifferentiated. This review 1) comprehensively describes findings associated with TZD reduction of arterial pressure; 2) differentiates between observations in TZD-sensitive and TZD-insensitive hypertension, normotensive subjects/animals, and acute and chronic effects of TZD; 3) critically evaluates proposed TZD extrarenal targets; 4) proposes guiding parameters for relevant investigations into extrarenal TZD target identification; and 5) proposes a working model for TZD chronic reduction of arterial pressure through vascular dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Ishola IO, Anunobi CC, Tijani KH, Afolayan O, Udokwu VU. Potential of telmisartan in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 31:643-651. [PMID: 28727906 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common health problem in ageing men. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of telmisartan on testosterone-induced BPH in rats. Fifty-four male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 6) and orally treated for 28 consecutive days: group 1 - vehicle normal, olive oil (10 mL/kg); group 2 - BPH model control (10 mL/kg); groups 3-5 - telmisartan (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, respectively); group 6 - pioglitazone (20 mg/kg); group 7 - celecoxib (20 mg/kg); group 8 - combination of telmisartan (5 mg/kg) and pioglitazone (20 mg/kg); group 9 - combination of telmisartan (5 mg/kg) and celecoxib (20 mg/kg). Animals in groups 2-9 were given testosterone propionate in olive oil (3 mg/kg) subcutaneously 15 min after pretreatments. On day 29, blood was collected for the estimation of serum testosterone and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The prostates were excised, weighed and subjected to biochemical and histological studies. Testosterone injection induced significant increase in prostatic index, serum testosterone and PSA suggesting BPH as well as increased prostate oxidative stress which were ameliorated with the pretreatment of rats with telmisartan or co-administration of celecoxib and pioglitazone. Histological examination showed that testosterone disrupted the morphology of the prostate epithelial cells evidenced in the involution of the epithelial lining of the acini into the lumen indicating BPH which was reversed by telmisartan. Findings from this study showed that telmisartan alone or in combination with pioglitazone prevented the development of testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ogunbayode Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Charles C Anunobi
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde Habeeb Tijani
- Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olasunmbo Afolayan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Victoria U Udokwu
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Zhang W, Wang S, Yin H, Chen E, Xue D, Zheng Q, Gao X, Pan Z. Dihydromyricetin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro partially via the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:596-606. [PMID: 27469984 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has demonstrated that the decreased osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is closely related to bone metabolic diseases. Thus, it is very important to develop several potentially useful therapeutic agents to enhance BMSC osteogenesis. Flavonoids show promise in enhancing bone mass. Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a type of flavonoid, has not yet been investigated regarding its effects on BMSC osteogenesis. To investigate the effects of DMY on osteogenesis, human BMSCs were induced with or without DMY. We found that DMY (0.1-50 μm) exhibited no cytotoxic effect on proliferation, but increased alkaline phosphatase activity, osteoblast-specific gene expression, and mineral deposition. It also enhanced active β-catenin expression and reduced dickkopf-1(DKK1) and sclerostin expression. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK1 and β-catenin-specific siRNA) decreased the enhanced bone mineral formation caused by DMY. Taken together, these findings reveal that DMY enhances osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs partly through Wnt/β-catenin in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Erman Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Deting Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhijun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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