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Bi S, Shao J, Qu Y, Hu W, Ma Y, Cao L. Hepatic transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated pathways associated with immune stress of broilers induced by lipopolysaccharide. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102199. [PMID: 36257073 PMCID: PMC9579410 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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Yang S, Chen J, Ma B, Wang J, Chen J. Role of Autophagy in Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Apoptosis of Mouse Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031479. [PMID: 35163399 PMCID: PMC8835979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), also known as lysolecithin, is one of the major components of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL). In the pathogenetic process of diverse diseases, LPC acts as a significant lipid mediator. However, no evidence shows that LPC can affect the female reproductive system. In our study, we found that LPC inhibited the cell viability of primary mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Meanwhile, LPC was shown to induce apoptosis, which is accompanied by an increase in apoptosis-related protein levels, such as cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8 and Bax, as well as a decrease in Bcl-2. The total numbers of early and late apoptotic cells also increased in the LPC-treated cells. These results indicated that LPC could induce apoptosis of mouse ovarian granulosa cells. Furthermore, the increase in autophagy-related protein levels and the number of autophagic vesicles suggested that LPC could induce autophagy. The inhibition of oxidative stress by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could rescue the induction of apoptosis and autophagy by LPC, which indicated that oxidative stress was involved in LPC-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Interestingly, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA could reserve the inhibition of cell viability and the induction of apoptosis by LPC. In conclusion, oxidative stress was involved in LPC-induced apoptosis, whileautophagy of mouse ovarian granulosa cells and the inhibition of autophagy could alleviate LPC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Y.); (J.C.); (B.M.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Y.); (J.C.); (B.M.)
| | - Bingchun Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Y.); (J.C.); (B.M.)
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Y.); (J.C.); (B.M.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (S.Y.); (J.C.); (B.M.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.C.)
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Sheng S, Xu J, Liang Q, Hong L, Zhang L. Astragaloside IV Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Ferroptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Mediating LPC. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6241242. [PMID: 34760046 PMCID: PMC8575634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6241242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, as an iron-dependent programmed cell death pathway, can induce a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), which is purified from Astragalus membranaceus, can protect endothelial function and promote vascular regeneration. However, the role played by AS-IV in ferroptosis remains unknown. In this study, the lipid metabolomics in HUVECs treated with/without bleomycin and/or AS-IV were explored using LC/MS. The most differential metabolite between groups was further identified via GO and pathway enrichment analyses. The effects of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), AS-IV, and FIN56 on cell viability were explored using the CCK-8 assay, their effects on cell senescence were examined by β-galactosidase staining, and their effects on ferroptosis were detected by a flow cytometric analysis of lipid ROS levels, transmission electron microscopy, and an assay for cellular iron levels. The related mechanisms were investigated by real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Our results showed that LPC, as the most differential metabolite, inhibited cell viability but promoted cell apoptosis and senescence as its concentration increased. Also, the decreased cell activity, increased iron ion and lipid ROS levels, and the enhanced cell senescence induced by LPC treatment were all significantly reversed by AS-IV but further enhanced by FIN56 treatment. The changes in mitochondrial morphology caused by the LPC treatment were significantly alleviated by the AS-IV treatment, while treatment with FIN56 reversed those phenomena. Moreover, AS-IV partially upregulated the levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression which were reduced by LPC. However, those changes were prevented by FIN56 treatment. In conclusion, our data suggested that AS-IV could serve as a novel drug for treating ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyang Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Long Gang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu T, Wang X, Guo F, Sun X, Yuan K, Wang Q, Lan C. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces apoptosis and inflammatory damage in brain microvascular endothelial cells via GPR4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 77:105227. [PMID: 34293432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), as the main active component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs), has significant effects in cerebrovascular disease. However, the complex mechanism by which LPC functions in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) is not clearly understood. In this study, BMECs were transfected with G protein-coupled receptor 4 (GPR4) siRNA or an NLRP3-overexpression plasmid, and GPR4 expression was identified by RT-qPCR and western blotting; IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 levels were evaluated by ELISA. Apoptosis was monitored by flow cytometry and Hoechst staining, while Caspase 3, ASC, NLRP3, and GPR4 protein expression were examined by western blotting. Our results showed that LPC significantly increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33) and markedly induced apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMECs. Moreover, LPC notably upregulated GPR4 in BMECs, and knockdown of GPR4 significantly attenuated the effects of LPC in BMECs. Above all, we also proved that LPC induced apoptosis and inflammatory injury in BMECs by causing GPR4 to activate NLRP3 inflammasomes. Therefore, GPR4-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes might be the underlying mechanism by which LPC promotes the progression of cerebrovascular disease. In summary we found that LPC is an important pathogenic factor in cerebrovascular disease, and can induce GPR4 to active NLRP3 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guang ming), No. 39 Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xuegang Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The People's Hospital of Bao an, No. 118, Longjing Second Road, Baoan District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guang ming), No. 39 Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Changhai Hospital, No. 168 Changhai Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kunxiong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guang ming), No. 39 Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qingyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guang ming), No. 39 Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chunwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guang ming), No. 39 Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Lysophosphatidylcholine induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells via NOX5 activation - implications in atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1845-1858. [PMID: 34269800 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms involved in NOX5 activation in atherosclerotic processes are not completely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a proatherogenic component of oxLDL, induces endothelial calcium influx, which drives NOX5-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and endothelial cell dysfunction. Approach: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were stimulated with LPC (10-5 M, for different time points). Pharmacological inhibition of NOX5 (Melittin, 10-7 M) and NOX5 gene silencing (siRNA) were used to determine the role of NOX5-dependent ROS production in endothelial oxidative stress induced by LPC. ROS production was determined by lucigenin assay and electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR), calcium transients by Fluo4 fluorimetry, and NOX5 activity and protein expression by pharmacological assays and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS LPC increased ROS generation in endothelial cells at short (15 min) and long (4 h) stimulation times. LPC-induced ROS was abolished by a selective NOX5 inhibitor and by NOX5 siRNA. NOX1/4 dual inhibition and selective NOX1 inhibition only decreased ROS generation at 4 h. LPC increased HAEC intracellular calcium, important for NOX5 activation, and this was blocked by nifedipine and thapsigargin. Bapta-AM, selective Ca2+ chelator, prevented LPC-induced ROS production. NOX5 knockdown decreased LPC-induced ICAM-1 mRNA expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NOX5, by mechanisms linked to increased intracellular calcium, is key to early LPC-induced endothelial oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory processes. Since these are essential events in the formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, this study highlights an important role for NOX5 in atherosclerosis.
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Ca 2+ homeostasis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:55-110. [PMID: 34253298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) lining the wall of brain capillaries. Its integrity is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including up/downregulation of tight junction proteins or adhesion molecules, altered Ca2+ homeostasis, remodeling of cytoskeleton, that are confined at the level of BMVECs. Beside the contribution of BMVECs to BBB permeability changes, other cells, such as pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, leukocytes or neurons, etc. are also exerting direct or indirect modulatory effects on BBB. Alterations in BBB integrity play a key role in multiple brain pathologies, including neurological (e.g. epilepsy) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.). In this review, the principal Ca2+ signaling pathways in brain microvascular endothelial cells are discussed and their contribution to BBB integrity is emphasized. Improving the knowledge of Ca2+ homeostasis alterations in BMVECa is fundamental to identify new possible drug targets that diminish/prevent BBB permeabilization in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Zhao X, Feng X, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Li X, Niu J, Meng X, Wu J, Xu G, Hou L, Wang Y. How to Screen and Prevent Metabolic Syndrome in Patients of PCOS Early: Implications From Metabolomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:659268. [PMID: 34149613 PMCID: PMC8207510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.659268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrine disorder. And metabolic syndrome (MS) is an important bridge for PCOS patients to develop other diseases, such as diabetes and coronary heart disease. Our aim was to study the potential metabolic characteristics of PCOS-MS and identify sensitive biomarkers so as to provide targets for clinical screening, diagnosis, and treatment. METHODS In this study, 44 PCOS patients with MS, 34 PCOS patients without MS, and 32 healthy controls were studied. Plasma samples of subjects were tested by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system combined with LTQ-orbi-trap mass spectrometry. The changes of metabolic characteristics from PCOS to PCOS-MS were systematically analyzed. Correlations between differential metabolites and clinical characteristics of PCOS-MS were assessed. Differential metabolites with high correlation were further evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to identify their sensitivity as screening indicators. RESULTS There were significant differences in general characteristics, reproductive hormone, and metabolic parameters in the PCOS-MS group when compared with the PCOS group and healthy controls. We found 40 differential metabolites which were involved in 23 pathways when compared with the PCOS group. The metabolic network further reflected the metabolic environment, including the interaction between metabolic pathways, modules, enzymes, reactions, and metabolites. In the correlation analysis, there were 11 differential metabolites whose correlation coefficient with clinical parameters was greater than 0.4, which were expected to be taken as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Besides, these 11 differential metabolites were assessed by ROC, and the areas under curve (AUCs) were all greater than 0.7, with a good sensitivity. Furthermore, combinational metabolic biomarkers, such as glutamic acid + leucine + phenylalanine and carnitine C 4: 0 + carnitine C18:1 + carnitine C5:0 were expected to be sensitive combinational biomarkers in clinical practice. CONCLUSION Our study provides a new insight to understand the pathogenesis mechanism, and the discriminating metabolites may help screen high-risk of MS in patients with PCOS and provide sensitive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhao
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yuepeng Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianna Li
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyun Niu
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Meng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Lihui Hou
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Lihui Hou,
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Lihui Hou,
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Liu P, Zhu W, Chen C, Yan B, Zhu L, Chen X, Peng C. The mechanisms of lysophosphatidylcholine in the development of diseases. Life Sci 2020; 247:117443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tian C, Huang R, Tang F, Lin Z, Cheng N, Han X, Li S, Zhou P, Deng S, Huang H, Zhao H, Xu J, Li Z. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 Contributes to Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Intracellular Calcium Regulation and THP-1-Derived Macrophage Activation. J Membr Biol 2019; 253:43-55. [PMID: 31820013 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a major atherogenic lipid that stimulates an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and the release of cytokines under inflammasome activation. However, the potential receptors of LPC in macrophages are poorly understood. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily, which is crucially involved in transducing environmental irritant stimuli into nociceptor activity, are potential receptors of LPC. In this study, we investigated whether LPC can induce the activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily. The functional expression of TRPA1 was first detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting and calcium imaging in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)-derived macrophages. The mechanism by which LPC induces the activation of macrophages through TRPA1 was verified by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium imaging, mtROS detection, a JC-1 assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the CCK-8 assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxic assay. LPC induced the activation of THP-1-derived macrophages via calcium influx, and this activation was suppressed by potent and selective inhibitors of TRPA1. These results indicated that TRPA1 can mediate mtROS generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, the secretion of IL-1β and cytotoxicity through cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ influx in LPC-treated THP-1-derived macrophages. Therefore, the inhibition of TRPA1 may protect THP-1-derived macrophages against LPC-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuoxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sihao Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hualin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Guangzhou JYK Biotechnology Company Limited, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #190 Kai-Yuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,GZMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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