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Paul A, Roy PK, Babu NK, Singh S. Clotrimazole causes membrane depolarization and induces sub G 0 cell cycle arrest in Leishmania donovani. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107139. [PMID: 38307362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Clotrimazole is an FDA approved drug and is widely used as an antifungal agent. An extensive body of research is available about its mechanism of action on various cell types but its mode of killing of Leishmania donovani parasites is unknown. L. donovani causes Visceral Leishmaniasis which is a public health problem with limited treatment options. Its present chemotherapy is expensive, has adverse effects and is plagued with drug resistance issues. In this study we have explored the possibility of repurposing clotrimazole as an antileishmanial drug. We have assessed its efficacy on the parasites and attempted to understand its mode of action. We found that it has a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 35.75 ± 1.06 μM, 12.75 ± 0.35 μM and 73 ± 1.41 μM in promastigotes, intracellular amastigotes and macrophages, respectively. Clotrimazole is 5.73 times more selective for the intracellular amastigotes as compared to the mammalian cell. Effect of clotrimazole was reduced by ergosterol supplementation. It leads to impaired parasite morphology. It alters plasma membrane permeability and disrupts plasma membrane potential. Mitochondrial function is compromised as is evident from increased ROS generation, depolarized mitochondrial membrane and decreased ATP levels. Cell cycle analysis of clotrimazole treated parasites shows arrest at sub-G0 phase suggesting apoptotic mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Pradyot Kumar Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Neerupudi Kishore Babu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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Sreedharan V, Rao KB. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102739. [PMID: 36603827 PMCID: PMC9871078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by sandfly which carries the intracellular protozoa in their midgut. Among visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral type that is caused by Leishmania donovani is the most lethal one. Findings of leishmanial structure and species took place in 19th century and was initiated by Donovan. Leishmaniasis is still a major concern of health issues in many endemic countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide1.5-2 million new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 500,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis are reported each year. Leishmaniasis is endemic in nearly 90 countries worldwide and close to 12 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported worldwide annually. Studies on antileishmanial drug development is of major concern as leishmaniasis are the second largest parasitic killer in the world and the available drugs are either toxic or costly. The major surface GP63 protease, also known as Zinc- metalloproteases present on the surface of leishmanial promastigotes, can be targeted for drug development. Protease inhibitors targeting such surface proteases show promising results. Different protease inhibitors have been isolated from marine actinobacteria against many infectious diseases. Metabolites produced by these actinobacteria may have greater importance for the discovery and development of new antileishmanial drugs. Hence, this review discusses the background, current situation, treatment, and protease inhibitors from marine actinobacteria for drug development against GP63 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K.V. Bhaskara Rao
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Carnielli JB, Dave A, Romano A, Forrester S, de Faria PR, Monti-Rocha R, Costa CH, Dietze R, Graham IA, Mottram JC. 3'Nucleotidase/nuclease is required for Leishmania infantum clinical isolate susceptibility to miltefosine. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104378. [PMID: 36462405 PMCID: PMC9713291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miltefosine treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been associated with deletion of the miltefosine susceptibility locus (MSL) in Leishmania infantum. The MSL comprises four genes, 3'-nucleotidase/nucleases (NUC1 and NUC2); helicase-like protein (HLP); and 3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (TEI). METHODS In this study CRISPR-Cas9 was used to either epitope tag or delete NUC1, NUC2, HLP and TEI, to investigate their role in miltefosine resistance mechanisms. Additionally, miltefosine transporter genes and miltefosine-mediated reactive oxygen species homeostasis were assessed in 26 L. infantum clinical isolates. A comparative lipidomic analysis was also performed to investigate the molecular basis of miltefosine resistance. FINDINGS Deletion of both NUC1, NUC2 from the MSL was associated with a significant decrease in miltefosine susceptibility, which was restored after re-expression. Metabolomic analysis of parasites lacking the MSL or NUC1 and NUC2 identified an increase in the parasite lipid content, including ergosterol; these lipids may contribute to miltefosine resistance by binding the drug in the membrane. Parasites lacking the MSL are more resistant to lipid metabolism perturbation caused by miltefosine and NUC1 and NUC2 are involved in this pathway. Additionally, L. infantum parasites lacking the MSL isolated from patients who relapsed after miltefosine treatment were found to modulate nitric oxide accumulation in host macrophages. INTERPRETATION Altogether, these data indicate that multifactorial mechanisms are involved in natural resistance to miltefosine in L. infantum and that the absence of the 3'nucleotidase/nuclease genes NUC1 and NUC2 contributes to the phenotype. FUNDING MRC GCRF and FAPES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B.T. Carnielli
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom,Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil,Corresponding author. York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Anuja Dave
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Romano
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Forrester
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro R. de Faria
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil
| | - Renata Monti-Rocha
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil
| | - Carlos H.N. Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmanioses, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina-PI, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória-ES, Brazil,Global Health & Tropical Medicine—Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical—Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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4
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Salari S, Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Almani PGN. Global distribution of treatment resistance gene markers for leishmaniasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24599. [PMID: 35808933 PMCID: PMC9396204 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pentavalent antimonials (Sb(V)) such as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) are used as first‐line treatments for leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with second‐line drugs such as amphotericin B (Amp B), miltefosine (MIL), methotrexate (MTX), or cryotherapy. Therapeutic aspects of these drugs are now challenged because of clinical resistance worldwide. Methods We reviewedthe recent original studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. Results Studies on molecular biomarkers involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring the disease. We reviewed genes and mechanisms of resistance to leishmaniasis, and the geographical distribution of these biomarkers in each country has also been thoroughly investigated. Conclusion Due to the emergence of resistant genes mainly in anthroponotic Leishmania species such as L. donovani and L. tropica, as the causative agents of ACL and AVL, respectively, selection of an appropriate treatment modality is essential. Physicians should be aware of the presence of such resistance for the selection of proper treatment modalities in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Salari
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ali V, Behera S, Nawaz A, Equbal A, Pandey K. Unique thiol metabolism in trypanosomatids: Redox homeostasis and drug resistance. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:75-155. [PMID: 35878950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are mainly responsible for heterogeneous parasitic diseases: Leishmaniasis, Sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease and control of these diseases implicates serious challenges due to the emergence of drug resistance. Redox-active biomolecules are the endogenous substances in organisms, which play important role in the regulation of redox homeostasis. The redox-active substances like glutathione, trypanothione, cysteine, cysteine persulfides, etc., and other inorganic intermediates (hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide) are very useful as defence mechanism. In the present review, the suitability of trypanothione and other essential thiol molecules of trypanosomatids as drug targets are described in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. We have explored the role of tryparedoxin, tryparedoxin peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutaredoxins in the anti-oxidant mechanism and drug resistance. Up-regulation of some proteins in trypanothione metabolism helps the parasites in survival against drug pressure (sodium stibogluconate, Amphotericin B, etc.) and oxidative stress. These molecules accept electrons from the reduced trypanothione and donate their electrons to other proteins, and these proteins reduce toxic molecules, neutralize reactive oxygen, or nitrogen species; and help parasites to cope with oxidative stress. Thus, a better understanding of the role of these molecules in drug resistance and redox homeostasis will help to target metabolic pathway proteins to combat Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Sachidananda Behera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Afreen Nawaz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Asif Equbal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Botany, Araria College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
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Wijnant GJ, Dumetz F, Dirkx L, Bulté D, Cuypers B, Van Bocxlaer K, Hendrickx S. Tackling Drug Resistance and Other Causes of Treatment Failure in Leishmaniasis. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.837460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite. The disease is transmitted by female sand flies and, depending on the infecting parasite species, causes either cutaneous (stigmatizing skin lesions), mucocutaneous (destruction of mucous membranes of nose, mouth and throat) or visceral disease (a potentially fatal infection of liver, spleen and bone marrow). Although more than 1 million new cases occur annually, chemotherapeutic options are limited and their efficacy is jeopardized by increasing treatment failure rates and growing drug resistance. To delay the emergence of resistance to existing and new drugs, elucidating the currently unknown causes of variable drug efficacy (related to parasite susceptibility, host immunity and drug pharmacokinetics) and improved use of genotypic and phenotypic tools to define, measure and monitor resistance in the field are critical. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of drug action and resistance in Leishmania, ongoing challenges (including setbacks related to the COVID-19 pandemic) and provides an overview of possible strategies to tackle this public health challenge.
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In-Depth Quantitative Proteomics Characterization of In Vitro Selected Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania infantum. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10020010. [PMID: 35466238 PMCID: PMC9036279 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Although significant morbidity and mortality in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are associated with VL, the low investment for developing new treatment measures is chronic. Moreover, resistance and treatment failure are increasing for the main medications, but the emergence of resistance phenotypes is poorly understood at the protein level. Here, we analyzed the development of resistance to miltefosine upon experimental selection in a L. infantum strain. Time to miltefosine resistance emergence was ~six months and label-free quantitative mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analyses revealed that this process involves a remodeling of components of the membrane and mitochondrion, with significant increase in oxidative phosphorylation complexes, particularly on complex IV and ATP synthase, accompanied by increased energy metabolism mainly dependent on β-oxidation of fatty acids. Proteins canonically involved in ROS detoxification did not contribute to the resistant process whereas sterol biosynthesis enzymes could have a role in this development. Furthermore, changes in the abundance of proteins known to be involved in miltefosine resistance such as ABC transporters and phospholipid transport ATPase were detected. Together, our data show a more complete picture of the elements that make up the miltefosine resistance phenotype in L. infantum.
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8
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Rosa LB, Aires RL, Oliveira LS, Fontes JV, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. A "Golden Age" for the discovery of new antileishmanial agents: Current status of leishmanicidal gold complexes and prospective targets beyond the trypanothione system. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1681-1695. [PMID: 33615725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected diseases worldwide and is considered a serious public health issue. The current therapeutic options have several disadvantages that make the search for new therapeutics urgent. Gold compounds are emerging as promising candidates based on encouraging in vitro and limited in vivo results for several AuI and AuIII complexes. The antiparasitic mechanisms of these molecules remain only partially understood. However, a few studies have proposed the trypanothione redox system as a target, similar to the mammalian thioredoxin system, pointed out as the main target for several gold compounds with significant antitumor activity. In this review, we present the current status of the investigation and design of gold compounds directed at treating leishmaniasis. In addition, we explore potential targets in Leishmania parasites beyond the trypanothione system, taking into account previous studies and structure modulation performed for gold-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia B Rosa
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Laiane S Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil)
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Yadav S, Ali V, Singh Y, Kanojia S, Goyal N. Leishmania donovani chaperonin TCP1γ subunit protects miltefosine induced oxidative damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2607-2620. [PMID: 33736277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-complex protein-1 (TCP1) is a chaperonin protein known to fold various proteins like actin and tubulin. In Leishmania donovani only one subunit of TCP1 that is gamma subunit (LdTCP1γ) has been functionally characterized. It not only performs ATP dependent protein folding but is also essential for survival and virulence. The present work demonstrates that LdTCP1γ also has a role in miltefosine resistance. Overexpression of LdTCP1γ in L. donovani promastigotes results in decreased sensitivity of parasites towards miltefosine, while single-allele replacement mutants exhibited increased sensitivity as compared to wild-type promastigotes. This response was specific to miltefosine with no cross-resistance to other drugs. The LdTCP1γ-mediated drug resistance was directly related to miltefosine-induced apoptotic death of the parasite, as was evidenced by 2 to 3-fold decrease in cell death parameters in overexpressing cells and >2-fold increase in single-allele replacement mutants. Further, deciphering the mechanism revealed that resistance of overexpressing cells was associated with efficient ROS neutralization due to increased levels of thiols and upregulation of cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase (cTxnPx). Further, modulation of LdTCP1γ expression in parasite also modulates the levels of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) of the host macrophages. The study provides evidence for the involvement of a chaperonin protein LdTCP1γ in the protection against miltefosine induced oxidative damage and reveals the fundamental role of LdTCP1γ in parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Yadav
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, India-800007
| | - Yatendra Singh
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanjeev Kanojia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Neena Goyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Comparative mitochondrial proteomics of Leishmania tropica clinical isolates resistant and sensitive to meglumine antimoniate. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1857-1871. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Identifying miltefosine-resistant key genes in protein-protein interactions network and experimental verification in Iranian Leishmania major. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5371-5388. [PMID: 31385238 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a complex phenomenon during leishmaniasis chemotherapy. In this study, the genes and pathways involved in miltefosine (MIL)-resistant Leishmania were identified using microarray data and in silico approaches. GSE30685 and GSE45496 were obtained from GEO database and analyzed with GEO2R tool to identify genes involved in MIL-resistant Leishmania. 177 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected from these GSEs, which about half of them were uncharacterized/hypothetical proteins. The interactions between DEGs were investigated using STRING database and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Five hub nodes were found in the PPI network. The gene ontology (GO) analysis of the resulting network revealed that DNA replication (GO:0006260) and ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport (GO:0015991) were the most enriched GO term. Iranian MIL-resistant Leishmania major (L. major) parasites were generated by exposure of wild-type isolates to the increasing concentrations of MIL over a period of 5 months. Proof of mRNA expression levels of the obtained hub genes was assessed in Iranian wild-type and acquired resistant L. major parasites by real-time PCR. A significant higher expression level of LDBPK_150170 (encoding protein phosphatase 2C, PP2C), was only observed in Iranian L. major parasites resistance to MIL. Moreover, the RT-PCR results showed that the expression of metacyclic marker (small hydrophilic endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, SHERP) and MIL-resistant marker (Leishmania MIL-transporter, LMT) was significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in Iranian MIL-resistant L. major parasites. Taken together, these data suggested that PP2C as well as SHERP and LMT genes may be prospective targets for the treatment of MIL-resistant Leishmania.
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Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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Leishmania donovani evades Caspase 1 dependent host defense mechanism during infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:392-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Modulation of the immune response and infection pattern to Leishmania donovani in visceral leishmaniasis due to arsenic exposure: An in vitro study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210737. [PMID: 30721235 PMCID: PMC6363178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The arsenic contamination of ground water in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic areas in Bihar, India leads to human exposure through drinking water. Possibly, the consumed arsenic (As) accumulates in the tissues of VL patients, who subsequently internalize intracellular amastigotes to confer resistance against chemotherapy to the parasite, leading to modulation in the host’s immune response. This hypothesis appears to be consistent with the in vitro findings that in arsenic-exposed parasites, the mitochondrial membrane potential became depolarized, whereas the reduced thiol and lactate production was overexpressed with enhanced glucose consumption; therefore, the reduced thiol possibly supports an immunosuppressive state in the host cells. This observation was well supported by the down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) with a suppressed anti-leishmanial function of macrophage (NO, ROS). In contrast, the pathophysiological mechanism of VL has received ample support by the promotion of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the presence of arsenic-exposed Leishmania parasites (LdAS). Dysfunction of mitochondria and the overexpression of lactate production raise the possibility of the Warburg effect being operative through the up-regulation of glucose consumption by parasites to enhance the energy production, possibly augmenting virulence. Therefore, we surmise from our data that arsenic exposure to Leishmania donovani modulates the immune response and infection pattern by impairing parasite function, which may affect the anti-leishmanial effect in VL.
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Regli IB, Fernández OL, Martínez-Salazar B, Gómez MA, Saravia NG, Tacchini-Cottier F. Resistance of Leishmania (Viannia) Panamensis to Meglumine Antimoniate or Miltefosine Modulates Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3040. [PMID: 30622537 PMCID: PMC6308327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (L. (V.) p.) is the main causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia and is usually treated with either meglumine antimoniate (MA) or miltefosine (MIL). In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the emergence of drug-resistance against these compounds. Neutrophils are known to play an important role in immunity against Leishmania. These cells are rapidly recruited upon infection and are also present in chronic lesions. However, their involvement in the outcome of infection with drug-resistant Leishmania has not been examined. In this study, human and murine neutrophils were infected in vitro with MA or MIL drug-resistant L. (V.) p. lines derived from a parental L. (V.) p. drug-susceptible strain. Neutrophil effector functions were assessed analyzing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the formation of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and the expression of cell surface activation markers. Parasite killing by neutrophils was assessed using L. (V.) p. transfected with a luciferase reporter. We show here that MA and MIL-resistant L. (V.) p. lines elicited significantly increased NET formation and MA-resistant L. (V.) p. induced significantly increased ROS production in both murine and human neutrophils, compared to infections with the parental MIL and MA susceptible strain. Furthermore, neutrophils exposed to drug-resistant lines showed increased activation, as revealed by decreased expression of CD62L and increased expression of CD66b in human neutrophils yet presented higher survival within neutrophils than the drug-susceptible strain. These results provide evidence that parasite drug-susceptibility may influences neutrophil activation and function as well as parasite survival within neutrophils. Further investigaton of the inter-relationship of drug susceptibility and neutrophil effector function should contribute to better understanding of the factors involved in susceptibility to anti-Leishmania drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo B Regli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Olga Lucía Fernández
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Berenice Martínez-Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Colombia.,CIDEIM, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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16
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Prakash J, Yadav S, Saha G, Chiranjivi AK, Kumar S, Sasidharan S, Saudagar P, Dubey VK. Episomal expression of human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania sheds light on evolutionary pressure for unique redox metabolism pathway: Impaired stress tolerance ability of Leishmania donovani. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:498-507. [PMID: 30316767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione based redox metabolism is unique to the Trypanosomatida family. Despite extensive studies on redox metabolism of Leishmania parasites, a prominent question of why Leishmania adopt this unique redox pathway remains elusive. We have episomally expressed human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania donovani (LdGR+) and investigated its effect. LdGR+ strain has slower growth compared to the wild type (Ld) indicating decreased survival ability of the strain. Further, LdGR+ strain showed enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more sensitivity to the anti-leishmanial drug, Miltefosine, inferring increased stress level. In contrast, the expression analyses of genes specific to redox metabolism were increased significantly in LdGR+ strain compared to wild type. Lower infectivity index of the LdGR+ strain substantiated the above findings and indicated that the expression of HuGR reduces the stress tolerance ability of the parasite. From molecular docking studies with HuGR, it was observed that oxidized trypanothione (TS2) binds much better than oxidized glutathione (GS2). These results also give us hints that the parasite is losing infectivity potential due to an overall increase in intracellular stress caused with the expression of HuGR, showcasing a possible role of evolutionary pressure on the Leishmania parasites posed by HuGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gundappa Saha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Santanu Sasidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India.
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India.
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17
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Lipase Precursor-Like Protein Promotes Miltefosine Tolerance in Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Parasite Infectivity and Eliciting Anti-inflammatory Responses in Host Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00666-18. [PMID: 30297367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00666-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral drug miltefosine (MIL) was introduced in the Indian subcontinent in the year 2002 for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, recent reports on its declining efficacy and increasing relapse rates pose a serious concern. An understanding of the factors contributing to MIL tolerance in Leishmania parasites is critical. In the present study, we assessed the role of the lipase precursor-like protein (Lip) in conferring tolerance to miltefosine by episomally overexpressing Lip in Leishmania donovani (LdLip++). We observed a significant increase (∼3-fold) in the MIL 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at both the promastigote (3.90 ± 0.68 µM; P < 0.05) and intracellular amastigote (9.10 ± 0.60 µM; P < 0.05) stages compared to the wild-type counterpart (LdNeo) (MIL IC50s of 1.49 ± 0.20 µM at the promastigote stage and 3.95 ± 0.45 µM at the amastigote stage). LdLip++ parasites exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased infectivity to host macrophages and increased metacyclogenesis and tolerance to MIL-induced oxidative stress. The susceptibility of LdLip++ to other antileishmanial drugs (sodium antimony gluconate and amphotericin B) remained unchanged. In comparison to LdNeo, the LdLip++ parasites elicited high host interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression levels (1.6-fold; P < 0.05) with reduced expression of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold; P < 0.05), leading to a significantly (P < 0.01) increased ratio of IL-10/TNF-α. The above-described findings suggest a role of lipase precursor-like protein in conferring tolerance to the oral antileishmanial drug MIL in L. donovani parasites.
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Lahiry S, Das AK, Das SN, Manna M. Ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis is effective against both drug resistant and drug sensitive clinical isolates of Indian Kala-azar. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:433-441. [PMID: 30166791 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to the current available drugs used for treatment against Indian Kala-azar (KA) or Visceral Leishmaniasis makes the control strategy inadequate for the disease. This grave epidemiological situation directed researches towards alternative treatments including herbal therapy. In this background, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antileishmanial activity of the leaves of Coccinia grandis (a tropical vine) against both the Sodium Stibo Gluconate (SSG) sensitive and resistant as well as Miltefosine (MIL) sensitive and resistant field isolates of Leishmania donovani. The cytotoxicity effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of C. grandis (Cg-LE) against the clinical isolates of L. donovani was checked both in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes stages. In both sensitive and resistant promastigotes, Cg-LE stimulated reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Parasites infected macrophages showing enhanced nitric oxide production after Cg-LE treatment suggested the leishmanicidal activity of the leaf extract. Furthermore, Cg-LE treatment led to mitochondrial membrane damage and DNA fragmentation in promastigotes. The present study is very encouraging for the fact that Cg-LE showed promising antileishmanial activity against both SSG and MIL drug resistant clinical isolates of Indian KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Lahiry
- 1Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
| | - Anjan K Das
- 2Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700014 India
| | - Sachindra N Das
- 3Department of Instrumental Science, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032 India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- 1Department of Zoology, Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Sector I, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064 India
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19
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Feng M, Yin H, Cao Y, Peng H, Lu G, Liu Z, Dang Z. Cadmium-induced stress response of Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:45-51. [PMID: 29454270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cd-induced stress response of Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the biodegradation of BDE-47 was investigated in this study, with the goal of elucidating the tolerance behavior and the detoxification mechanisms of P. chrysosporium to resist the Cd stress in the course of BDE-47 biodegradation, which has implications for expanding the application of P. chrysosporium in the bioremediation of Cd and BDE-47 combined pollution. The results suggested that single BDE-47 exposure did not induce obvious oxidative stress in P. chrysosporium, but coexistent Cd significantly triggered ROS generation, both intracellular ROS level and H2O2 content showed positive correlation with Cd concentration. The activities of SOD and CAT were enhanced by low level of Cd (≤ 1 mg/L), but Cd of higher doses (>1 mg/L) depressed the expression of these two antioxidant enzymes at the later exposure period (3-5 days). The intracellular content of GSH along with GSH/GSSG ratio also exhibited a bell-shaped response with a maximum value at Cd of 1 mg/L. Furthermore, Cd-induced ROS generation resulted in the lipid peroxidation, as indicated by a noticeable increment of MDA content found after 3 days. Moreover, the study also indicated that Cd less than 1 mg/L promoted the production of extracellular protein and quickened the decrease of pH value in the medium, while excessive Cd (>1 mg/L) would lead to inhibition. These findings obtained demonstrated that P. chrysosporium had a certain degree of tolerance to Cd within a specific concentration range via regulating the antioxidant levels, inducing the synthesis of extracellular protein as well as stimulating the production of organic acids, and 1 mg/L is suggested to be the tolerance threshold of this strains under Cd stress during BDE-47 biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yajuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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20
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Baranwal A, Chiranjivi AK, Kumar A, Dubey VK, Chandra P. Design of commercially comparable nanotherapeutic agent against human disease-causing parasite, Leishmania. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8814. [PMID: 29891923 PMCID: PMC5995914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapeutic agents (NTA) play a crucial role in clinical medicine, if their unique properties are well understood and well exploited. In this direction, we report synthesis and characterization of highly potent phytofabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Sechium edule, which served the purpose of both reducing and capping agent. The designed AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, HR-TEM, and TGA techniques. The formation of AgNPs was also confirmed using electrochemistry, which to the best of our knowledge has never been reported before for biosynthesized nanoparticles. The antileishmanial potential of AgNPs was examined on the clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani promastigote cells in an in vitro experimental setting. A dose dependent killing activity of the AgNP was observed with an IC50 value of 51.88 ± 3.51 µg/ml. These results were also compared using commercially available drug, miltefosine. Furthermore, the clinical applicability of AgNP, as antileishmanial agent was proven by testing them against normal mammalian monocyte cell line (U937). The results were statistically analyzed and no significant toxicity of AgNPs on the normal mammalian cells was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Baranwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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21
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Vishwakarma P, Parmar N, Chandrakar P, Sharma T, Kathuria M, Agnihotri PK, Siddiqi MI, Mitra K, Kar S. Ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis by redox modulation of Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase and inhibiting host integrin linked PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:563-588. [PMID: 28900667 PMCID: PMC11105478 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to search for affordable and safer therapeutics against debilitating visceral leishmaniasis, we examined antileishmanial potential of ammonium trichloro [1,2-ethanediolato-O,O']-tellurate (AS101); a tellurium based non toxic immunomodulator. AS101 showed significant in vitro efficacy against both Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes at sub-micromolar concentrations. AS101 could also completely eliminate organ parasite load from L. donovani infected Balb/c mice along with significant efficacy against infected hamsters (˃93% inhibition). Analyzing mechanistic details revealed that the double edged AS101 could directly induce apoptosis in promastigotes along with indirectly activating host by reversing T-cell anergy to protective Th1 mode, increased ROS generation and anti-leishmanial IgG production. AS101 could inhibit IL-10/STAT3 pathway in L. donovani infected macrophages via blocking α4β7 integrin dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and activate host MAPKs and NF-κB for Th1 response. In silico docking and biochemical assays revealed AS101's affinity to form thiol bond with cysteine residues of trypanothione reductase in Leishmania promastigotes leading to its inactivation and inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis of the parasite via increased Ca2+ level, loss of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential along with metacaspase activation. Our findings provide the first evidence for the mechanism of action of AS101 with excellent safety profile and suggest its promising therapeutic potential against experimental visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vishwakarma
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Parmar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Chandrakar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Sharma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Kathuria
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pramod K Agnihotri
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
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22
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Ponte-Sucre A, Gamarro F, Dujardin JC, Barrett MP, López-Vélez R, García-Hernández R, Pountain AW, Mwenechanya R, Papadopoulou B. Drug resistance and treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006052. [PMID: 29240765 PMCID: PMC5730103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reevaluation of treatment guidelines for Old and New World leishmaniasis is urgently needed on a global basis because treatment failure is an increasing problem. Drug resistance is a fundamental determinant of treatment failure, although other factors also contribute to this phenomenon, including the global HIV/AIDS epidemic with its accompanying impact on the immune system. Pentavalent antimonials have been used successfully worldwide for the treatment of leishmaniasis since the first half of the 20th century, but the last 10 to 20 years have witnessed an increase in clinical resistance, e.g., in North Bihar in India. In this review, we discuss the meaning of “resistance” related to leishmaniasis and discuss its molecular epidemiology, particularly for Leishmania donovani that causes visceral leishmaniasis. We also discuss how resistance can affect drug combination therapies. Molecular mechanisms known to contribute to resistance to antimonials, amphotericin B, and miltefosine are also outlined. Chemotherapy is central to the control and management of leishmaniasis. Antimonials remain the primary drugs against different forms of leishmaniasis in several regions. However, resistance to antimony has necessitated the use of alternative medications, especially in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). Compounds, notably the orally available miltefosine (MIL), parenteral paromomycin, and amphotericin B (AmB), are increasingly used to treat leishmaniasis. Although treatment failure (TF) has been observed in patients treated with most anti-leishmanials, its frequency of appearance may be important in patients treated with MIL, which has replaced antimonials within the kala-azar elimination program in the ISC. AmB is highly efficacious, and the associated toxic effects—when administered in its free deoxycholate form—are somewhat ameliorated in its liposomal formulation. Regrettably, laboratory experimentation has demonstrated a risk of resistance towards AmB as well. The rise of drug resistance impacts treatment outcome, and understanding its causes, spread, and impact will help us manage the risks it imposes. Here, we review the problem of TF in leishmaniasis and the contribution of drug resistance to the problem. Molecular mechanisms causing resistance to anti-leishmanials are discussed along with the appropriate use of additional available drugs, as well as the urgent need to consolidate strategies to monitor drug efficacy, epidemiological surveillance, and local policies. Coordination of these activities in national and international programs against leishmaniasis might represent a successful guide to further research and prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Luis Razetti School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail: (BP); (APS)
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Mwenechanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (BP); (APS)
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23
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Lezama-Dávila CM, Isaac-Márquez AP. Treating murine Kala-azar with a Mayan plant induces immunochemical changes. Parasite Immunol 2017; 40. [PMID: 28984989 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pentalinon andrieuxii Muell Arg is a Mexican-Central American plant anciently used by local people to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. We evaluated a hexane extract of the root we called PAE for its chemical content and for its immunochemical and in vitro activity against Leishmania donovani and healing of experimental Kala-azar. Chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid ethyl ester, octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester and diethyl phthalate as the main compounds present in PAE. We also demonstrated PAE kills promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro and significantly reduces parasite loads in liver and spleen of infected Balb/c mice. PAE induces expression of NFkB/AP-1 transcription factors and production of IL-2 and IFN-γ by spleen cells of PAE treated but not in the untreated control mice. Furthermore, there were not IL-6, IL-10 nor TNF production in macrophages treated in vitro with PAE. We developed an affordable extract of P. andrieuxii effective to treat experimental Kala-azar in Balb/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lezama-Dávila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México
| | - A P Isaac-Márquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México
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24
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Miltefosine Resistant Field Isolate From Indian Kala-Azar Patient Shows Similar Phenotype in Experimental Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10330. [PMID: 28871097 PMCID: PMC5583325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of resistance to drugs used to treat the Indian Kala-azar patients makes control strategy shattered. In this bleak situation, Miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat mainly antimonial unresponsive cases. Within years, resistance to MIL has been reported. While checking the MIL sensitivity of the recent KA clinical isolates (n = 26), we came across one isolate which showed four times more EC50 for MIL than that of MIL-Sensitive (MIL-S) isolates and considered as putative MIL-Resistant (MIL-R). The expressions of LdMT and LdRos3 genes of this isolate were found down regulated. Th1/Th2 cytokines, ROS and NO, FACS dot plots and mitochondrial trans membrane potential measurement were performed. In vivo hamster model with this MIL-R isolate showed much lesser reduction in liver weight (17.5%) compared to average reduction in liver weight (40.2%) of the animals infected with MIL-S isolates. The splenic and hepatic stamps smears of MIL-R infected hamsters revealed the retention of parasite load of about 51.45%. The splenocytes of these animals failed to proliferate anti leishmanial T-cells and lack of cell mediated immunity hampered recovery. Thus, these phenotypic expressions of experimental model may be considered similar to that of the MIL unresponsive patients. This is first such kind of report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India.,Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Nibedeeta R Sarraf
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India
| | - Anjan K Das
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India. .,Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Vivekananda Road, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India.
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata, 700124, India. .,Bidhannagar College, EB 2, Salt Lake, Sector I, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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Singh S, Kumari E, Bhardwaj R, Kumar R, Dubey VK. Molecular events leading to death of Leishmania donovani under spermidine starvation after hypericin treatment. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:962-971. [PMID: 28509385 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the hypericin treatment caused spermidine starvation and death of Leishmania parasite. Here, we report different molecular events under spermidine starvation and potential role of spermidine in processes other than redox homeostasis of the parasite. We have analyzed changes in expression of several genes by using quantitative gene expression analysis. Further, these changes at molecular level were also confirmed by using biochemical and cellular studies. Altered expression of several genes involved in redox metabolism, hypusine modification of eIF5A, DNA repair pathway and autophagy was observed. There was decrease in Sir2RP expression after hypericin treatment and this decrease has been found to be associated with induced ROS due to hypericin treatment as it has been rescued by either trypanothione or spermidine supplementation. Translation initiation in the parasite was decreased upon spermidine starvation. We also observed increased AMPK expression upon hypericin treatment. The increase in intracellular ATP and NAD+ levels as well as decrease in Sir2RP expression of the parasite are cytoprotective mechanism towards generated ROS due to hypericin treatment possibly by inducing autophagy as indicated by increase in autophagy related gene expression and acridine orange staining. However, the autophagy needs to be established using more rigorous methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ekta Kumari
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ruchika Bhardwaj
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Increased miltefosine tolerance in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani is associated with reduced drug accumulation, increased infectivity and resistance to oxidative stress. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005641. [PMID: 28575060 PMCID: PMC5470736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miltefosine (MIL) is an oral antileishmanial drug used for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent. Recent reports indicate a significant decline in its efficacy with a high rate of relapse in VL as well as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). We investigated the parasitic factors apparently involved in miltefosine unresponsiveness in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Methodology L. donovani isolated from patients of VL and PKDL at pretreatment stage (LdPreTx, n = 9), patients that relapsed after MIL treatment (LdRelapse, n = 7) and parasites made experimentally resistant to MIL (LdM30) were included in this study. MIL uptake was estimated using liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Reactive oxygen species and intracellular thiol content were measured fluorometrically. Q-PCR was used to assess the differential expression of genes associated with MIL resistance. Results LdRelapse parasites exhibited higher IC50 both at promastigote level (7.92 ± 1.30 μM) and at intracellular amastigote level (11.35 ± 6.48 μM) when compared with LdPreTx parasites (3.27 ± 1.52 μM) and (3.85 ± 3.11 μM), respectively. The percent infectivity (72 hrs post infection) of LdRelapse parasites was significantly higher (80.71 ± 5.67%, P<0.001) in comparison to LdPreTx (60.44 ± 2.80%). MIL accumulation was significantly lower in LdRelapse parasites (1.7 fold, P<0.001) and in LdM30 parasites (2.4 fold, P<0.001) when compared with LdPreTx parasites. MIL induced ROS levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in macrophages infected with LdRelapse while intracellular thiol content were significantly higher in LdRelapse compared to LdPreTx, indicating a better tolerance for oxidative stress in LdRelapse isolates. Genes associated with oxidative stress, metabolic processes and transporters showed modulated expression in LdRelapse and LdM30 parasites in comparison with LdPreTx parasites. Conclusion The present study highlights the parasitic factors and pathways responsible for miltefosine unresponsiveness in VL and PKDL. Increasing rate of relapse against miltefosine (MIL) and decline in its efficacy prompted us to study the parasitic factors associated with MIL unresponsiveness in clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani. Studies to explore the mechanism of MIL resistance in L. donovani are largely restricted to experimentally induced resistant parasites. In the present study, parasites isolated from MIL treated patients that relapsed (LdRelapse) were found to exhibit increased metacyclogenesis and infectivity to macrophages, decreased miltefosine accumulation and increased tolerance towards MIL induced oxidative stress in comparison to isolates from pretreatment cases (LdPreTx). Reduction in drug accumulation and increase in intracellular thiol content as well as tolerance to MIL induced oxidative stress were the highest in experimentally induced MIL resistant parasites (LdM30). Both LdRelapse and LdM30 parasites showed differential expression of genes associated with oxidative stress, metabolic processes and transport activity in comparison with LdPreTx parasites. The present study revealed that the parasites isolated from the cases that relapsed exhibited high infectivity, increased metacyclogenesis, reduced drug accumulation and reconfigured metabolism to overcome the oxidative stress induced during MIL exposure. These factors may be contributing to the high relapse rate observed in MIL treated VL and PKDL patients.
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Stroppa PH, Antinarelli LM, Carmo AM, Gameiro J, Coimbra ES, da Silva AD. Effect of 1,2,3-triazole salts, non-classical bioisosteres of miltefosine, on Leishmania amazonensis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3034-3045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bhardwaj R, Das M, Singh S, Chiranjivi AK, Prabhu SV, Singh SK, Dubey VK. Evaluation of CAAX prenyl protease II of Leishmania donovani as potential drug target: Infectivity and growth of the parasite is significantly lowered after the gene knockout. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:156-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Methionine aminopeptidase 2 is a key regulator of apoptotic like cell death in Leishmania donovani. Sci Rep 2017; 7:95. [PMID: 28273904 PMCID: PMC5427942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the role of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MAP2) in miltefosine induced programmed cell death (PCD) in promastigote form of L. donovani. We report that TNP-470, an inhibitor of MAP2, inhibits programmed cell death in miltefosine treated promastigotes. It inhibits the biochemical features of metazoan apoptosis, including caspase3/7 protease like activity, oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and increase in cytosolic pool of calcium ions but did not prevent the cell death and phosphatidyl serine externalization. The data suggests that the MAP2 is involved in the regulation of PCD in parasite. Moreover, TNP-470 shows the leishmanicidal activity (IC50 = 15 µM) and in vitro inhibition of LdMAP2 activity (Ki = 13.5 nM). Further studies on MAP2 and identification of death signaling pathways provide valuable information that could be exploited to understand the role of non caspase proteases in PCD of L. donovani.
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Ríos-Marco P, Marco C, Gálvez X, Jiménez-López JM, Carrasco MP. Alkylphospholipids: An update on molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1657-1667. [PMID: 28238819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphospholipids (APLs) represent a new class of drugs which do not interact directly with DNA but act on the cell membrane where they accumulate and interfere with lipid metabolism and signalling pathways. This review summarizes the mode of action at the molecular level of these compounds. In this sense, a diversity of mechanisms has been suggested to explain the actions of clinically-relevant APLs, in particular, in cancer treatment. One consistently reported finding is that APLs reduce the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT). APLs also alter intracellular cholesterol traffic and metabolism in human tumour-cell lines, leading to an accumulation of cholesterol inside the cell. An increase in cholesterol biosynthesis associated with a decrease in the synthesis of choline-containing phospholipids and cholesterol esterification leads to a change in the free-cholesterol:PC ratio in cells exposed to APLs. Akt phosphorylation status after APL exposure shows that this critical regulator for cell survival is modulated by changes in cholesterol levels induced in the plasma membrane by these lipid analogues. Furthermore, APLs produce cell ultrastructural alterations with an abundant autophagic vesicles and autolysosomes in treated cells, indicating an interference of autophagy process after APL exposure. Thus, antitumoural APLs interfere with the proliferation of tumour cells via a complex mechanism involving phospholipid and cholesterol metabolism, interfere with lipid-dependent survival-signalling pathways and autophagy. Although APLs also exert antiparasitic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects, in this review we provide a summary of the antileishmanial activity of these lipid analogues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Lipid Therapy: Drugs Targeting Biomembranes edited by Pablo V. Escribá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ríos-Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - Carmen Marco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - Xiomara Gálvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain
| | - José M Jiménez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain.
| | - María P Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18001, Spain.
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Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Chhangani D, Joshi V, Mishra R, Yamanaka K, Mishra A. Proteasomal Dysfunction Induced By Diclofenac Engenders Apoptosis Through Mitochondrial Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1014-1027. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayeman Amanullah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
| | - Deepak Chhangani
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
| | - Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
| | - Ribhav Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Nagoya University Furo-cho; Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; Rajasthan 342011 India
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Khanra S, Sarraf NR, Das S, Das AK, Roy S, Manna M. Genetic markers for antimony resistant clinical isolates differentiation from Indian Kala-azar. Acta Trop 2016; 164:177-184. [PMID: 27629023 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis or Kala-azar is caused by the protozoan parasites belonging to the Genus Leishmania. Once thought eradicated from the Indian subcontinent, the disease came back with drug resistance to almost all prevalent drugs. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the polymorphic nature of the population of the main player of the disease, Leishmania donovani and involvement of other species (L. tropica) and other genus (Leptomonas) with the disease. This makes control measures almost futile. It also strongly demands the characterization of each and every isolate mandatory which is not done. In this background, the present study has been carried out to assess the genetic attributes of each clinical isolates (n=26) of KA and PKDL patients from India and Bangladesh. All the isolates were characterized through Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to ascertain their species identity. 46.2% of the isolates were found to be Sodium Stibogluconate (SSG) resistant by amastigote-macrophage model. When the clinical isolates were subjected to Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1), Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and some anonymous markers, the drug resistant Leishmania isolates of SSG can be distinguished from the sensitive isolates distinctly. This study showed for the first time, the genetic markers for SSG drug resistance of Indian Kala-azar clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Khanra
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata 700124, India
| | | | - Shantanabha Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta National Medical College, 32, Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Madhumita Manna
- Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College, 10, K.N.C Road, Kolkata 700124, India.
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Sebestyén M, Kóczán G, Hudecz F. Pitfalls in the synthesis of fluorescent methotrexate oligopeptide conjugates. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2599-2604. [PMID: 27357306 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) conjugates with poly[Lys(DL-Alam)] based polymeric polypeptides are efficient against Leishmania donovani parasite infection, but the mechanism of the effect is not known yet. We prepared therefore the 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (Cf) labeled oligopeptide [Cf-K(AaAa)] (a: D-alanine, A: L-alanine) and the corresponding MTX conjugates [Cf-K(MTX-AaAa)] as model compounds for structure-activity experiments. The conjugate aimed to be synthesized with solid phase methodology on MBHA resin with Boc strategy, using Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH. However, various side reactions were identified. Here we report three problems observed during the synthesis as well as solutions developed by us: (1) unexpected cyclopeptide-formation with the lactone-carboxylic group of the Cf was detected, when Cf was attached to the α-amino group of the Lys residue on solid phase. This was avoided by changing the order of Cf incorporation with using Fmoc/Dde strategy. Alternatively, we have built the peptide with Fmoc strategy on solid phase first and performed the labeling with Cf-OSu subsequently in solution. (2) During HF cleavage of the protected conjugates, MTX was demonstrated to form adducts with anisole and p-cresol scavengers, and the TMSOTf cleavage methodology was also found to be inadequate due to the large number of side products formed. We report here that using Fmoc/Dde strategy is an appropriate method to circumvent the cleavage with HF or TMSOTf. (3) During the coupling of MTX with oligopeptide, structural and stereo isomers are formed. We have described here the suitable conditions of HPLC separation of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Sebestyén
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, POB. 32, 1518, Hungary
| | - György Kóczán
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, POB. 32, 1518, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, POB. 32, 1518, Hungary. .,Department of Organic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 112, POB. 32, 1518, Hungary.
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Rock KS, Quinnell RJ, Medley GF, Courtenay O. Progress in the Mathematical Modelling of Visceral Leishmaniasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 94:49-131. [PMID: 27756459 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The leishmaniases comprise a complex of diseases characterized by clinical outcomes that range from self-limiting to chronic, and disfiguring and stigmatizing to life threatening. Diagnostic methods, treatments, and vector and reservoir control options exist, but deciding the most effective interventions requires a quantitative understanding of the population level infection and disease dynamics. The effectiveness of any set of interventions has to be determined within the context of operational conditions, including economic and political commitment. Mathematical models are the best available tools for studying quantitative systems crossing disciplinary spheres (biology, medicine, economics) within environmental and societal constraints. In 2005, the World Health Assembly and government health ministers of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh signed a Memorandum of Understanding to eliminate the life threatening form of leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (VL), on the Indian subcontinent by 2015 through a combination of early case detection, improved treatments, and vector control. The elimination target is <1 case/10,000 population at the district or subdistrict level compared to the current 20/10,000 in the regions of highest transmission. Towards this goal, this chapter focuses on mathematical models of VL, and the biology driving those models, to enable realistic predictions of the best combination of interventions. Several key issues will be discussed which have affected previous modelling of VL and the direction future modelling may take. Current understanding of the natural history of disease, immunity (and loss of immunity), and stages of infection and their durations are considered particularly for humans, and also for dogs. Asymptomatic and clinical infection are discussed in the context of their relative roles in Leishmania transmission, as well as key components of the parasite-sandfly-vector interaction and intervention strategies including diagnosis, treatment and vector control. Gaps in current biological knowledge and potential avenues to improve model structures and mathematical predictions are identified. Underpinning the marriage between biology and mathematical modelling, the content of this chapter represents the first step towards developing the next generation of models for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rock
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - G F Medley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Courtenay
- University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Chang C, Yuan Z, Wang T, Zhao Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, La G, Wu K, Zhang Z, Li X. Improvement of tolerance to lead by filamentous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus HAU-2 and its oxidative responses. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:33-39. [PMID: 26891354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contaminated with heavy metals is a world-wide concern. One biological treatment strategy includes filamentous fungi capable of extracellular adsorption and intracellular bioaccumulation. Here we report that an acclimated strain of filamentous fungus Pleurotus ostreatus HAU-2 can withstand Pb up to 1500 mg L(-1) Pb, conditions in which the wildtype strain cannot grow. The acclimated strain grew in liquid culture under 500 mg L(-1) Pb without significant abnormity in biomass and morphology, and was able to remove significant amounts of heavy metals with rate of 99.1% at 200 mg L(-1) and 63.3% at 1500 mg L(-1). Intracellular bioaccumulation as well as extracellular adsorption both contributed the Pb reduction. Pb induced levels of H2O2, and its concentration reached 72.9-100.9 μmol g(-1) under 200-1000 mg L(-1) Pb. A relatively higher malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration (8.06-7.59 nmol g(-1)) was also observed at 500-1500 mg L(-1) Pb, indicating that Pb exposure resulted in oxidative damage. The fungal cells also defended against the attack of reactive oxygen species by producing antioxidants. Of the three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), CAT was the most responsive and the maximal enzyme activity was 15.8 U mg(-1) protein. Additionally, glutathione (GSH) might also play a role (3.16-3.21 mg g(-1) protein) in detoxification under relatively low Pb concentration (100-200 mg L(-1)). Our findings suggested that filamentous fungus could be selected for increased tolerance to heavy metals and that CAT and GSH might be important components of this tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- Henan Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Henan Provincial Corporation of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xitian Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutrient and Environmental Resources, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guixiao La
- Industrial Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kun Wu
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xuanzhen Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Mondelaers A, Sanchez-Cañete MP, Hendrickx S, Eberhardt E, Garcia-Hernandez R, Lachaud L, Cotton J, Sanders M, Cuypers B, Imamura H, Dujardin JC, Delputte P, Cos P, Caljon G, Gamarro F, Castanys S, Maes L. Genomic and Molecular Characterization of Miltefosine Resistance in Leishmania infantum Strains with Either Natural or Acquired Resistance through Experimental Selection of Intracellular Amastigotes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154101. [PMID: 27123924 PMCID: PMC4849676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade miltefosine (MIL) has been used as first-line treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas with antimonial resistance, but a decline in clinical effectiveness is now being reported. While only two MIL-resistant Leishmania infantum strains from HIV co-infected patients have been documented, phenotypic MIL-resistance for L. donovani has not yet been identified in the laboratory. Hence, a better understanding of the factors contributing to increased MIL-treatment failure is necessary. Given the paucity of defined MIL-resistant L. donovani clinical isolates, this study used an experimental amastigote-selected MIL-resistant L. infantum isolate (LEM3323). In-depth exploration of the MIL-resistant phenotype was performed by coupling genomic with phenotypic data to gain insight into gene function and the mutant phenotype. A naturally MIL-resistant L. infantum clinical isolate (LEM5159) was included to compare both datasets. Phenotypically, resistance was evaluated by determining intracellular amastigote susceptibility in vitro and actual MIL-uptake. Genomic analysis provided supportive evidence that the resistance selection model on intracellular amastigotes can be a good proxy for the in vivo field situation since both resistant strains showed mutations in the same inward transporter system responsible for the acquired MIL-resistant phenotype. In line with previous literature findings in promastigotes, our data confirm a defective import machinery through inactivation of the LiMT/LiRos3 protein complex as the main mechanism for MIL-resistance also in intracellular amastigotes. Whole genome sequencing analysis of LEM3323 revealed a 2 base pair deletion in the LiMT gene that led to the formation an early stop codon and a truncation of the LiMT protein. Interestingly, LEM5159 revealed mutations in both the LiMT and LiRos3 genes, resulting in an aberrant expression of the LiMT protein. To verify that these mutations were indeed accountable for the acquired resistance, transfection experiments were performed to re-establish MIL-susceptibility. In LEM3323, susceptibility was restored upon expression of a LiMT wild-type gene, whereas the MIL-susceptibility of LEM5159 could be reversed after expression of the LiRos3 wild-type gene. The aberrant expression profile of the LiMT protein could be restored upon rescue of the LiRos3 gene both in the LEM5159 clinical isolate and a ΔLiRos3 strain, showing that expression of LdMT is dependent on LdRos3 expression. The present findings clearly corroborate the pivotal role of the LiMT/LiRos3 complex in resistance towards MIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Mondelaers
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria P. Sanchez-Cañete
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eline Eberhardt
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Raquel Garcia-Hernandez
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie et Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Montpellier 39, Avenue Charles Flahault, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - James Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
- Advanced Database Research and Modeling (ADReM) research group, University of Antwerp, Middelheimlaan 1,2020, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Molecular Parasitology Unit (MPU), Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Santiago Castanys
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Avda. Conocimiento S/N Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Singh OP, Singh B, Chakravarty J, Sundar S. Current challenges in treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis in India: a public health perspective. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:19. [PMID: 26951132 PMCID: PMC4782357 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious parasitic disease causing considerable mortality and major disability in the Indian subcontinent. It is most neglected tropical disease, particularly in terms of new drug development for the lack of financial returns. An elimination campaign has been running in India since 2005 that aim to reduce the incidence of VL to below 1 per 10,000 people at sub-district level. One of the major components in this endeavor is reducing transmission through early case detection followed by complete treatment. Substantial progress has been made during the recent years in the area of VL treatment, and the VL elimination initiatives have already saved many lives by deploying them effectively in the endemic areas. However, many challenges remain to be overcome including availability of drugs, cost of treatment (drugs and hospitalization), efficacy, adverse effects, and growing parasite resistance. Therefore, better emphasis on implementation research is urgently needed to determine how best to deliver existing interventions with available anti-leishmanial drugs. It is essential that the new treatment options become truly accessible, not simply available in endemic areas so that they may promote healing and save lives. In this review, we highlight the recent advancement and challenges in current treatment options for VL in disease endemic area, and discuss the possible strategies to improve the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Jaya Chakravarty
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Understanding the importance of conservative hypothetical protein LdBPK_070020 in Leishmania donovani and its role in subsistence of the parasite. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 596:10-21. [PMID: 26926257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, codes for approximately 65% of both conserved and non-conserved hypothetical proteins. Studies on 'conserved hypothetical' proteins are expected to reveal not only new and crucial aspects of Leishmania biochemistry, but it could also lead to discovery of novel drug candidates. Conserved hypothetical protein, LdBPK_070020, is a 31.14 kDa protein, encoded by an 810 bp gene. BLAST analysis of LdBPK_070020, performed against NCBI non-redundant database, showed 80-99% similarity with conserved hypothetical proteins of Leishmania belonging to other species. Using homologues recombination method, we have performed gene knockout of LdBPK_070020 and effects of the same were investigated on the parasite. The gene knocked out strain shows significant retardation in growth with respect to wild type. Detailed biochemical studies indicated towards important role of LdBPK_070020 in the parasite survival and growth.
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Up-regulation of cytosolic tryparedoxin in Amp B resistant isolates of Leishmania donovani and its interaction with cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase. Biochimie 2016; 121:312-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Saikia AK, Sultana S, Devi NR, Deka MJ, Tiwari K, Dubey VK. Diastereoselective synthesis of substituted hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes and evaluation of their antileishmanial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:970-9. [PMID: 26625982 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes and hexahydropyrano[3,4,5-ij]isoquinolines can be efficiently synthesized via Friedel Crafts and oxa Pictet-Spengler reaction of acrylyl enol ethers mediated by triflic acid in good yields. The reaction is highly stereoselective. Two of the hexahydrobenzo[de]isochromanes are found to have moderate antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Saikia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Singh S, Vijaya Prabhu S, Suryanarayanan V, Bhardwaj R, Singh SK, Dubey VK. Molecular docking and structure-based virtual screening studies of potential drug target, CAAX prenyl proteases, of Leishmania donovani. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2367-86. [PMID: 26551589 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting CAAX prenyl proteases of Leishmania donovani can be a good approach towards developing a drug molecule against Leishmaniasis. We have modeled the structure of CAAX prenyl protease I and II of L. donovani, using homology modeling approach. The structures were further validated using Ramachandran plot and ProSA. Active site prediction has shown difference in the amino acid residues present at the active site of CAAX prenyl protease I and CAAX prenyl protease II. The electrostatic potential surface of the CAAX prenyl protease I and II has revealed that CAAX prenyl protease I has more electropositive and electronegative potentials as compared CAAX prenyl protease II suggesting significant difference in their activity. Molecular docking with known bisubstrate analog inhibitors of protein farnesyl transferase and peptidyl (acyloxy) methyl ketones reveals significant binding of these molecules with CAAX prenyl protease I, but comparatively less binding with CAAX prenyl protease II. New and potent inhibitors were also found using structure-based virtual screening. The best docked compounds obtained from virtual screening were subjected to induced fit docking to get best docked configurations. Prediction of drug-like characteristics has revealed that the best docked compounds are in line with Lipinski's rule. Moreover, best docked protein-ligand complexes of CAAX prenyl protease I and II are found to be stable throughout 20 ns simulation. Overall, the study has identified potent drug molecules targeting CAAX prenyl protease I and II of L. donovani whose drug candidature can be verified further using biochemical and cellular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sitrarasu Vijaya Prabhu
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Venkatesan Suryanarayanan
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Ruchika Bhardwaj
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- b Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamil Nadu 630004 , India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- a Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati , Assam 781039 , India
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Novel Agents against Miltefosine-Unresponsive Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7826-9. [PMID: 26392497 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00928-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly endemic disease. Unresponsiveness to the only available oral drug miltefosine poses a big challenge for the chemotherapy of the disease. We report a novel molecule, PS-203 {4-(4,4,8-trimethyl-7-oxo-3-oxabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-yl)-benzoic acid methyl ester}, as effective against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain of the parasite. Further, combinations of PS-203 with miltefosine were also evaluated and showed promising results against a miltefosine-unresponsive strain.
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Probing the molecular mechanism of hypericin-induced parasite death provides insight into the role of spermidine beyond redox metabolism in Leishmania donovani. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:15-24. [PMID: 25313212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04169-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericin, a natural compound from Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), has been identified as a specific inhibitor of Leishmania donovani spermidine synthase (LdSS) using integrated computational and biochemical approaches. Hypericin showed in vitro inhibition of recombinant LdSS enzyme activity. The in vivo estimation of spermidine levels in Leishmania promastigotes after hypericin treatment showed significant decreases in the spermidine pools of the parasites, indicating target specificity of the inhibitor molecule. The inhibitor, hypericin, showed significant antileishmanial activity, and the mode of death showed necrosis-like features. Further, decreased trypanothione levels and increased glutathione levels with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were observed after hypericin treatment. Supplementation with trypanothione in the medium with hypericin treatment restored in vivo trypanothione levels and ROS levels but could not prevent necrosis-like death of the parasites. However, supplementation with spermidine in the medium with hypericin treatment restored in vivo spermidine levels and parasite death was prevented to a large extent. The data overall suggest that the parasite death due to spermidine starvation as a result of LdSS inhibition is not related to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. This suggests the involvement of spermidine in processes other than redox metabolism in Leishmania parasites. Moreover, the work provides a novel scaffold, i.e., hypericin, as a potent antileishmanial molecule.
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Proteomic analysis of the soluble proteomes of miltefosine-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania infantum chagasi isolates obtained from Brazilian patients with different treatment outcomes. J Proteomics 2014; 108:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Heavy metal-induced glutathione accumulation and its role in heavy metal detoxification in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6409-18. [PMID: 24723291 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phanerochaete chrysosporium are known to be vital hyperaccumulation species for heavy metal removal with admirable intracellular bioaccumulation capacity. This study analyzes the heavy metal-induced glutathione (GSH) accumulation and the regulation at the intracellular heavy metal level in P. chrysosporium. P. chrysosporium accumulated high levels of GSH, accompanied with high intracellular concentrations of Pb and Cd. Pb bioaccumulation lead to a narrow range of fluctuation in GSH accumulation (0.72-0.84 μmol), while GSH plummeted under Cd exposure at the maximum value of 0.37 μmol. Good correlations between time-course GSH depletion and Cd bioaccumulation were determined (R (2) > 0.87), while no significant correlations have been found between GSH variation and Pb bioaccumulation (R (2) < 0.38). Significantly, concentration-dependent molar ratios of Pb/GSH ranging from 0.10 to 0.18 were observed, while molar ratios of Cd/GSH were at the scope of 1.53-3.32, confirming the dominant role of GSH in Cd chelation. The study also demonstrated that P. chrysosporium showed considerable hypertolerance to Pb ions, accompanied with demand-driven stimulation in GSH synthesis and unconspicuous generation of reactive oxygen stress. GSH plummeted dramatically response to Cd exposure, due to the strong affinity of GSH to Cd and the involvement of GSH in Cd detoxification mechanism mainly as Cd chelators. Investigations into GSH metabolism and its role in ameliorating metal toxicity can offer important information on the application of the microorganism for wastewater treatment.
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Canuto GAB, Castilho-Martins EA, Tavares MFM, Rivas L, Barbas C, López-Gonzálvez Á. Multi-analytical platform metabolomic approach to study miltefosine mechanism of action and resistance in Leishmania. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3459-76. [PMID: 24722876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Miltefosine (MT) (hexadecylphosphocholine) was implemented to cope with resistance against antimonials, the classical treatment in Leishmaniasis. Given the scarcity of anti- Leishmania (L) drugs and the increasing appearance of resistance, there is an obvious need for understanding the mechanism of action and development of such resistance. Metabolomics is an increasingly popular tool in the life sciences due to it being a relatively fast and accurate technique that can be applied either with a particular focus or in a global manner to reveal new knowledge about biological systems. Three analytical platforms, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) to obtain a broad picture of metabolic changes in the parasite. Impairment of the polyamine metabolism from arginine (Arg) to trypanothione in susceptible parasites treated with MT was in some way expected, considering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production described for MT. Importantly, in resistant parasites an increase in the levels of amino acids was the most outstanding feature, probably related to the adaptation of the resistant strain for its survival inside the parasitophorous vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A B Canuto
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Unidad Metabolómica, Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668, Madrid, Spain
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Frézard F, Monte-Neto R, Reis PG. Antimony transport mechanisms in resistant leishmania parasites. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:119-132. [PMID: 28509965 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimonial compounds have been used for more than a century in the treatment of the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. Although pentavalent antimonials are still first-line drugs in several developing countries, this class of drugs is no longer recommended in the Indian sub-continent because of the emergence of drug resistance. The precise mechanisms involved in the resistance of leishmania parasites to antimony are still subject to debate. It is now well documented that drug resistance in leishmania parasites is a multifactorial phenomenon involving multiple genes whose expression pattern synergistically leads to the resistance phenotype. The reduction of intracellular antimony accumulation is a frequent change observed in resistant leishmania cells; however, no comprehensive transport model has been presented so far to explain this change and its contribution to Leishmania resistance. The present review firstly covers the actual knowledge on the metabolism of antimonial drugs, the mechanisms of their transmembrane transport and intracellular processing in Leishmania. It further describes both the functional and molecular changes associated with Sb resistance in this organism. Possible transport models based on the actual knowledge are then presented, as well as their functional implications. Biophysical and pharmacological strategies are finally proposed for the precise identification of the transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rubens Monte-Neto
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, RC-709, G1V 4G2, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Priscila G Reis
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kulshrestha A, Sharma V, Singh R, Salotra P. Comparative transcript expression analysis of miltefosine-sensitive and miltefosine-resistant Leishmania donovani. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1171-84. [PMID: 24449447 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the causative agent of anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. Oral miltefosine therapy has recently replaced antimonials in endemic areas. However, the drug is at risk of emergence of resistance due to unrestricted use, and, already, there are indications towards decline in treatment efficacy. Hence, understanding the mechanism of miltefosine resistance in the parasite is crucial. We employed genomic microarray analysis to compare the gene expression patterns of miltefosine-resistant and miltefosine-sensitive L. donovani. Three hundred eleven genes, representing ∼3.9% of the total Leishmania genome, belonging to various functional categories including metabolic pathways, transporters, and cellular components, were differentially expressed in miltefosine-resistant parasite. Results in the present study highlighted the probable mechanisms by which the parasite sustains miltefosine pressure including (1) compromised DNA replication/repair mechanism, (2) reduced protein synthesis and degradation, (3) altered energy utilization via increased lipid degradation, (4) increased ABC 1-mediated drug efflux, and (5) increased antioxidant defense mechanism via elevated trypanothione metabolism. The study provided the comprehensive insight into the underlying mechanism of miltefosine resistance in L. donovani that may be useful to design strategies to increase lifespan of this important oral antileishmanial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kulshrestha
- National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
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