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Zavarise A, Sridhar S, Kiema TR, Wierenga RK, Widersten M. Structures of lactaldehyde reductase, FucO, link enzyme activity to hydrogen bond networks and conformational dynamics. FEBS J 2023; 290:465-481. [PMID: 36002154 PMCID: PMC10087678 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A group-III iron containing 1,2-propanediol oxidoreductase, FucO, (also known as lactaldehyde reductase) from Escherichia coli was examined regarding its structure-dynamics-function relationships in the catalysis of the NADH-dependent reduction of (2S)-lactaldehyde. Crystal structures of FucO variants in the presence or absence of cofactors have been determined, illustrating large domain movements between the apo and holo enzyme structures. Different structures of FucO variants co-crystallized with NAD+ or NADH together with substrate further suggest dynamic properties of the nicotinamide moiety of the coenzyme that are important for the reaction mechanism. Modelling of the native substrate (2S)-lactaldehyde into the active site can explain the stereoselectivity exhibited by the enzyme, with a critical hydrogen bond interaction between the (2S)-hydroxyl and the side-chain of N151, as well as the previously experimentally demonstrated pro-(R) selectivity in hydride transfer from NADH to the aldehydic carbon. Furthermore, the deuterium kinetic isotope effect of hydride transfer suggests that reduction chemistry is the main rate-limiting step for turnover which is not the case in FucO catalysed alcohol oxidation. We further propose that a water molecule in the active site - hydrogen bonded to a conserved histidine (H267) and the 2'-hydroxyl of the coenzyme ribose - functions as a catalytic proton donor in the protonation of the product alcohol. A hydrogen bond network of water molecules and the side-chains of amino acid residues D360 and H267 links bulk solvent to this proposed catalytic water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruthi Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiila-Riikka Kiema
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Rikkert K Wierenga
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
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2
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Unusual commonality in active site structural features of substrate promiscuous and specialist enzymes. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Verma R, Ellis JM, Mitchell-Koch KR. Dynamic Preference for NADP/H Cofactor Binding/Release in E. coli YqhD Oxidoreductase. Molecules 2021; 26:E270. [PMID: 33430436 PMCID: PMC7826944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
YqhD, an E. coli alcohol/aldehyde oxidoreductase, is an enzyme able to produce valuable bio-renewable fuels and fine chemicals from a broad range of starting materials. Herein, we report the first computational solution-phase structure-dynamics analysis of YqhD, shedding light on the effect of oxidized and reduced NADP/H cofactor binding on the conformational dynamics of the biocatalyst using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The cofactor oxidation states mainly influence the interdomain cleft region conformations of the YqhD monomers, involved in intricate cofactor binding and release. The ensemble of NADPH-bound monomers has a narrower average interdomain space resulting in more hydrogen bonds and rigid cofactor binding. NADP-bound YqhD fluctuates between open and closed conformations, while it was observed that NADPH-bound YqhD had slower opening/closing dynamics of the cofactor-binding cleft. In the light of enzyme kinetics and structural data, simulation findings have led us to postulate that the frequently sampled open conformation of the cofactor binding cleft with NADP leads to the more facile release of NADP while increased closed conformation sampling during NADPH binding enhances cofactor binding affinity and the aldehyde reductase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Katie R. Mitchell-Koch
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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4
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28892296 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to increase the efficiency in developing drugs and diagnostics tools, including new drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, are needed for improved diagnosis and treatment of major diseases and health problems such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, chronic wounds, and antibiotic resistance. Development within several areas of research ranging from computational sciences, material sciences, bioengineering to biomedical sciences and bioimaging is needed to realize innovative drug development and diagnostic (DDD) approaches. Here, an overview of recent progresses within key areas that can provide customizable solutions to improve processes and the approaches taken within DDD is provided. Due to the broadness of the area, unfortunately all relevant aspects such as pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules and delivery systems cannot be covered. Tailored approaches within (i) bioinformatics and computer-aided drug design, (ii) nanotechnology, (iii) novel materials and technologies for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, and (iv) disease models to predict safety and efficacy of medicines under development are focused on. Current developments and challenges ahead are discussed. The broad scope reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field of DDD and aims to highlight the convergence of biological, pharmaceutical, and medical disciplines needed to meet the societal challenges of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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5
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Sahlgren C, Meinander A, Zhang H, Cheng F, Preis M, Xu C, Salminen TA, Toivola D, Abankwa D, Rosling A, Karaman DŞ, Salo-Ahen OMH, Österbacka R, Eriksson JE, Willför S, Petre I, Peltonen J, Leino R, Johnson M, Rosenholm J, Sandler N. Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700258 10.1002/adhm.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Annika Meinander
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Maren Preis
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Tiina A. Salminen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Diana Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling; University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Technical University of Eindhoven; 5613 DR Eindhoven Netherlands
| | - Ari Rosling
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Polymer Technologies; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Didem Şen Karaman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Outi M. H. Salo-Ahen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physics; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology; Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Natural Materials Technology; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Ion Petre
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Computer Science; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Jouko Peltonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Physical Chemistry; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Organic Chemistry; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Mark Johnson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Jessica Rosenholm
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory; Åbo Akademi University; FI-20520 Turku Finland
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6
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Hamnevik E, Enugala TR, Maurer D, Ntuku S, Oliveira A, Dobritzsch D, Widersten M. Relaxation of nonproductive binding and increased rate of coenzyme release in an alcohol dehydrogenase increases turnover with a nonpreferred alcohol enantiomer. FEBS J 2017; 284:3895-3914. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Hamnevik
- Department of Chemistry – BMC Uppsala University Sweden
| | | | - Dirk Maurer
- Department of Chemistry – BMC Uppsala University Sweden
| | | | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University Sweden
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7
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Verma R, Mitchell-Koch K. In Silico Studies of Small Molecule Interactions with Enzymes Reveal Aspects of Catalytic Function. Catalysts 2017; 7:212. [PMID: 30464857 PMCID: PMC6241538 DOI: 10.3390/catal7070212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules, such as solvent, substrate, and cofactor molecules, are key players in enzyme catalysis. Computational methods are powerful tools for exploring the dynamics and thermodynamics of these small molecules as they participate in or contribute to enzymatic processes. In-depth knowledge of how small molecule interactions and dynamics influence protein conformational dynamics and function is critical for progress in the field of enzyme catalysis. Although numerous computational studies have focused on enzyme-substrate complexes to gain insight into catalytic mechanisms, transition states and reaction rates, the dynamics of solvents, substrates, and cofactors are generally less well studied. Also, solvent dynamics within the biomolecular solvation layer play an important part in enzyme catalysis, but a full understanding of its role is hampered by its complexity. Moreover, passive substrate transport has been identified in certain enzymes, and the underlying principles of molecular recognition are an area of active investigation. Enzymes are highly dynamic entities that undergo different conformational changes, which range from side chain rearrangement of a residue to larger-scale conformational dynamics involving domains. These events may happen nearby or far away from the catalytic site, and may occur on different time scales, yet many are related to biological and catalytic function. Computational studies, primarily molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, provide atomistic-level insight and site-specific information on small molecule interactions, and their role in conformational pre-reorganization and dynamics in enzyme catalysis. The review is focused on MD simulation studies of small molecule interactions and dynamics to characterize and comprehend protein dynamics and function in catalyzed reactions. Experimental and theoretical methods available to complement and expand insight from MD simulations are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
| | - Katie Mitchell-Koch
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260-0051, USA
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8
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Kaltenbach M, Emond S, Hollfelder F, Tokuriki N. Functional Trade-Offs in Promiscuous Enzymes Cannot Be Explained by Intrinsic Mutational Robustness of the Native Activity. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006305. [PMID: 27716796 PMCID: PMC5065130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which an emerging new function trades off with the original function is a key characteristic of the dynamics of enzyme evolution. Various cases of laboratory evolution have unveiled a characteristic trend; a large increase in a new, promiscuous activity is often accompanied by only a mild reduction of the native, original activity. A model that associates weak trade-offs with “evolvability” was put forward, which proposed that enzymes possess mutational robustness in the native activity and plasticity in promiscuous activities. This would enable the acquisition of a new function without compromising the original one, reducing the benefit of early gene duplication and therefore the selection pressure thereon. Yet, to date, no experimental study has examined this hypothesis directly. Here, we investigate the causes of weak trade-offs by systematically characterizing adaptive mutations that occurred in two cases of evolutionary transitions in enzyme function: (1) from phosphotriesterase to arylesterase, and (2) from atrazine chlorohydrolase to melamine deaminase. Mutational analyses in various genetic backgrounds revealed that, in contrast to the prevailing model, the native activity is less robust to mutations than the promiscuous activity. For example, in phosphotriesterase, the deleterious effect of individual mutations on the native phosphotriesterase activity is much larger than their positive effect on the promiscuous arylesterase activity. Our observations suggest a revision of the established model: weak trade-offs are not caused by an intrinsic robustness of the native activity and plasticity of the promiscuous activity. We propose that upon strong adaptive pressure for the new activity without selection against the original one, selected mutations will lead to the largest possible increases in the new function, but whether and to what extent they decrease the old function is irrelevant, creating a bias towards initially weak trade-offs and the emergence of generalist enzymes. Understanding how enzymes evolve is a fundamental question that can help us decipher not only the mechanisms of evolution on a higher level, i.e., whole organisms, but also advances our knowledge of sequence-structure-function relationships as a guide to artificial evolution in the test tube. An important yet unexplained phenomenon occurs during the evolution of a new enzymatic function; it has been observed that new and ancestral functions often trade-off only weakly, meaning the original native activity is initially maintained at a high level despite drastic improvement of the new promiscuous activity. It has previously been proposed that weak trade-offs occur because the native activity is robust to mutations while the promiscuous activity is not. However, the present work contradicts this hypothesis, based on the detailed characterization of mutational effects on both activities in two examples of enzyme evolution. We propose an alternative explanation: the weak activity trade-off is consistent with being a by-product of strong selection for the new activity rather than an intrinsic property of the native activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kaltenbach
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Emond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuhiko Tokuriki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ma H, Enugala TR, Widersten M. A Microplate Format Assay for Real-Time Screening for New Aldolases that Accept Aryl-Substituted Acceptor Substrates. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2595-8. [PMID: 26449620 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aldolases are potentially important biocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis of polyhydroxylated compounds. Fructose 6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) is of particular interest by virtue of its unusually relaxed dependency on phosphorylated substrates. FSA has been reported to be a promising catalyst of aldol addition involving aryl-substituted acceptors such as phenylacetaldehyde that can react with donor ketones such as hydroxyacetone. Improvement of the low intrinsic activity with bulky acceptor substrates of this type is of great interest but has been hampered by the lack of powerful screening protocols applicable in directed evolution strategies. Here we present a new screen allowing for direct spectrophotometric recording of retro-aldol cleavage. The assay utilizes an aldehyde reductase produced in vitro by directed evolution; it reduces the aldehyde product formed after cleavage of the aldol by FSA. The assay is suitable both for steady-state enzyme kinetics and for real-time activity screening in a 96-well format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thilak Reddy Enugala
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Widersten
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Kong XD, Xu JH, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Reshaping an Enzyme Binding Pocket for Enhanced and Inverted Stereoselectivity: Use of Smallest Amino Acid Alphabets in Directed Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Sun Z, Lonsdale R, Kong XD, Xu JH, Zhou J, Reetz MT. Reshaping an Enzyme Binding Pocket for Enhanced and Inverted Stereoselectivity: Use of Smallest Amino Acid Alphabets in Directed Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12410-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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