1
|
Li H, Bradbury JA, Edin ML, Graves JP, Gruzdev A, Cheng J, Hoopes SL, DeGraff LM, Fessler MB, Garantziotis S, Schurman SH, Zeldin DC. sEH promotes macrophage phagocytosis and lung clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:129679. [PMID: 34591792 DOI: 10.1172/jci129679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have potent antiinflammatory properties. Hydrolysis of EETs by soluble epoxide hydrolase/ epoxide hydrolase 2 (sEH/EPHX2) to less active diols attenuates their antiinflammatory effects. Macrophage activation is critical to many inflammatory responses; however, the role of EETs and sEH in regulating macrophage function remains unknown. Lung bacterial clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae was impaired in Ephx2-deficient (Ephx2-/-) mice and in mice treated with an sEH inhibitor. The EET receptor antagonist EEZE restored lung clearance of S. pneumoniae in Ephx2-/- mice. Ephx2-/- mice had normal lung Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa expression levels and macrophage recruitment to the lungs during S. pneumoniae infection; however, Ephx2 disruption attenuated proinflammatory cytokine induction, Tlr2 and Pgylrp1 receptor upregulation, and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrates 1 and 2 (Rac1/2) and cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42) activation in PGN-stimulated macrophages. Consistent with these observations, Ephx2-/- macrophages displayed reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae in vivo and in vitro. Heterologous overexpression of TLR2 and peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) in Ephx2-/- macrophages restored macrophage activation and phagocytosis. Human macrophage function was similarly regulated by EETs. Together, these results demonstrate that EETs reduced macrophage activation and phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae through the downregulation of TLR2 and PGLYRP1 expression. Defining the role of EETs and sEH in macrophage function may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches for bacterial diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Nfa34810 Facilitates Nocardia farcinica Invasion of Host Cells and Stimulates Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion through Activation of the NF-κB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways via Toll-Like Receptor 4. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00831-19. [PMID: 31964749 PMCID: PMC7093121 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00831-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Nocardia is not fully known. The Nfa34810 protein of Nocardia farcinica has been predicted to be a virulence factor. However, relatively little is known regarding the interaction of Nfa34810 with host cells, specifically invasion and innate immune activation. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of recombinant Nfa34810 during infection. We demonstrated that Nfa34810 is an immunodominant protein located in the cell wall. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Nocardia is not fully known. The Nfa34810 protein of Nocardia farcinica has been predicted to be a virulence factor. However, relatively little is known regarding the interaction of Nfa34810 with host cells, specifically invasion and innate immune activation. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of recombinant Nfa34810 during infection. We demonstrated that Nfa34810 is an immunodominant protein located in the cell wall. Nfa34810 protein was able to facilitate the uptake and internalization of latex beads coated with Nfa34810 protein into HeLa cells. Furthermore, the deletion of the nfa34810 gene in N. farcinica attenuated the ability of the bacteria to infect both HeLa and A549 cells. Moreover, stimulation with Nfa34810 triggered macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and it also activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways by inducing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, JNK, p65, and AKT in macrophages. Specific inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK, and NF-κB significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α, which demonstrated that Nfa34810-mediated TNF-α production was dependent upon the activation of these kinases. We further found that neutralizing antibodies against Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) significantly inhibited TNF-α secretion. Taken together, our results indicated that Nfa34810 is a virulence factor of N. farcinica and plays an important role during infection. Nfa34810-induced production of TNF-α in macrophages also involves ERK, JNK, and NF-κB via the TLR4 pathway.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Zhang X, Wu G, Qi Y, Zhang J, Yang J, Wang H, Xu W. Streptococcus pneumoniae aminopeptidase N contributes to bacterial virulence and elicits a strong innate immune response through MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling. J Microbiol 2020; 58:330-339. [PMID: 32103444 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive pathogen with high morbidity and mortality globally but some of its pathogenesis remains unknown. Previous research has provided evidence that aminopeptidase N (PepN) is most likely a virulence factor of S. pneumoniae. However, its role in S. pneumoniae virulence and its interaction with the host remains to be confirmed. We generated a pepN gene deficient mutant strain and found that its virulence for mice was significantly attenuated as were in vitro adhesion and invasion of host cells. The PepN protein could induce a strong innate immune response in vivo and in vitro and induced secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α by primary peritoneal macrophages via the rapid phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and this was confirmed using specific pathway inhibitors. In conclusion, PepN is a novel virulence factor that is essential for the virulence of S. pneumoniae and induces host innate immunity via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Guangying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 enhances the antibacterial functions of GM-CSF induced neutrophils to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2019; 130:204-212. [PMID: 30885749 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A proliferation of studies have demonstrated that the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) pathway affects the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cytokine release of neutrophils when pathogens invade. Our previous studies have demonstrated that pretreatment with high doses of Pam3CSK4 (>25 μg/ml) improves the antimicrobial activity of neutrophils, however, short-lived neutrophils limit their therapeutic functions. Here, we used granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to generate neutrophils from murine bone marrow, and assessed their effect on the immune response against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. As comparing with classical method of generating neutrophils directly from murine bone marrow, our findings show that pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 enhanced the phagocytic and killing activities against MRSA by the GM-CSF induced neutrophils (GM-CSF neutrophils). Chemotaxis of GM-CSF induced neutrophils was significantly increased after the pretreatment with Pam3CSK4. Furthermore, Pam3CSK4 pretreatment enhanced iNOS, CRAMP, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6 expression. Finally, we observed that p38MAPK and Akt phosphorylation kinases were increased significantly in GM-CSF neutrophils pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas p38MAPK inhibitor (SB2021190) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) attenuated the antimicrobial activities including phagocytosis, killing activity, respiratory burst, and the release of lactoferrin(LTF) by the GM-CSF induced neutrophils. Together, these findings suggest that pretreatment with Pam3CSK4 enhances the antibacterial function of GM-CSF neutrophils against MRSA, and this could be related to the p38MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou J, Zhou L, Hu C, Jing P, Guo X, Liu S, Lei Y, Yang S, Deng J, Zhang H. IL-8 and IP-10 expression from human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B are promoted by Streptococcus pneumoniae endopeptidase O (PepO). BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:187. [PMID: 28836948 PMCID: PMC5571634 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bronchial epithelium serves as the first defendant line of host against respiratory inhaled pathogens, mainly through releasing chemokines (e.g. interleukin-8 (IL-8), interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) etc.) responsible for neutrophil or lymphocyte recruitment to promote the clearance of inhaled pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). Previous studies have shown that IL-8 expression is induced by pneumococcal virulence factors (e.g. pneumolysin, peptidoglycan-polysaccharides, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) etc.), which contributes to the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Whether other pneumococcal virulence factors are involved in inducing chemokines expression in epithelium is still unknown. RESULTS We studied the effect of PepO, a widely expressed and newly discovered pneumococcal virulence protein, on the release of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and IP-10, from human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and identified the relevant signaling pathways. Incubation of BEAS-2B with PepO resulted in increased synthesis and release of IL-8 and IP-10 in a dose and time independent manner. We also detected the increased and sustained expression of TLR2 and TLR4 transcripts in BEAS-2B stimulated by PepO. PepO activation leaded to the phosphorylation of MAPKs, Akt and p65. Pharmacologic inhibitors of MAPKs, PI3K and IκB-α phosphorylation attenuated IL-8 release, while IP-10 production was just suppressed by inhibitors of IκB-α phosphorylation, PI3K and P38 MAPK. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PepO enhances IL-8 and IP-10 production in BEAS-2B in a MAPKs-PI3K/Akt-p65 dependent manner, which may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiong Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Chunlan Hu
- Department of General Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Peng Jing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Sulan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shangyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankang Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun X, Wang J, Zhou J, Wang H, Wang X, Wu J, He Y, Yin Y, Zhang X, Xu W. Subcutaneous immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae GAPDH confers effective protection in mice via TLR2 and TLR4. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
7
|
DnaJ (hsp40) of Streptococcus pneumoniae is involved in bacterial virulence and elicits a strong natural immune reaction via PI3K/JNK. Mol Immunol 2017; 83:137-146. [PMID: 28152394 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a heat shock protein, DnaJ plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. However, how the virulence factor-DnaJ elicits host natural immunity still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of dnaJ deficiency in Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) on bacterial virulence, and further explored the related molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. By generating dnaJ deficient mutant (ΔdnaJ), the virulence and colonization were detected in murine pneumonia and sepsis models in vivo. Compared with wild-type parent strain, the abilities of rapid colonization and induction of inflammatory responses of ΔdnaJ in mouse lungs were significantly impaired. Simultaneously, recombinant DnaJ purified from E. coli expression system (rDnaJ) induced macrophage strain RAW264.7 to secrete IL-6 by activation of PI3K and JNK signal pathways, which were confirmed by the specific signaling inhibitors. In conclusion, DnaJ, a novel virulence protein, was essential for the virulence and colonization of S. pneumoniae and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages through PI3K/JNK.
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo Y, Li L, Gao J, Chen X, Sang Q. miR-214 suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and these effects are mediated through the inhibition of the JNK and p38 pathways. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:71-80. [PMID: 27959394 PMCID: PMC5179177 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to investigate the expression of microRNA (miR)-214 on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that the overexpression of miR‑214 effectively promoted the adipocyte differentiation of BMSCs in vitro, reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression of collagen type I (Col I), osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) in the BMSCs. We further found that the overexpression of miR‑214 suppressed the protein expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), phosphorylated c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in the BMSCs. The downregulation of miR‑214 promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and increased ALP activity and Col I, OCN and OPN gene expression in the BMSCs. It also increased FGF p-JNK and p-p38 protein expression in the BMSCs. The use of JNK inhibitor (SP600125) enhanced the inhibitory effects of miR‑214 overexpression on osteogenic differentiation, ALP activity, and Col I, OCN and OPN gene expression in the BMSCs. Lastly, the use of p38 inhibitor (SB202190) also enhanced the inhibitory effects of miR‑214 overexpression on ALP activity, and Col I, OCN and OPN gene expression in the BMSCs. These results provide a mechanism responsible for the suppressive effects of miR‑214 on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs involving the inhibition of the JNK and p38 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Lianhua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Sang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Army General Hospital, Dongcheng, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Kang L, Yao H, He Y, Wang X, Xu W, Song Z, Yin Y, Zhang X. Streptococcus pneumoniae Endopeptidase O (PepO) Elicits a Strong Innate Immune Response in Mice via TLR2 and TLR4 Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:23. [PMID: 26973817 PMCID: PMC4770053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae and innate immune receptors elicits host responses through specific signaling pathways during infection. Insights into the signaling events may provide a better knowledge of the starting events for host-pathogen interaction. Here we demonstrated a significant induction of innate immune response elicited by recombinant S. pneumoniae endopeptidase O (rPepO), a newer pneumococcal virulence protein, both in vivo and in vitro. Intratracheal instillation of rPepO protein resulted in significant increase of cytokines production and neutrophils infiltration in mouse lungs. TLR2 or TLR4 deficient mice subjected to rPepO treatment showed decreased cytokines production, reduced neutrophils infiltration and intensified tissue injury as compared with WT mice. Upon stimulation, cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, and CXCL10 were produced by peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) in a TLR2 and TLR4 dependent manner. rPepO-induced cytokines production was markedly decreased in TLR2 or TLR4 deficient PEMs. Further study revealed that cytokines induction relied on the rapid phosphorylation of p38, Akt and p65, not the activation of ERK or JNK. While in TLR2 or TLR4 deficient PEMs the activation of p65 was undetectable. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that the newer pneumococcal virulence protein PepO activates host innate immune response partially through TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lihua Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yujuan He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|