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Zhu N, Smallwood PM, Rattner A, Chang TH, Williams J, Wang Y, Nathans J. Utility of protein-protein binding surfaces composed of anti-parallel alpha-helices and beta-sheets selected by phage display. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107283. [PMID: 38608728 PMCID: PMC11107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, a diverse collection of small protein domains have been used as scaffolds to generate general purpose protein-binding reagents using a variety of protein display and enrichment technologies. To expand the repertoire of scaffolds and protein surfaces that might serve this purpose, we have explored the utility of (i) a pair of anti-parallel alpha-helices in a small highly disulfide-bonded 4-helix bundle, the CC4 domain from reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich Protein with Kazal Motifs and (ii) a concave beta-sheet surface and two adjacent loops in the human FN3 domain, the scaffold for the widely used monobody platform. Using M13 phage display and next generation sequencing, we observe that, in both systems, libraries of ∼30 million variants contain binding proteins with affinities in the low μM range for baits corresponding to the extracellular domains of multiple mammalian proteins. CC4- and FN3-based binding proteins were fused to the N- and/or C-termini of Fc domains and used for immunostaining of transfected cells. Additionally, FN3-based binding proteins were inserted into VP1 of AAV to direct AAV infection to cells expressing a defined surface receptor. Finally, FN3-based binding proteins were inserted into the Pvc13 tail fiber protein of an extracellular contractile injection system particle to direct protein cargo delivery to cells expressing a defined surface receptor. These experiments support the utility of CC4 helices B and C and of FN3 beta-strands C, D, and F together with adjacent loops CD and FG as surfaces for engineering general purpose protein-binding reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tao-Hsin Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Phage display has been applied successfully for the rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies against various targets including infectious diseases, autoantigens, cancer markers, and even small molecules. The main component in any phage display experiment is the availability of an antibody library to carry out the selection process of target-specific antibodies through an iterative process termed as biopanning. To generate human antibody libraries, the antibody repertoire can be obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or directly from cell-sorted B-cell populations. The choice of antibody isotype is dictated by the nature of the library. Naïve libraries would utilize IgM repertoires, whereas the IgG repertoire is commonly used for immune libraries. Antibody genes are amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and paired in a combinatorial fashion to expand the diversity of the cloned library repertoire. The protocol here describes the use of a two-step cloning method that can be applied for the construction of either a naïve or immune human antibody library in Fab format followed by the subsequent panning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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3
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Zhai Y, Yu H, Liu X, Zhang M, Han R, Yin C, Liu X, Li H, Li J, Song X. Visual detection of Staphylococcus aureus based on immunomagnetic separation and polymerase spiral reaction. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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A Novel Hyperthermostable Recombinant Protein Nanocage. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:426-39. [PMID: 36437775 PMCID: PMC9841219 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Background: Ferritin has an important role in iron storage in the cells, and due to its nanocage structure and self-assembly properties, it has wide application prospects in nanobiotechnology. Methods Methods: The maize (Zea mays) ferritin gene ZmFer1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for the first time. Change in macromolecular structure of ZmFer1 ferritin due to heat treatment was investigated using native PAGE electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Change in the secondary structures of the protein was evaluated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Moreover, alteration in the conformation of the protein was evaluated using UV-absorption spectra and intrinsic fluorescence spectra. The melting temperature (Tm) of ZmFer1 was obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Finally, the effect of heat on the function of ZmFer1 was assessed by iron loading ability. Results Results: The purified ZmFer1 protein showed a homopolymer nanocage structure. The results of native PAGE electrophoresis, DLS, and TEM techniques showed that ZmFer1 protein nanocage is stable to heat treatment up to 90 °C, and some of the protein nanocages retain their macromolecular structures even at 100 °C in liquid aqueous solution. Based on the DSC results, ZmFer1 protein nanocage had a Tm of 81.9 °C. After treatment at 100 °C, stable ZmFer1 protein nanocages were able to store iron atoms. Conclusion Conclusion: Recombinant ZmFer1 ferritin with a Tm > 80°C is a hyperthermostable protein nanocage. The results of this study are beneficial for the development of protein nanocages that are stable under extreme temperature conditions, as well as application of ZmFer1 in nanobiotechnology, biomaterials, and biomedical fields.
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Kim S, Yee E, Miller EA, Hao Y, Tay DMY, Sung KJ, Jia H, Johnson JM, Saeed M, Mace CR, Yüksel Yurt D, Sikes HD. Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test Using Engineered Affinity Proteins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38990-39002. [PMID: 34379400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has clearly established how vital rapid, widely accessible diagnostic tests are in controlling infectious diseases and how difficult and slow it is to scale existing technologies. Here, we demonstrate the use of the rapid affinity pair identification via directed selection (RAPIDS) method to discover multiple affinity pairs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N-protein), a biomarker of COVID-19, from in vitro libraries in 10 weeks. The pair with the highest biomarker sensitivity was then integrated into a 10 min, vertical-flow cellulose paper test. Notably, the as-identified affinity proteins were compatible with a roll-to-roll printing process for large-scale manufacturing of tests. The test achieved 40 and 80 pM limits of detection in 1× phosphate-buffered saline (mock swab) and saliva matrices spiked with cell-culture-generated SARS-CoV-2 viruses and is also capable of detection of N-protein from characterized clinical swab samples. Hence, this work paves the way toward the mass production of cellulose paper-based assays which can address the shortages faced due to dependence on nitrocellulose and current manufacturing techniques. Further, the results reported herein indicate the promise of RAPIDS and engineered binder proteins for the timely and flexible development of clinically relevant diagnostic tests in response to emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emma Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric A Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dousabel M Y Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ki-Joo Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Joseph M Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston, Massachusetts 02188, United States
| | - Charles R Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | | | - Hadley D Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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6
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Yasui N, Nakamura K, Yamashita A. A sweet protein monellin as a non-antibody scaffold for synthetic binding proteins. J Biochem 2021; 169:585-599. [PMID: 33386843 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic binding proteins that have the ability to bind with molecules can be generated using various protein domains as non-antibody scaffolds. These designer proteins have been used widely in research studies, as their properties overcome the disadvantages of using antibodies. Here, we describe the first application of a phage display to generate synthetic binding proteins using a sweet protein, monellin, as a non-antibody scaffold. Single-chain monellin (scMonellin), in which two polypeptide chains of natural monellin are connected by a short linker, has two loops on one side of the molecule. We constructed phage display libraries of scMonellin, in which the amino acid sequence of the two loops is diversified. To validate the performance of these libraries, we sorted them against the folding mutant of the green fluorescent protein variant (GFPuv) and yeast small ubiquitin-related modifier. We successfully obtained scMonellin variants exhibiting moderate but significant affinities for these target proteins. Crystal structures of one of the GFPuv-binding variants in complex with GFPuv revealed that the two diversified loops were involved in target recognition. scMonellin, therefore, represents a promising non-antibody scaffold in the design and generation of synthetic binding proteins. We termed the scMonellin-derived synthetic binding proteins 'SWEEPins'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Yasui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamashita
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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7
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Ahmadi MKB, Mohammadi SA, Makvandi M, Mamouei M, Rahmati M, Dehghani H, Wood DW. Recent Advances in the Scaffold Engineering of Protein Binders. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:878-891. [PMID: 32838715 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021999200824101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, extensive attention has been given to the generation of new classes of ligand- specific binding proteins to supplement monoclonal antibodies. A combination of protein engineering and display technologies has been used to manipulate non-human antibodies for humanization and stabilization purposes or even the generation of new binding proteins. Engineered protein scaffolds can now be directed against therapeutic targets to treat cancer and immunological disorders. Although very few of these scaffolds have successfully passed clinical trials, their remarkable properties such as robust folding, high solubility, and small size motivate their employment as a tool for biology and applied science studies. Here, we have focused on the generation of new non-Ig binding proteins and single domain antibody manipulation, with a glimpse of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K B Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed A Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Morteza Mamouei
- Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cells Regenerative Research Group, Ressearch Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran
| | - David W Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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8
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Kim S, Yee E, Miller EA, Hao Y, Tay DMY, Sung KJ, Jia H, Johnson JM, Saeed M, Mace CR, Yurt DY, Sikes HD. Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test Using Engineered Affinity Proteins. CHEMRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR CHEMISTRY 2021:14442785. [PMID: 34013166 PMCID: PMC8132241 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.14442785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has clearly established how vital rapid, widely accessible diagnostic tests are in controlling infectious diseases and how difficult and slow it is to scale existing technologies. Here, we demonstrate the use of the rapid affinity pair identification via directed selection (RAPIDS) method to discover multiple affinity pairs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N-protein), a biomarker of COVID-19, from in vitro libraries in 10 weeks. The pair with the highest biomarker sensitivity was then integrated into a 10-minute, vertical-flow cellulose paper test. Notably, the as-identified affinity proteins were compatible with a roll-to-roll printing process for large-scale manufacturing of tests. The test achieved 40 pM and 80 pM limits of detection in 1×PBS (mock swab) and saliva matrices spiked with cell-culture generated SARS-CoV-2 viruses and is also capable of detection of N-protein from characterized clinical swab samples. Hence, this work paves the way towards the mass production of cellulose paper-based assays which can address the shortages faced due to dependence on nitrocellulose and current manufacturing techniques. Further, the results reported herein indicate the promise of RAPIDS and engineered binder proteins for the timely and flexible development of clinically relevant diagnostic tests in response to emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric A. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dousabel M. Y. Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ki-Joo Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Huan Jia
- Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | | | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston, MA 02188, USA
| | - Charles R. Mace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Antimicrobial Resistance Integrated Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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9
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Sung KJ, Jabbour Al Maalouf Y, Johns QR, Miller EA, Sikes HD. Functional comparison of paper-based immunoassays based on antibodies and engineered binding proteins. Analyst 2020; 145:2515-2519. [PMID: 32163071 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding protein scaffolds, such as rcSso7d, have been investigated for use in diagnostic tests; however, the functional performance of rcSso7d has not yet been studied in comparison to antibodies. Here, we assessed the analyte-binding capabilities of rcSso7d and antibodies on cellulose with samples in buffer and 100% human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Joo Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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10
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Miller EA, Sung KJ, Kongsuphol P, Baniya S, Aw-Yong HQ, Tay V, Tan Y, Kabir FM, Pang-Yeo K, Kaspriskie IG, Sikes HD. Beyond Epitope Binning: Directed in Vitro Selection of Complementary Pairs of Binding Proteins. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:49-60. [PMID: 31769955 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many biotechnological applications require the simultaneous binding of affinity reagents to nonoverlapping target epitopes, the most prominent example being sandwich immunoassays. Typically, affinity pairs are identified via post facto functional analysis of clones that were not selected for complementarity. Here, we developed the Rapid Affinity Pair Identification via Directed Selection (RAPIDS) process, which enables the efficient identification of affinity reagents that function together as complementary pairs, from in vitro libraries of ∼109 variants. We used RAPIDS to develop highly specific affinity pairs against biomarkers of tuberculosis, Zika virus, and sepsis. Without additional trial-and-error screening, these affinity pairs exhibited utility in multiple assay formats. The RAPIDS process applies selective pressure to hundreds of thousands of potential affinity pairs to efficiently identify complementary pairs that bind to separate epitopes without binding to one another or nontargets, yielding diagnostic assays that are sensitive and specific by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ki-Joo Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patthara Kongsuphol
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Subha Baniya
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, United States
| | - Hui Qi Aw-Yong
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Vivian Tay
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Yuxuan Tan
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Farah M. Kabir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl Pang-Yeo
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Isabel G. Kaspriskie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
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Steven J, Ubah OC, Buschhaus M, Kovaleva M, Ferguson L, Porter AJ, Barelle CJ. In Vitro Maturation of a Humanized Shark VNAR Domain to Improve Its Biophysical Properties. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2070:115-142. [PMID: 31625093 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9853-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
VNAR domains are the binding regions of new antigen receptor proteins (IgNAR) which are unique to sharks, skates, and rays (Elasmobranchii). Individual VNAR domains can bind antigens independently and are the smallest reported adaptive immune recognition entities in the vertebrate kingdom. Sharing limited sequence homology with human immunoglobulin domains, their development and use as biotherapeutic agents require that they be humanized to minimize their potential immunogenicity. Efforts to humanize a human serum albumin (HSA)-specific VNAR, E06, resulted in protein molecules that initially had undesirable biophysical properties or reduced affinity for cognate antigen. Two lead humanized anti-HSA clones, v1.10 and v2.4, were subjected to a process of random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR. The mutated sequences for each humanized VNAR variant were screened for improvements in affinity for HSA and biophysical properties, achieved without a predicted increase in overall immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Porter
- Elasmogen Ltd., Aberdeen, UK
- Scottish Biologics Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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12
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Abstract
Engineered protein scaffolds have made a tremendous contribution to the panel of affinity tools owing to their favorable biophysical properties that make them useful for many applications. In 2007, our group paved the way for using archaeal Sul7d proteins for the design of artificial affinity ligands, so-called Affitins. For many years, Sac7d and Sso7d have been used as molecular basis to obtain binders for various targets. Recently, we characterized their old gifted protein family and identified Aho7c, originating from Acidianus hospitalis, as the shortest member (60 amino-acids) with impressive stability (96.5 °C, pH 0-12). Here, we describe the construction of Aho7c combinatorial libraries and their use for selection of binders by ribosome display.
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13
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Zhao N, Kamijo K, Fox PD, Oda H, Morisaki T, Sato Y, Kimura H, Stasevich TJ. A genetically encoded probe for imaging nascent and mature HA-tagged proteins in vivo. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2947. [PMID: 31270320 PMCID: PMC6610143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To expand the toolbox of imaging in living cells, we have engineered a single-chain variable fragment binding the linear HA epitope with high affinity and specificity in vivo. The resulting probe, called the HA frankenbody, can light up in multiple colors HA-tagged nuclear, cytoplasmic, membrane, and mitochondrial proteins in diverse cell types. The HA frankenbody also enables state-of-the-art single-molecule experiments in living cells, which we demonstrate by tracking single HA-tagged histones in U2OS cells and single mRNA translation dynamics in both U2OS cells and neurons. Together with the SunTag, we also track two mRNA species simultaneously to demonstrate comparative single-molecule studies of translation can now be done with genetically encoded tools alone. Finally, we use the HA frankenbody to precisely quantify the expression of HA-tagged proteins in developing zebrafish embryos. The versatility of the HA frankenbody makes it a powerful tool for imaging protein dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kouta Kamijo
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Philip D Fox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Haruka Oda
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morisaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Yuko Sato
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
- World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- World Research Hub Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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14
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Zorzi A, Linciano S, Angelini A. Non-covalent albumin-binding ligands for extending the circulating half-life of small biotherapeutics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1068-1081. [PMID: 31391879 PMCID: PMC6644573 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and small protein scaffolds are gaining increasing interest as therapeutics. Similarly to full-length antibodies, they can bind a target with a high binding affinity and specificity while remaining small enough to diffuse into tissues. However, despite their numerous advantages, small biotherapeutics often suffer from a relatively short circulating half-life, thus requiring frequent applications that ultimately restrict their ease of use and user compliance. To overcome this limitation, a large variety of half-life extension strategies have been developed in the last decades. Linkage to ligands that non-covalently bind to albumin, the most abundant serum protein with a circulating half-life of ∼19 days in humans, represents one of the most successful approaches for the generation of long-lasting biotherapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic properties and superior efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zorzi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , School of Basic Sciences , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne CH-1015 , Switzerland
| | - Sara Linciano
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems , Ca' Foscari University of Venice , Via Torino 155 , Venezia Mestre 30172 , Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems , Ca' Foscari University of Venice , Via Torino 155 , Venezia Mestre 30172 , Italy
- European Centre for Living Technologies (ECLT) , San Marco 2940 , Venice 30124 , Italy .
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15
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Lagoutte P, Lugari A, Elie C, Potisopon S, Donnat S, Mignon C, Mariano N, Troesch A, Werle B, Stadthagen G. Combination of ribosome display and next generation sequencing as a powerful method for identification of affibody binders against β-lactamase CTX-M15. N Biotechnol 2019; 50:60-69. [PMID: 30634000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CTX-M15 is one of the most widespread, extended spectrum β-lactamases, a major determinant of antibiotic resistance representing urgent public health threats, among enterobacterial strains infecting humans and animals. Here we describe the selection of binders to CTX-M15 from a combinatorial affibody library displayed on ribosomes. Upon three increasingly selective ribosome display iterations, selected variants were identified by next generation sequencing (NGS). Nine affibody variants with high relative abundance bearing QRP and QLH amino acid motifs at residues 9-11 were produced and characterized in terms of stability, affinity and specificity. All affibodies were correctly folded, with affinities ranging from 0.04 to 2 μM towards CTX-M15, and successfully recognized CTX-M15 in bacterial lysates, culture supernatants and on whole bacteria. It was further demonstrated that the binding of affibody molecules to CTX-M15 modulated the enzyme's kinetic parameters. This work provides an approach using ribosome display coupled to NGS for the rapid generation of protein ligands of interest in diagnostic and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrien Lugari
- BIOASTER, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Céline Elie
- BIOASTER, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alain Troesch
- BIOASTER, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Bettina Werle
- BIOASTER, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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16
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Morisaki T, Stasevich TJ. Quantifying Single mRNA Translation Kinetics in Living Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a032078. [PMID: 30385605 PMCID: PMC6211384 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the last hurdles to quantifying the full central dogma of molecular biology in living cells with single-molecule resolution has been the imaging of single messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Here we describe how recent advances in protein tagging and imaging technologies are being used to precisely visualize and quantify the synthesis of nascent polypeptide chains from single mRNA in living cells. We focus on recent applications of repeat-epitope tags and describe how they enable quantification of single mRNA ribosomal densities, translation initiation and elongation rates, and translation site mobility and higher-order structure. Together with complementary live-cell assays to monitor translation using fast-maturing fluorophores and mRNA-binding protein knockoff, single-molecule studies are beginning to uncover striking and unexpected heterogeneity in gene expression at the level of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morisaki
- Institute of Genome Architecture and Function and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Institute of Genome Architecture and Function and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
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17
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Generating a recombinant phosphothreonine-binding domain for a phosphopeptide of the human transcription factor, c-Myc. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:36-44. [PMID: 29763736 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor c-Myc is an oncoprotein that is regulated at the post-translational level through phosphorylation of two conserved residues, Serine 62 (Ser62) and Threonine 58 (Thr58). A highly specific tool capable of recognizing Myc via pThr58 is needed to monitor activation and localization. Through phage display, we have isolated 10 engineered Forkhead-associated (FHA) domains that selectively bind to a phosphothreonine (pThr)-containing peptide (53-FELLPpTPPLSPS-64) segment of human c-Myc. One domain variant was observed to bind to the Myc-pThr58 peptide with a KD value of 800 nM and had >1000-fold discrimination between the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide. The crystal structure of the engineered FHA Myc-pThr-binding domain (Myc-pTBD) was solved in complex with its cognate ligand. The Myc-pTBD was observed to be structurally similar to the yeast Rad9 FHA1 domain, except that its β4-β5 and β10-β11 loops form a hydrophobic pocket to facilitate the interaction between the domain and the peptide ligand. The Myc-pTBD's specificity for its cognate ligand was demonstrated to be on a par with 3 commercial polyclonal antibodies, suggesting that this recombinant reagent is a viable alternative to antibodies for monitoring Myc regulation.
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18
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Smith JN, Edgar JM, Balk JM, Iftikhar M, Fong JC, Olsen TJ, Fishman DA, Majumdar S, Weiss GA. Directed evolution and biophysical characterization of a full-length, soluble, human caveolin-1 variant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:963-972. [PMID: 29857161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering by directed evolution can alter proteins' structures, properties, and functions. However, membrane proteins, despite their importance to living organisms, remain relatively unexplored as targets for protein engineering and directed evolution. This gap in capabilities likely results from the tendency of membrane proteins to aggregate and fail to overexpress in bacteria cells. For example, the membrane protein caveolin-1 has been implicated in many cell signaling pathways and diseases, yet the full-length protein is too aggregation-prone for detailed mutagenesis, directed evolution, and biophysical characterization. Using a phage-displayed library of full-length caveolin-1 variants, directed evolution with alternating subtractive and functional selections isolated a full-length, soluble variant, termed cavsol, for expression in E. coli. Cavsol folds correctly and binds to its known protein ligands HIV gp41, the catalytic domain of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, and the polymerase I and transcript release factor. As expected, cavsol does not bind off-target proteins. Cellular studies show that cavsol retains the parent protein's ability to localize at the cellular membrane. Unlike truncated versions of caveolin, cavsol forms large, oligomeric complexes consisting of approximately >50 monomeric units without requiring additional cellular components. Cavsol's secondary structure is a mixture of α-helices and β-strands. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments reveal that cavsol binds to gp41 and PKA with low micromolar binding affinity (KD). In addition to the insights into caveolin structure and function, the approach applied here could be generalized to other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua M Edgar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - J Mark Balk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mariam Iftikhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jessica C Fong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tivoli J Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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19
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Cruz-Teran CA, Tiruthani K, Mischler A, Rao BM. Inefficient Ribosomal Skipping Enables Simultaneous Secretion and Display of Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2096-2107. [PMID: 28805373 PMCID: PMC5905331 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The need for recombinant expression of soluble protein slows the validation of engineered proteins isolated from combinatorial libraries and limits the number of protein variants evaluated. To overcome this bottleneck, we describe a system for simultaneous cell surface display and soluble secretion of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on inefficient ribosomal skipping. Ribosomal skipping mediated by "self-cleaving" 2A peptides produces two proteins from a single open reading frame. Incorporation of the F2A peptide sequence-with ∼50% efficiency of ribosomal skipping-between the protein of interest and the yeast cell wall protein Aga2 results in simultaneous expression of both the solubly secreted protein and the protein-Aga2 fusion that is tethered to the yeast cell surface. We show that binding proteins derived from the Sso7d scaffold and the homodimeric enzyme glucose oxidase can be simultaneously secreted solubly and expressed as yeast cell surface fusions using the F2A-based system. Furthermore, a combinatorial library of Sso7d mutants can be screened to isolate binders with higher affinity for a model target (lysozyme), and the pool of higher affinity binders can be characterized in soluble form. Significantly, we show that both N- and C-terminal fusions to Aga2 can be simultaneously secreted solubly and displayed on the cell surface; this is particularly advantageous because protein functionality can be affected by the specific position of Aga2 in the protein fusion. We expect that the F2A-based yeast surface display and secretion system will be a useful tool for protein engineering and enable efficient characterization of individual clones isolated from combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Mischler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Balaji M. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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20
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Identification and characterization of a novel Sso7d scaffold-based binder against Notch1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12021. [PMID: 28931897 PMCID: PMC5607287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling has important functions in regulating cell growth and development, misregulation of which has been implicated in various cancers. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting Notch protein activity have already moved into clinical trials. However due to the limitations associated with cost and productivity of mAbs, there has been a surge in the development of complementary approaches that are based on non-antibody scaffolds. Non-antibody scaffolds are small proteins that are stable and can be engineered to develop high-affinity binders against specific targets of interest. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel Notch1-binding protein, N9, obtained by screening of a combinatorial library based on the ultra-stable Sso7d scaffold. N9 targets the extracellular EGF-like repeats (ELR) 11–13 in Notch1, and therefore serves as a competitive inhibitor for Notch ligands to decrease expression of Notch target genes. We demonstrate that N9 recognizes surface expression of Notch1 on the plasma membrane and binds preferentially to cell lines misexpressing Notch1. Although N9 was selected against Notch1, we also observe cross-reactivity against other Notch receptors, including Notch2/3. Finally, we demonstrate that N9 inhibits proliferation and generation of tumorspheres in Notch expressing cancer cell lines, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent in Notch-associated malignancies.
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21
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Imaging Translational and Post-Translational Gene Regulatory Dynamics in Living Cells with Antibody-Based Probes. Trends Genet 2017; 33:322-335. [PMID: 28359585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody derivatives, such as antibody fragments (Fabs) and single-chain variable fragments (scFvs), are now being used to image traditionally hard-to-see protein subpopulations, including nascent polypeptides being translated and post-translationally modified proteins. This has allowed researchers to directly image and quantify, for the first time, translation initiation and elongation kinetics with single-transcript resolution and the temporal ordering and kinetics of post-translational histone and RNA polymerase II modifications. Here, we review these developments and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of live-cell imaging with antibody-based probes. Further development of these probes will increase their versatility and open new avenues of research for dissecting complex gene regulatory dynamics.
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22
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Zhao N, Spencer J, Schmitt MA, Fisk JD. Hyperthermostable binding molecules on phage: Assay components for point-of-care diagnostics for active tuberculosis infection. Anal Biochem 2017; 521:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Miller EA, Traxlmayr MW, Shen J, Sikes HD. Activity-based assessment of an engineered hyperthermophilic protein as a capture agent in paper-based diagnostic tests. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2016; 1:377-381. [PMID: 28451464 PMCID: PMC5403157 DOI: 10.1039/c6me00032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have traditionally served as the affinity reagents of choice in point-of-care diagnostic biosensors. However, this class of proteins is not ideally suited for this use, being poorly characterized and prone to thermal denaturation. Here, we present an activity-based assessment of an alternative engineered binding protein in a cellulose-based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M W Traxlmayr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - H D Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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24
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Kalichuk V, Béhar G, Renodon-Cornière A, Danovski G, Obal G, Barbet J, Mouratou B, Pecorari F. The archaeal "7 kDa DNA-binding" proteins: extended characterization of an old gifted family. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37274. [PMID: 27853299 PMCID: PMC5112516 DOI: 10.1038/srep37274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The “7 kDa DNA-binding” family, also known as the Sul7d family, is composed of chromatin proteins from the Sulfolobales archaeal order. Among them, Sac7d and Sso7d have been the focus of several studies with some characterization of their properties. Here, we studied eleven other proteins alongside Sac7d and Sso7d under the same conditions. The dissociation constants of the purified proteins for binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were determined in phosphate-buffered saline at 25 °C and were in the range from 11 μM to 22 μM with a preference for G/C rich sequences. In accordance with the extremophilic origin of their hosts, the proteins were found highly stable from pH 0 to pH 12 and at temperatures from 85.5 °C to 100 °C. Thus, these results validate eight putative “7 kDa DNA-binding” family proteins and show that they behave similarly regarding both their function and their stability among various genera and species. As Sac7d and Sso7d have found numerous uses as molecular biology reagents and artificial affinity proteins, this study also sheds light on even more attractive proteins that will facilitate engineering of novel highly robust reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Kalichuk
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Béhar
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Georgi Danovski
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gonzalo Obal
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Protein Biophysics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacques Barbet
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Barbara Mouratou
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Pecorari
- CRCNA, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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