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Soffers JHM, Workman JL. The SAGA chromatin-modifying complex: the sum of its parts is greater than the whole. Genes Dev 2021; 34:1287-1303. [PMID: 33004486 PMCID: PMC7528701 DOI: 10.1101/gad.341156.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Soffers and Workman discuss the initial discovery of the canonical SAGA complex, the subsequent studies that have shaped our view on the internal organization of its subunits into modules, and the latest structural work that visualizes the modules and provides insights into their function. There are many large protein complexes involved in transcription in a chromatin context. However, recent studies on the SAGA coactivator complex are generating new paradigms for how the components of these complexes function, both independently and in concert. This review highlights the initial discovery of the canonical SAGA complex 23 years ago, our evolving understanding of its modular structure and the relevance of its modular nature for its coactivator function in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelly H M Soffers
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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Li K, Wei X, Zhang L, Chi H, Yang J. Raptor/mTORC1 Acts as a Modulatory Center to Regulate Anti-bacterial Immune Response in Rockfish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2953. [PMID: 31921198 PMCID: PMC6930152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily highly conserved atypical serine/threonine protein kinase, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. As a regulatory protein, Raptor is awfully important for the stability and function of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). However, the studies about how Raptor/mTORC1 participates in and regulates immune response in lower vertebrates are still limited. In this study, we investigated the regulation of immune response by the Raptor/mTORC1 signaling pathway in rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Sebastes schlegelii Raptor (Ss-Raptor) is a highly conserved protein during the evolution, in both primary and tertiary structure. Ss-Raptor mRNA was widely distributed in various tissues of rockfish and has a relative higher expression in spleen and blood. After infected by Micrococcus luteus or Listonella anguillarum, mRNA expression of Ss-Raptor rapidly increased within 48 h. Once Raptor/mTORC1 signaling was blocked by rapamycin, expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 was severely impaired, suggesting potential regulatory role of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling in the innate immune response of rockfish. In addition, Raptor/mTORC1 pathway participated in lymphocyte activation of rockfish through promoting 4EBP1 and S6 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling crippled the lymphocyte expansion during primary adaptive immune response, manifesting by the decrease of lymphoid organ weight and lymphocyte numbers. More importantly, inhibition of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling impaired the lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic response, and made the fish more vulnerable to the bacterial infection. Together, our results suggested that Raptor and its tightly regulated mTORC1 signaling acts as modulatory center to regulate both innate and lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response during bacterial infection. This research has shed new light on regulatory mechanism of teleost immune response, and provide helpful evidences to understand the evolution of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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