1
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Fröhlich C, Bunzel HA, Buda K, Mulholland AJ, van der Kamp MW, Johnsen PJ, Leiros HKS, Tokuriki N. Epistasis arises from shifting the rate-limiting step during enzyme evolution of a β-lactamase. Nat Catal 2024; 7:499-509. [PMID: 38828429 PMCID: PMC11136654 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-024-01117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Epistasis, the non-additive effect of mutations, can provide combinatorial improvements to enzyme activity that substantially exceed the gains from individual mutations. Yet the molecular mechanisms of epistasis remain elusive, undermining our ability to predict pathogen evolution and engineer biocatalysts. Here we reveal how directed evolution of a β-lactamase yielded highly epistatic activity enhancements. Evolution selected four mutations that increase antibiotic resistance 40-fold, despite their marginal individual effects (≤2-fold). Synergistic improvements coincided with the introduction of super-stochiometric burst kinetics, indicating that epistasis is rooted in the enzyme's conformational dynamics. Our analysis reveals that epistasis stemmed from distinct effects of each mutation on the catalytic cycle. The initial mutation increased protein flexibility and accelerated substrate binding, which is rate-limiting in the wild-type enzyme. Subsequent mutations predominantly boosted the chemical steps by fine-tuning substrate interactions. Our work identifies an overlooked cause for epistasis: changing the rate-limiting step can result in substantial synergy that boosts enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Adrian Bunzel
- Department of Biosystem Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karol Buda
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Adrian J. Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc W. van der Kamp
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pål J. Johnsen
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nobuhiko Tokuriki
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
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2
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Zhou Q, Catalán P, Bell H, Baumann P, Cooke R, Evans R, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zappalà D, Zhang Y, Blackburn GM, He Y, Jin Y. An Ion-Pair Induced Intermediate Complex Captured in Class D Carbapenemase Reveals Chloride Ion as a Janus Effector Modulating Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2339-2349. [PMID: 38161376 PMCID: PMC10755735 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales that produce oxacillinase (OXA)-48-like Class D β-lactamases are often linked to increased clinical mortality. Though the catalytic mechanism of OXA-48 is known, the molecular origin of its biphasic kinetics has been elusive. We here identify selective chloride binding rather than decarbamylation of the carbamylated lysine as the source of biphasic kinetics, utilizing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to monitor the complete reaction course with the OXA-48 variant having a chemically stable N-acetyl lysine. Further structural investigation enables us to capture an unprecedented inactive acyl intermediate wedged in place by a halide ion paired with a conserved active site arginine. Supported by mutagenesis and mathematical simulation, we identify chloride as a "Janus effector" that operates by allosteric activation of the burst phase and by inhibition of the steady state in kinetic assays of β-lactams. We show that chloride-induced biphasic kinetics directly affects antibiotic efficacy and facilitates the differentiation of clinical isolates encoding Class D from Class A and B carbapenemases. As chloride is present in laboratory and clinical procedures, our discovery greatly expands the roles of chloride in modulating enzyme catalysis and highlights its potential impact on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antibiotics during in vivo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, College of
Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Pablo Catalán
- Grupo
Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Helen Bell
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Baumann
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah Cooke
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri Evans
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, College of
Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, College of
Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Zappalà
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, College of
Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - George Michael Blackburn
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan He
- Key
Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule, College of
Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest
University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, University of
Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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3
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Smith CA, Stewart NK, Toth M, Quan P, Buynak JD, Vakulenko SB. The C5α-Methyl-Substituted Carbapenem NA-1-157 Exhibits Potent Activity against Klebsiella spp. Isolates Producing OXA-48-Type Carbapenemases. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1123-1136. [PMID: 37130087 PMCID: PMC10722881 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The wide spread of carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria has diminished the utility of the last-resort carbapenem antibiotics, significantly narrowing the available therapeutic options. In the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes many important clinical pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, production of class D β-lactamases from the OXA-48-type family constitutes the major mechanism of resistance to carbapenems. To address the public health threat posed by these enzymes, novel, effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Here, we report evaluation of a novel, C5α-methyl-substituted carbapenem, NA-1-157, and show that its MICs against bacteria producing OXA-48-type enzymes were reduced by 4- to 32-fold when compared to meropenem. When combined with commercial carbapenems, the potency of NA-1-157 was further enhanced, resulting in target potentiation concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 2 μg/mL. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the compound is poorly hydrolyzed by OXA-48, with a catalytic efficiency 30- to 50-fold lower than those of imipenem and meropenem. Acylation of OXA-48 by NA-1-157 was severely impaired, with a rate 10,000- to 36,000-fold slower when compared to the commercial carbapenems. Docking, molecular dynamics, and structural studies demonstrated that the presence of the C5α-methyl group in NA-1-157 creates steric clashes within the active site, leading to differences in the position and the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the compound, which are incompatible with efficient acylation. This study demonstrates that NA-1-157 is a promising novel carbapenem for treatment of infections caused by OXA-48-producing bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nichole K Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Pojun Quan
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - John D Buynak
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Sergei B Vakulenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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4
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Velilla JA, Kenney GE, Gaudet R. Structure and function of prodrug-activating peptidases. Biochimie 2023; 205:124-135. [PMID: 36803695 PMCID: PMC10030199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria protect themselves from the toxicity of antimicrobial metabolites they produce through several strategies. In one resistance mechanism, bacteria assemble a non-toxic precursor on an N-acyl-d-asparagine prodrug motif in the cytoplasm, then export it to the periplasm where a dedicated d-amino peptidase hydrolyzes the prodrug motif. These prodrug-activating peptidases contain an N-terminal periplasmic S12 hydrolase domain and C-terminal transmembrane domains (TMDs) of varying lengths: type I peptidases contain three transmembrane helices, and type II peptidases have an additional C-terminal ABC half-transporter. We review studies which have addressed the role of the TMD in function, the substrate specificity, and the biological assembly of ClbP, the type I peptidase that activates colibactin. We use modeling and sequence analyses to extend those insights to other prodrug-activating peptidases and ClbP-like proteins which are not part of prodrug resistance gene clusters. These ClbP-like proteins may play roles in the biosynthesis or degradation of other natural products, including antibiotics, may adopt different TMD folds, and have different substrate specificity compared to prodrug-activating homologs. Finally, we review the data supporting the long-standing hypothesis that ClbP interacts with transporters in the cell and that this association is important for the export of other natural products. Future investigations of this hypothesis as well as of the structure and function of type II peptidases will provide a complete account of the role of prodrug-activating peptidases in the activation and secretion of bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Velilla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Grace E Kenney
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 38 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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5
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Takebayashi Y, Henderson SR, Chirgadze DY, Warburton PJ, Evans BA. OXA-66 structure and oligomerisation of OXA Ab enzymes. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:acmi000412. [PMID: 36415731 PMCID: PMC9675178 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The OXA β-lactamases are responsible for hydrolysing β-lactam antibiotics and contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype of several major human pathogens. The OXAAb enzymes are intrinsic to Acinetobacter baumannii and can confer resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Here we determined the structure of the most prevalent OXAAb enzyme, OXA-66. The structure of OXA-66 was solved at a resolution of 2.1 Å and found to be very similar to the structure of OXA-51, the only other OXAAb enzyme that has had its structure solved. Our data contained one molecule per asymmetric unit, and analysis of positions responsible for dimer formation in other OXA enzymes suggest that OXA-66 likely exists as a monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuiko Takebayashi
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sara R. Henderson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Philip J. Warburton
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Benjamin A. Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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6
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Lund BA, Thomassen AM, Carlsen TJW, Leiros HKS. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of the OXA-48-like carbapenemase OXA-436. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:312-318. [PMID: 34473108 PMCID: PMC8411929 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21008645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the class D β-lactamase OXA-436 was solved to a resolution of 1.80 Å. Higher catalytic rates were found at higher temperatures for the clinically important antibiotic imipenem, indicating better adaptation of OXA-436 to its mesophilic host than OXA-48, which is believed to originate from an environmental source. Furthermore, based on the most populated conformations during 100 ns molecular-dynamics simulations, it is postulated that the modulation of activity involves conformational shifts of the α3-α4 and β5-β6 loops. While these changes overall do not cause clinically significant shifts in the resistance profile, they show that antibiotic-resistance enzymes exist in a continuum. It is believed that these seemingly neutral differences in the sequence exist on a path leading to significant changes in substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarte Aarmo Lund
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ane Molden Thomassen
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trine Josefine Warg Carlsen
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna-Kirsti Schrøder Leiros
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre (NorStruct), Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Abstract
Class D β-lactamases are composed of 14 families and the majority of the member enzymes are included in the OXA family. The genes for class D β-lactamases are frequently identified in the chromosome as an intrinsic resistance determinant in environmental bacteria and a few of these are found in mobile genetic elements carried by clinically significant pathogens. The most dominant OXA family among class D β-lactamases is superheterogeneous and the family needs to have an updated scheme for grouping OXA subfamilies through phylogenetic analysis. The OXA enzymes, even the members within a subfamily, have a diverse spectrum of resistance. Such varied activity could be derived from their active sites, which are distinct from those of the other serine β-lactamases. Their substrate profile is determined according to the size and position of the P-, Ω- and β5-β6 loops, assembling the active-site channel, which is very hydrophobic. Also, amino acid substitutions occurring in critical structures may alter the range of hydrolysed substrates and one subfamily could include members belonging to several functional groups. This review aims to describe the current class D β-lactamases including the functional groups, occurrence types (intrinsic or acquired) and substrate spectra and, focusing on the major OXA family, a new model for subfamily grouping will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Tetrapeptide Ac-HAEE-NH 2 Protects α4β2 nAChR from Inhibition by Aβ. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176272. [PMID: 32872553 PMCID: PMC7504039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may arise from selective loss of cholinergic neurons caused by the binding of Aβ peptide to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Thus, compounds preventing such an interaction are needed to address the cholinergic dysfunction. Recent findings suggest that the 11EVHH14 site in Aβ peptide mediates its interaction with α4β2 nAChR. This site contains several charged amino acid residues, hence we hypothesized that the formation of Aβ-α4β2 nAChR complex is based on the interaction of 11EVHH14 with its charge-complementary counterpart in α4β2 nAChR. Indeed, we discovered a 35HAEE38 site in α4β2 nAChR, which is charge-complementary to 11EVHH14, and molecular modeling showed that a stable Aβ42-α4β2 nAChR complex could be formed via the 11EVHH14:35HAEE38 interface. Using surface plasmon resonance and bioinformatics approaches, we further showed that a corresponding tetrapeptide Ac-HAEE-NH2 can bind to Aβ via 11EVHH14 site. Finally, using two-electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we showed that Ac-HAEE-NH2 tetrapeptide completely abolishes the Aβ42-induced inhibition of α4β2 nAChR. Thus, we suggest that 35HAEE38 is a potential binding site for Aβ on α4β2 nAChR and Ac-HAEE-NH2 tetrapeptide corresponding to this site is a potential therapeutic for the treatment of α4β2 nAChR-dependent cholinergic dysfunction in AD.
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9
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Smith CA, Stewart NK, Toth M, Vakulenko SB. Structural Insights into the Mechanism of Carbapenemase Activity of the OXA-48 β-Lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01202-19. [PMID: 31358584 PMCID: PMC6761500 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01202-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D carbapenemases (CHDLs) are enzymes that produce resistance to the last-resort carbapenem antibiotics, severely compromising the available therapeutic options for the treatment of life-threatening infections. A broad variety of CHDLs, including OXA-23, OXA-24/40, and OXA-58, circulate in Acinetobacter baumannii, while the OXA-48 CHDL is predominant in Enterobacteriaceae Extensive structural studies of A. baumannii enzymes have provided important information regarding their interactions with carbapenems and significantly contributed to the understanding of the mechanism of their carbapenemase activity. However, the interactions between carbapenems and OXA-48 have not yet been elucidated. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of the acyl-enzyme complexes of OXA-48 with four carbapenems, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem, and compared them with those of known carbapenem complexes of A. baumannii CHDLs. In the A. baumannii enzymes, acylation by carbapenems triggers significant displacement of one of two conserved hydrophobic surface residues, resulting in the formation of a channel for entry of the deacylating water into the active site. We show that such a channel preexists in apo-OXA-48 and that only minor displacement of the conserved hydrophobic surface residues occurs upon the formation of OXA-48 acyl-enzyme intermediates. We also demonstrate that the extensive hydrophobic interactions that occur between a conserved hydrophobic bridge of the A. baumannii CHDLs and the carbapenem tails are lost in OXA-48 in the absence of an equivalent bridge structure. These data highlight significant differences between the interactions of carbapenems with OXA-48 and those with A. baumannii enzymes and provide important insights into the mechanism of carbapenemase activity of the major Enterobacteriaceae CHDL, OXA-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Nichole K Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Sergei B Vakulenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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10
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Antunes VU, Llontop EE, Vasconcelos FNDC, López de Los Santos Y, Oliveira RJ, Lincopan N, Farah CS, Doucet N, Mittermaier A, Favaro DC. Importance of the β5-β6 Loop for the Structure, Catalytic Efficiency, and Stability of Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class D β-Lactamase Subfamily OXA-143. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3604-3616. [PMID: 31355630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The class D β-lactamase OXA-143 has been described as an efficient penicillinase, oxacillinase, and carbapenemase. The D224A variant, known as OXA-231, was described in 2012 as exhibiting less activity toward imipenem and increased oxacillinase activity. Additionally, the P227S mutation was reported as a case of convergent evolution for homologous enzymes. To investigate the impact of both mutations (D224A and P227S), we describe in this paper a deep investigation of the enzymatic activities of these three homologues. OXA-143(P227S) presented enhanced catalytic activity against ampicillin, oxacillins, aztreonam, and carbapenems. In addition, OXA-143(P227S) was the only member capable of hydrolyzing ceftazidime. These enhanced activities were due to a combination of a higher affinity (lower Km) and a higher turnover number (higher kcat). We also determined the crystal structure of apo OXA-231. As expected, the structure of this variant is very similar to the published OXA-143 structure, except for the two M223 conformations and the absence of electron density for three solvent-exposed loop segments. Molecular dynamics calculations showed that both mutants experience higher flexibility compared to that of the wild-type form. Therefore, our results illustrate that D224A and P227S act as deleterious and positive mutations, respectively, within the evolutionary path of the OXA-143 subfamily toward a more efficient carbapenemase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor U Antunes
- Department of Organic Chemistry , State University of Campinas , São Paulo , SP 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Edgar E Llontop
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Sao Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748 , São Paulo , SP 05508-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Yossef López de Los Santos
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec , Laval , QC H7V 1B7 , Canada
| | - Ronaldo J Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biofísica Teórica, Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e Educação , Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro , 38064-200 Uberaba , MG , Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of Sao Paulo , São Paulo , SP 05508-900 , Brazil
| | - Chuck S Farah
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Sao Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748 , São Paulo , SP 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Nicolas Doucet
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec , Laval , QC H7V 1B7 , Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Anthony Mittermaier
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0G4 , Canada.,PROTEO, the Québec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering, and Applications , Université Laval , Québec , QC G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Denize C Favaro
- Department of Organic Chemistry , State University of Campinas , São Paulo , SP 13083-970 , Brazil.,Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , QC H3A 0G4 , Canada
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