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Liu C, Yu H, Li Z, Chen S, Li X, Chen X, Chen B. The future of artificial hibernation medicine: protection of nerves and organs after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:22-28. [PMID: 37488839 PMCID: PMC10479867 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries. At present, no effective clinical treatment exists. As one of the artificial hibernation techniques, mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury. However, its technical defects and barriers, along with serious clinical side effects, restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury. Artificial hibernation is a future-oriented disruptive technology for human life support. It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons, reduce the central constant temperature setting point, disrupt the normal constant body temperature, make the body "adapt" to the external cold environment, and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation. Thus, studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology. This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies, including mild hypothermia technology, hibernation inducers, and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology. It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection. These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal cord injury through inflammatory inhibition, immunosuppression, oxidative defense, and possible central protection. It also promotes the repair and protection of respiratory and digestive, cardiovascular, locomotor, urinary, and endocrine systems. This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation. At present, artificial hibernation technology is not mature, and research faces various challenges. Nevertheless, the effort is worthwhile for the future development of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupucture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixin Yu
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupucture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengchao Li
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Shulian Chen
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuyi Chen
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupucture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Binhai New Area Hospital of TCM, Tianjin, China
- Fourth Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Tianjin, China
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Ma WX, Yuan PC, Zhang H, Kong LX, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Wang YQ, Huang ZL. Adenosine and P1 receptors: Key targets in the regulation of sleep, torpor, and hibernation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1098976. [PMID: 36969831 PMCID: PMC10036772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1098976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractAdenosine mediates sleep, torpor and hibernation through P1 receptors. Recent reasearch has shown that P1 receptors play a vital role in the regulation of sleep-wake, torpor and hibernation-like states. In this review, we focus on the roles and neurobiological mechanisms of the CNS adenosine and P1 receptors in these three states. Among them, A1 and A2A receptors are key targets for sleep-wake regulation, A1Rs and A3Rs are very important for torpor induction, and activation of A1Rs is sufficient for hibernation-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chuan Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Screening and Re-evaluation of Active Compounds of Herbal Medicines in Southern Anhui, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ling-Xi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Min Qu, ; Yi-Qun Wang, ; Zhi-Li Huang,
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Hadj-Moussa H, Hawkins LJ, Storey KB. Role of MicroRNAs in Extreme Animal Survival Strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2257:311-347. [PMID: 34432286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The critical role microRNAs play in modulating global functions is emerging, both in the maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms and in the adaptation to diverse environmental stresses. When stressed, cells must divert metabolic requirements toward immediate survival and eventual recovery and the unique features of miRNAs, such as their relatively ATP-inexpensive biogenesis costs, and the quick and reversible nature of their action, renders them excellent "master controllers" for rapid responses. Many animal survival strategies for dealing with extreme environmental pressures involve prolonged retreats into states of suspended animation to extend the time that they can survive on their limited internal fuel reserves until conditions improve. The ability to retreat into such hypometabolic states is only possible by coupling the global suppression of nonessential energy-expensive functions with an activation of prosurvival networks, a process in which miRNAs are now known to play a major role. In this chapter, we discuss the activation, expression, biogenesis, and unique attributes of miRNA regulation required to facilitate profound metabolic rate depression and implement stress-specific metabolic adaptations. We examine the role of miRNA in strategies of biochemical adaptation including mammalian hibernation, freeze tolerance, freeze avoidance, anoxia and hypoxia survival, estivation, and dehydration tolerance. By comparing these seemingly different adaptive programs in traditional and exotic animal models, we highlight both unique and conserved miRNA-meditated mechanisms for survival. Additional topics discussed include transcription factor networks, temperature dependent miRNA-targeting, and novel species-specific and stress-specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liam J Hawkins
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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MicroRNA Cues from Nature: A Roadmap to Decipher and Combat Challenges in Human Health and Disease? Cells 2021; 10:cells10123374. [PMID: 34943882 PMCID: PMC8699674 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA (18–24 nt long) that fine-tune gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. With the advent of “multi-omics” analysis and sequencing approaches, they have now been implicated in every facet of basic molecular networks, including metabolism, homeostasis, and cell survival to aid cellular machinery in adapting to changing environmental cues. Many animals must endure harsh environmental conditions in nature, including cold/freezing temperatures, oxygen limitation (anoxia/hypoxia), and food or water scarcity, often requiring them to revamp their metabolic organization, frequently on a seasonal or life stage basis. MicroRNAs are important regulatory molecules in such processes, just as they are now well-known to be involved in many human responses to stress or disease. The present review outlines the role of miRNAs in natural animal models of environmental stress and adaptation including torpor/hibernation, anoxia/hypoxia tolerance, and freeze tolerance. We also discuss putative medical applications of advances in miRNA biology including organ preservation for transplant, inflammation, ageing, metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity), mitochondrial dysfunction (mitoMirs) as well as specialized miRNA subgroups respective to low temperature (CryomiRs) and low oxygen (OxymiRs). The review also covers differential regulation of conserved and novel miRNAs involved at cell, tissue, and stress specific levels across multiple species and their roles in survival. Ultimately, the species-specific comparison and conserved miRNA responses seen in evolutionarily disparate animal species can help us to understand the complex miRNA network involved in regulating and reorganizing metabolism to achieve diverse outcomes, not just in nature, but in human health and disease.
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Singer D. Pediatric Hypothermia: An Ambiguous Issue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11484. [PMID: 34769999 PMCID: PMC8583576 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothermia in pediatrics is mainly about small body size. The key thermal factor here is the large surface-to-volume ratio. Although small mammals, including human infants and children, are adapted to higher heat losses through their elevated metabolic rate and thermogenic capacity, they are still at risk of hypothermia because of a small regulatory range and an impending metabolic exhaustion. However, some small mammalian species (hibernators) use reduced metabolic rates and lowered body temperatures as adaptations to impaired energy supply. Similar to nature, hypothermia has contradictory effects in clinical pediatrics as well: In neonates, it is a serious risk factor affecting respiratory adaptation in term and developmental outcome in preterm infants. On the other hand, it is an important self-protective response to neonatal hypoxia and an evidence-based treatment option for asphyxiated babies. In children, hypothermia first enabled the surgical repair of congenital heart defects and promotes favorable outcome after ice water drowning. Yet, it is also a major threat in various prehospital and clinical settings and has no proven therapeutic benefit in pediatric critical care. All in all, pediatric hypothermia is an ambiguous issue whose harmful or beneficial effects strongly depend on the particular circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Singer
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Nespolo RF, Mejías C, Espinoza A, Quintero-Galvis J, Rezende EL, Fontúrbel FE, Bozinovic F. Heterothermy as the Norm, Homeothermy as the Exception: Variable Torpor Patterns in the South American Marsupial Monito del Monte ( Dromiciops gliroides). Front Physiol 2021; 12:682394. [PMID: 34322034 PMCID: PMC8311349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation (i.e., multiday torpor) is considered an adaptive strategy of mammals to face seasonal environmental challenges such as food, cold, and/or water shortage. It has been considered functionally different from daily torpor, a physiological strategy to cope with unpredictable environments. However, recent studies have shown large variability in patterns of hibernation and daily torpor ("heterothermic responses"), especially in species from tropical and subtropical regions. The arboreal marsupial "monito del monte" (Dromiciops gliroides) is the last living representative of the order Microbiotheria and is known to express both short torpor episodes and also multiday torpor depending on environmental conditions. However, only limited laboratory experiments have documented these patterns in D. gliroides. Here, we combined laboratory and field experiments to characterize the heterothermic responses in this marsupial at extreme temperatures. We used intraperitoneal data loggers and simultaneous measurement of ambient and body temperatures (T A and T B, respectively) for analyzing variations in the thermal differential, in active and torpid animals. We also explored how this differential was affected by environmental variables (T A, natural photoperiod changes, food availability, and body mass changes), using mixed-effects generalized linear models. Our results suggest that: (1) individuals express short bouts of torpor, independently of T A and even during the reproductive period; (2) seasonal torpor also occurs in D. gliroides, with a maximum bout duration of 5 days and a mean defended T B of 3.6 ± 0.9°C (one individual controlled T B at 0.09°C, at sub-freezing T A); (3) the best model explaining torpor occurrence (Akaike information criteria weight = 0.59) discarded all predictor variables except for photoperiod and a photoperiod by food interaction. Altogether, these results confirm that this marsupial expresses a dynamic form of torpor that progresses from short torpor to hibernation as daylength shortens. These data add to a growing body of evidence characterizing tropical and sub-tropical heterothermy as a form of opportunistic torpor, expressed as daily or seasonal torpor depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F. Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Mejías
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Angelo Espinoza
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Julián Quintero-Galvis
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrico L. Rezende
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dou M, Lu C, Rao W. Bioinspired materials and technology for advanced cryopreservation. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:93-106. [PMID: 34238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation can help to meet the demand for biosamples of high medical value. However, it remains difficult to effectively cryopreserve some sensitive cells, tissues, and reproductive organs. A coordinated effort from the perspective of the whole frozen biological system is necessary to advance cryopreservation technology. Animals that survive in cold temperatures, such as hibernators and cold-tolerant insects, offer excellent natural models. Their anti-cold strategies, such as programmed suppression of metabolism and the synthesis of cryoprotectants (CPAs), warrant systematic study. Furthermore, the discovery and synthesis of metabolism-regulating and cryoprotective biomaterials, combined with biotechnological breakthroughs, can also promote the development of cryopreservation. Further advances in the quality and duration of biosample storage inspired by nature will promote the application of cryopreserved biosamples in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Dou
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chennan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Bertile F, Habold C, Le Maho Y, Giroud S. Body Protein Sparing in Hibernators: A Source for Biomedical Innovation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634953. [PMID: 33679446 PMCID: PMC7930392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are not only the major structural components of living cells but also ensure essential physiological functions within the organism. Any change in protein abundance and/or structure is at risk for the proper body functioning and/or survival of organisms. Death following starvation is attributed to a loss of about half of total body proteins, and body protein loss induced by muscle disuse is responsible for major metabolic disorders in immobilized patients, and sedentary or elderly people. Basic knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control proteostasis is continuously growing. Yet, finding and developing efficient treatments to limit body/muscle protein loss in humans remain a medical challenge, physical exercise and nutritional programs managing to only partially compensate for it. This is notably a major challenge for the treatment of obesity, where therapies should promote fat loss while preserving body proteins. In this context, hibernating species preserve their lean body mass, including muscles, despite total physical inactivity and low energy consumption during torpor, a state of drastic reduction in metabolic rate associated with a more or less pronounced hypothermia. The present review introduces metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, e.g., energetics, body temperature, and nutrition, of the torpor or hibernation phenotype from small to large mammals. Hibernating strategies could be linked to allometry aspects, the need for periodic rewarming from torpor, and/or the ability of animals to fast for more or less time, thus determining the capacity of individuals to save proteins. Both fat- and food-storing hibernators rely mostly on their body fat reserves during the torpid state, while minimizing body protein utilization. A number of them may also replenish lost proteins during arousals by consuming food. The review takes stock of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that promote body protein and muscle sparing during the inactive state of hibernation. Finally, the review outlines how the detailed understanding of these mechanisms at play in various hibernators is expected to provide innovative solutions to fight human muscle atrophy, to better help the management of obese patients, or to improve the ex vivo preservation of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hadj-Moussa H, Zhang J, Pifferi F, Perret M, Storey KB. Profiling torpor-responsive microRNAs in muscles of the hibernating primate Microcebus murinus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.194473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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