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Liu Q, Hong J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xia Q, Knierman MD, Lau J, Dayaratna C, Negron B, Nanda H, Gunawardena HP. Rapid identification of antibody impurities in size-based electrophoresis via CZE-MS generated spectral library. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20239. [PMID: 39215123 PMCID: PMC11364755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods for the reliable and effective detection and identification of impurities are crucial to ensure the quality and safety of biopharmaceutical products. Technical limitations constrain the accurate identification of individual impurity peaks by size-based electrophoresis separations followed by mass spectrometry. This study presents a size-based electrophoretic method for detecting and identifying impurity peaks in antibody production. A hydrogen sulfide-accelerated degradation method was employed to generate known degradation products observed in bioreactors that forms the basis for size calibration. LabChip GXII channel electrophoresis enabled the rapid (< 1 min) detection of impurity peaks based on size, while capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) facilitated their accurate identification. We combine these techniques to examine impurities resulting from cell culture harvest conditions and forced degradation to assess antibody stability. To mimic cell culture harvest conditions and the impact of forced degradation, we subjected samples to cathepsin at different pH buffers or exposed them to high pH and temperature. Our method demonstrated the feasibility and broad applicability of using a CZE-MS generated spectral library to unambiguously assign peaks in high throughput size-based electrophoresis (i.e., LabChip GXII) with identifications or likely mass of the antibody impurity. Overall, this strategy combines the utility of CZE-MS as a high-resolution separation and detection method for impurities with size-based electrophoresis methods that are typically used to detect (not identify) impurities during the discovery and development of antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- CMP Scientific Corp, 760 Parkside Ave, STE 211, Brooklyn, NY, 11226, USA
| | - Jiaying Hong
- CMP Scientific Corp, 760 Parkside Ave, STE 211, Brooklyn, NY, 11226, USA
| | - Yukun Zhang
- CMP Scientific Corp, 760 Parkside Ave, STE 211, Brooklyn, NY, 11226, USA
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- CMP Scientific Corp, 760 Parkside Ave, STE 211, Brooklyn, NY, 11226, USA
| | - Qiangwei Xia
- CMP Scientific Corp, 760 Parkside Ave, STE 211, Brooklyn, NY, 11226, USA
| | - Michael D Knierman
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, USA
| | - Jim Lau
- Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, USA
| | - Caleen Dayaratna
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Benjamin Negron
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
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Dhenin J, Lafont V, Dupré M, Krick A, Mauriac C, Chamot-Rooke J. Monitoring mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma using an automated immunocapture combined with top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300069. [PMID: 37480175 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. Once the developability of a mAb drug candidate has been assessed, an important step is to check its in vivo stability through pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. The gold standard is ligand-binding assay (LBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) performed at the peptide level (bottom-up approach). However, these analytical techniques do not allow to address the different mAb proteoforms that can arise from biotransformation. In recent years, top-down and middle-down mass spectrometry approaches have gained popularity to characterize proteins at the proteoform level but are not yet widely used for PK studies. We propose here a workflow based on an automated immunocapture followed by top-down and middle-down liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches to characterize mAb proteoforms spiked in mouse plasma. We demonstrate the applicability of our workflow on a large concentration range using pembrolizumab as a model. We also compare the performance of two state-of-the-art Orbitrap platforms (Tribrid Eclipse and Exploris 480) for these studies. The added value of our workflow for an accurate and sensitive characterization of mAb proteoforms in mouse plasma is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dhenin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- DMPK, Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology, Paris, France
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Yazdankhah M, Ghosh S, Liu H, Hose S, Zigler JS, Sinha D. Mitophagy in Astrocytes Is Required for the Health of Optic Nerve. Cells 2023; 12:2496. [PMID: 37887340 PMCID: PMC10605486 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes has been implicated in the development of various neurological disorders. Mitophagy, mitochondrial autophagy, is required for proper mitochondrial function by preventing the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. The importance of mitophagy, specifically in the astrocytes of the optic nerve (ON), has been little studied. We introduce an animal model in which two separate mutations act synergistically to produce severe ON degeneration. The first mutation is in Cryba1, which encodes βA3/A1-crystallin, a lens protein also expressed in astrocytes, where it regulates lysosomal pH. The second mutation is in Bckdk, which encodes branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, which is ubiquitously expressed in the mitochondrial matrix and involved in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids. BCKDK is essential for mitochondrial function and the amelioration of oxidative stress. Neither of the mutations in isolation has a significant effect on the ON, but animals homozygous for both mutations (DM) exhibit very serious ON degeneration. ON astrocytes from these double-mutant (DM) animals have lysosomal defects, including impaired mitophagy, and dysfunctional mitochondria. Urolithin A can rescue the mitophagy impairment in DM astrocytes and reduce ON degeneration. These data demonstrate that efficient mitophagy in astrocytes is required for ON health and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Mei R, Wan Z, Li Z, Wei M, Qin W, Yuan L, Liu L, Yang G. "All-in-One" Exosome Engineering Strategy for Effective Therapy of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50626-50636. [PMID: 36342824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes serve as a promising therapeutic nanoplatform. However, the exosomes produced by donor cells are a heterogeneous group, with only a small portion having high therapeutic efficacy. Specific isolation of the subpopulation with high efficacy is important for lowering the dose and minimizing toxicity. In this study, we loaded target mRNA and displayed specific Flag in engineered exosomes simultaneously. Briefly, the donor cells were transfected with plasmid expressing a fusion protein Flag-TCS-PTGFRN-CTSL-MCP, namely, exosome sorter. During biogenesis, the RNA-binding motif MCP can specifically bind with MS2-containing RNA and sort the target RNA into the lumen of exosomes. Anti-Flag magnetic beads can capture and thus purify the engineered exosomes via recognition of the Flag on the surface of exosomes. After purification, the Flag could be cleaved by thrombin treatment while MCP can be separated from the fusion protein by CTSL autocleavage upon exosome acidification, minimizing the side effects and augmenting the therapeutic effects. By the proof-of-concept experiment, the exosome sorter-based "all-in-one" strategy was confirmed effective in both the encapsulation of therapeutic mRNA (Ldlr-MS2) into exosomes and the subsequent purification. The purified Ldlr-MS2-containing exosomes had much higher efficacy in alleviating atherosclerosis, in comparison with the bulk exosomes, confirming the advantage of the proposed "all-in-one" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Mei
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Department of National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Diseases, Xi'an 710032, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Hematological Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Department of National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Diseases, Xi'an 710032, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Hematological Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhelong Li
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Department of National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Diseases, Xi'an 710032, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Hematological Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Department of National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Diseases, Xi'an 710032, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Hematological Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Progress and challenges in mass spectrometry-based analysis of antibody repertoires. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:463-481. [PMID: 34535228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is divided into the cellular B cell and protein-level antibody responses. High-throughput sequencing has advanced our understanding of both these fundamental aspects of B cell immunology as well as aspects pertaining to vaccine and therapeutics biotechnology. Although the protein-level serum and mucosal antibody repertoire make major contributions to humoral protection, the sequence composition and dynamics of antibody repertoires remain underexplored. This limits insight into important immunological and biotechnological parameters such as the number of antigen-specific antibodies, which are for example, relevant for pathogen neutralization, microbiota regulation, severity of autoimmunity, and therapeutic efficacy. High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) has allowed initial insights into the antibody repertoire. We outline current challenges in MS-based sequence analysis of antibody repertoires and propose strategies for their resolution.
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