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Mehta N, Bradbury H, Benzerara K. Calcium isotope fractionation by intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) forming cyanobacteria. GEOBIOLOGY 2024; 22:e12596. [PMID: 38591761 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The formation of intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) by various cyanobacteria is a widespread biomineralization process, yet its mechanism and importance in past and modern environments remain to be fully comprehended. This study explores whether calcium (Ca) isotope fractionation, linked to ACC-forming cyanobacteria, can serve as a reliable tracer for detecting these microorganisms in modern and ancient settings. Accordingly, we measured stable Ca isotope fractionation during Ca uptake by the intracellular ACC-forming cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425. Our results show that Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425 cells are enriched in lighter Ca isotopes relative to the solution. This finding is consistent with the kinetic isotope effects observed in the Ca isotope fractionation during biogenic carbonate formation by marine calcifying organisms. The Ca isotope composition of Cyanothece sp. PCC 7425 was accurately modeled using a Rayleigh fractionation model, resulting in a Ca isotope fractionation factor (Δ44Ca) equal to -0.72 ± 0.05‰. Numerical modeling suggests that Ca uptake by these cyanobacteria is primarily unidirectional, with minimal back reaction observed over the duration of the experiment. Finally, we compared our Δ44Ca values with those of other biotic and abiotic carbonates, revealing similarities with organisms that form biogenic calcite. These similarities raise questions about the effectiveness of using the Ca isotope fractionation factor as a univocal tracer of ACC-forming cyanobacteria in the environment. We propose that the use of Δ44Ca in combination with other proposed tracers of ACC-forming cyanobacteria such as Ba and Sr isotope fractionation factors and/or elevated Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios may provide a more reliable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique Des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harold Bradbury
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique Des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
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2
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Gaëtan J, Halary S, Millet M, Bernard C, Duval C, Hamlaoui S, Hecquet A, Gugger M, Marie B, Mehta N, Moreira D, Skouri-Panet F, Travert C, Duprat E, Leloup J, Benzerara K. Widespread formation of intracellular calcium carbonates by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:751-765. [PMID: 36550062 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) has been recently observed in a few cultured strains of Microcystis, a potentially toxic bloom-forming cyanobacterium found worldwide in freshwater ecosystems. If iACC-forming Microcystis are abundant within blooms, they may represent a significant amount of particulate Ca. Here, we investigate the significance of iACC biomineralization by Microcystis. First, the presence of iACC-forming Microcystis cells has been detected in several eutrophic lakes, indicating that this phenomenon occurs under environmental conditions. Second, some genotypic (presence/absence of ccyA, a marker gene of iACC biomineralization) and phenotypic (presence/absence of iACC) diversity have been detected within a collection of strains isolated from one single lake. This illustrates that this trait is frequent but also variable within Microcystis even at a single locality. Finally, one-third of publicly available genomes of Microcystis were shown to contain the ccyA gene, revealing a wide geographic and phylogenetic distribution within the genus. Overall, the present work shows that the formation of iACC by Microcystis is common under environmental conditions. While its biological function remains undetermined, this process should be further considered regarding the biology of Microcystis and implications on the Ca geochemical cycle in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Gaëtan
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7618 CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Halary
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Millet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Cécile Bernard
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Sahima Hamlaoui
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Hecquet
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7618 CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Neha Mehta
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fériel Skouri-Panet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Travert
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Elodie Duprat
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Julie Leloup
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7618 CNRS-INRA-IRD-Paris 7-UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-SU-MNHN 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
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3
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Segovia‐Campos I, Filella M, Perron K, Ariztegui D. High calcium and strontium uptake by the green microalga Tetraselmis chui is related to micropearl formation and cell growth. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:38-50. [PMID: 36151741 PMCID: PMC10103758 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strontium-rich micropearls (intracellular inclusions of amorphous calcium carbonate) have been observed in several species of green microalgae within the class Chlorodendrophyceae, suggesting the potential use of these organisms for 90 Sr bioremediation purposes. However, very little is known about the micropearl formation process and the Ca and Sr uptake dynamics of these microalgae. To better understand this phenomenon, we investigated, through laboratory cultures, the behaviour of two species within the class Chorodendrophyceae: Tetraselmis chui, forming micropearls, and T. marina, not forming micropearls. We show that T. chui growth and micropearl formation requires available Ca in the culture medium, and that the addition of dissolved Sr can partially replace the function of Ca in cells. On the other hand, T. marina can grow without added Ca and Sr, probably due to its inability to form micropearls. T. chui cells show a high Ca and Sr uptake, significantly decreasing the concentration of both elements in the culture medium. Strontium is incorporated in micropearls in a short period of time, suggesting that micropearl formation is, most likely, a fast process that only takes a few hours. In addition, we show that micropearls equally distribute between daughter cells during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karl Perron
- Microbiology UnitUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Ariztegui
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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4
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Research status and development of microbial induced calcium carbonate mineralization technology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271761. [PMID: 35867666 PMCID: PMC9334024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, biomineralization is a common phenomenon, which can be further divided into authigenic and artificially induced mineralization. In recent years, artificially induced mineralization technology has been gradually extended to major engineering fields. Therefore, by elaborating the reaction mechanism and bacteria of mineralization process, and summarized various molecular dynamics equations involved in the mineralization process, including microbial and nutrient transport equations, microbial adsorption equations, growth equations, urea hydrolysis equations, and precipitation equations. Because of the environmental adaptation stage of microorganisms in sandy soil, their reaction rate in sandy soil environment is slower than that in solution environment, the influencing factors are more different, in general, including substrate concentration, temperature, pH, particle size and grouting method. Based on the characteristics of microbial mineralization such as strong cementation ability, fast, efficient, and easy to control, there are good prospects for application in sandy soil curing, building improvement, heavy metal fixation, oil reservoir dissection, and CO2 capture. Finally, it is discussed and summarized the problems and future development directions on the road of commercialization of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation technology from laboratory to field application.
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5
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Águila B, Yanez-Montalvo A, Mercado-Juárez RA, Montejano GA, Becerra-Absalón I, Falcón LI. Microbialites show a distinct cyanobacterial phylogenetic structure and functional redundancy in Bacalar lagoon and Cenote Azul sinkhole, Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6564597. [PMID: 35388893 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial components of microbialites from two geographically close systems, the Bacalar lagoon (BL) and the Cenote Azul sinkhole (CA) in Quintana Roo, Mexico, were characterized. BL and CA systems were studied along a longitudinal gradient (north to south) and a depth gradient (5 to 30 m), respectively. Microscopic observations, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and shotgun metagenomics were used to characterize Cyanobacteria. Both systems showed similar metabolic/functional profiles but harbored completely different cyanobacterial taxa. BL was dominated by Nostocales, including a population of previously undescribed Chakia sp., while CA was dominated by an unknown taxon of Chroococcales, comprising 70% of relative abundance through all depths. Interestingly, cyanobacterial assemblages in microbialites exhibited phylogenetic overdispersion in most of the BL sites, while CA sites exhibited phylogenetic clustering, these differences were attributed to depth/light conditions and possibly different times of geological formation for BL and CA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Águila
- Instituto de Ecología, UNAM Campus Yucatán, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, 97302, México.,Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Coyoacán, CdMx 04510, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados CU, Coyoacán, CdMx 04510, México
| | - A Yanez-Montalvo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Chetumal, Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 77014, México
| | - R A Mercado-Juárez
- Instituto de Ecología, UNAM Campus Yucatán, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, 97302, México.,Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Coyoacán, CdMx 04510, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados CU, Coyoacán, CdMx 04510, México
| | - G A Montejano
- UNAM, Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Av. Universidad 3000, CdMx 04510, México
| | - I Becerra-Absalón
- UNAM, Laboratorio de Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias, Av. Universidad 3000, CdMx 04510, México
| | - L I Falcón
- Instituto de Ecología, UNAM Campus Yucatán, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Yucatán, 97302, México.,Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, Coyoacán, CdMx 04510, México
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6
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Benzerara K, Duprat E, Bitard-Feildel T, Caumes G, Cassier-Chauvat C, Chauvat F, Dezi M, Diop SI, Gaschignard G, Görgen S, Gugger M, López-García P, Millet M, Skouri-Panet F, Moreira D, Callebaut I. A New Gene Family Diagnostic for Intracellular Biomineralization of Amorphous Ca Carbonates by Cyanobacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:evac026. [PMID: 35143662 PMCID: PMC8890360 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have massively contributed to carbonate deposition over the geological history. They are traditionally thought to biomineralize CaCO3 extracellularly as an indirect byproduct of photosynthesis. However, the recent discovery of freshwater cyanobacteria-forming intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (iACC) challenges this view. Despite the geochemical interest of such a biomineralization process, its molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history remain elusive. Here, using comparative genomics, we identify a new gene (ccyA) and protein family (calcyanin) possibly associated with cyanobacterial iACC biomineralization. Proteins of the calcyanin family are composed of a conserved C-terminal domain, which likely adopts an original fold, and a variable N-terminal domain whose structure allows differentiating four major types among the 35 known calcyanin homologs. Calcyanin lacks detectable full-length homologs with known function. The overexpression of ccyA in iACC-lacking cyanobacteria resulted in an increased intracellular Ca content. Moreover, ccyA presence was correlated and/or colocalized with genes involved in Ca or HCO3- transport and homeostasis, supporting the hypothesis of a functional role of calcyanin in iACC biomineralization. Whatever its function, ccyA appears as diagnostic of intracellular calcification in cyanobacteria. By searching for ccyA in publicly available genomes, we identified 13 additional cyanobacterial strains forming iACC, as confirmed by microscopy. This extends our knowledge about the phylogenetic and environmental distribution of cyanobacterial iACC biomineralization, especially with the detection of multicellular genera as well as a marine species. Moreover, ccyA was probably present in ancient cyanobacteria, with independent losses in various lineages that resulted in a broad but patchy distribution across modern cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benzerara
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Elodie Duprat
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Tristan Bitard-Feildel
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Caumes
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Corinne Cassier-Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Franck Chauvat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Manuela Dezi
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Seydina Issa Diop
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Geoffroy Gaschignard
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Sigrid Görgen
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, France
| | - Purificación López-García
- Unité d’Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maxime Millet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - Fériel Skouri-Panet
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d’Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Callebaut
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590. Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Paris, France
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7
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Segovia-Campos I, Martignier A, Filella M, Jaquet JM, Ariztegui D. Micropearls and other intracellular inclusions of amorphous calcium carbonate: an unsuspected biomineralization capacity shared by diverse microorganisms. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:537-550. [PMID: 33817930 PMCID: PMC9292747 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unsuspected biomineralization process, which produces intracellular inclusions of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), was recently discovered in unicellular eukaryotes. These mineral inclusions, called micropearls, can be highly enriched with other alkaline‐earth metals (AEM) such as Sr and Ba. Similar intracellular inclusions of ACC have also been observed in prokaryotic organisms. These comparable biomineralization processes involving phylogenetically distant microorganisms are not entirely understood yet. This review gives a broad vision of the topic in order to establish a basis for discussion on the possible molecular processes behind the formation of the inclusions, their physiological role, the impact of these microorganisms on the geochemical cycles of AEM and their evolutionary relationship. Finally, some insights are provided to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Segovia-Campos
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Martignier
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Filella
- Department F.-A. Forel, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Jaquet
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ariztegui
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, CH-1205, Switzerland
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8
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Chuo SC, Mohamed SF, Mohd Setapar SH, Ahmad A, Jawaid M, Wani WA, Yaqoob AA, Mohamad Ibrahim MN. Insights into the Current Trends in the Utilization of Bacteria for Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214993. [PMID: 33167607 PMCID: PMC7664203 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has received great attention for its potential in construction and geotechnical applications. This technique has been used in biocementation of sand, consolidation of soil, production of self-healing concrete or mortar, and removal of heavy metal ions from water. The products of MICP often have enhanced strength, durability, and self-healing ability. Utilization of the MICP technique can also increase sustainability, especially in the construction industry where a huge portion of the materials used is not sustainable. The presence of bacteria is essential for MICP to occur. Bacteria promote the conversion of suitable compounds into carbonate ions, change the microenvironment to favor precipitation of calcium carbonate, and act as precipitation sites for calcium carbonate crystals. Many bacteria have been discovered and tested for MICP potential. This paper reviews the bacteria used for MICP in some of the most recent studies. Bacteria that can cause MICP include ureolytic bacteria, non-ureolytic bacteria, cyanobacteria, nitrate reducing bacteria, and sulfate reducing bacteria. The most studied bacterium for MICP over the years is Sporosarcina pasteurii. Other bacteria from Bacillus species are also frequently investigated. Several factors that affect MICP performance are bacterial strain, bacterial concentration, nutrient concentration, calcium source concentration, addition of other substances, and methods to distribute bacteria. Several suggestions for future studies such as CO2 sequestration through MICP, cost reduction by using plant or animal wastes as media, and genetic modification of bacteria to enhance MICP have been put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Chuong Chuo
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia;
- Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sarajul Fikri Mohamed
- Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.H.M.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +60-75535496 (S.H.M.S.); Fax: +60-75581463 (S.H.M.S.)
| | - Siti Hamidah Mohd Setapar
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia;
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.H.M.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +60-75535496 (S.H.M.S.); Fax: +60-75581463 (S.H.M.S.)
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310 UTM, Johor, Malaysia;
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.H.M.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +60-75535496 (S.H.M.S.); Fax: +60-75581463 (S.H.M.S.)
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.M.); (S.H.M.S.); (A.A.); (M.J.); Tel.: +60-75535496 (S.H.M.S.); Fax: +60-75581463 (S.H.M.S.)
| | - Waseem A. Wani
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Tral, Kashmir J&K-192123, India;
| | - Asim Ali Yaqoob
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (A.A.Y.); (M.N.M.I.)
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9
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Martignier A, De Respinis S, Filella M, Segovia-Campos I, Marin B, Günther G, Barja F, Tonolla M, Jaquet JM, Melkonian M, Ariztegui D. Biomineralization Capacities of Chlorodendrophyceae: Correlation Between Chloroplast Morphology and the Distribution of Micropearls in the Cell. Protist 2020; 171:125760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Karabourniotis G, Horner HT, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D, Liakopoulos G. New insights into the functions of carbon-calcium inclusions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:845-854. [PMID: 32583442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-calcium inclusions (CCaI) either as calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx) or amorphous calcium carbonate cystoliths are spread among most photosynthetic organisms. They represent dynamic structures with a significant construction cost and their appearance during evolution indicates an ancient origin. Both types of inclusions share some similar functional characteristics providing adaptive advantages such as the regulation of Ca levels, and the release of CO2 and water molecules upon decomposition. The latter seems to be essential under drought conditions and explains the intense occurrence of these structures in plants thriving in dry climates. It seems, however, that for plants CaOx may represent a more prevalent storage system compared with CaCO3 due to the multifunctionality of oxalate. This compound participates in a number of important soil biogeochemical processes, creates endosymbiosis with beneficial bacteria and provides tolerance against a combination of abiotic (nutrient deprivation, metal toxicity) and biotic (pathogens, herbivores) stress factors. We suggest a re-evaluation of the roles of these fascinating plant structures under a new and holistic approach that could enhance our understanding of carbon sequestration at the whole plant level and provide future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Harry T Horner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
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11
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Iniesto M, Moreira D, Reboul G, Deschamps P, Benzerara K, Bertolino P, Saghaï A, Tavera R, López-García P. Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:51-68. [PMID: 32985763 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbialites are usually carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks formed by the interplay of phylogenetically and metabolically complex microbial communities with their physicochemical environment. Yet, the biotic and abiotic determinants of microbialite formation remain poorly constrained. Here, we analysed the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities associated with microbialites occurring in several crater lakes of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt along an alkalinity gradient. Microbialite size and community structure correlated with lake physicochemical parameters, notably alkalinity. Although microbial community composition varied across lake microbialites, major taxa-associated functions appeared quite stable with both, oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and, to less extent, sulphate reduction, as major putative carbonatogenic processes. Despite interlake microbialite community differences, we identified a microbial core of 247 operational taxonomic units conserved across lake microbialites, suggesting a prominent ecological role in microbialite formation. This core mostly encompassed Cyanobacteria and their typical associated taxa (Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes) and diverse anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, notably Chloroflexi, Alphaproteobacteria (Rhodobacteriales, Rhodospirilalles), Gammaproteobacteria (Chromatiaceae) and minor proportions of Chlorobi. The conserved core represented up to 40% (relative abundance) of the total community in lakes Alchichica and Atexcac, displaying the highest alkalinities and the most conspicuous microbialites. Core microbialite communities associated with carbonatogenesis might be relevant for inorganic carbon sequestration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Iniesto
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Reboul
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Deschamps
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paola Bertolino
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien Saghaï
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosaluz Tavera
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF Mexico, Mexico
| | - Purificación López-García
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
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12
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Intracellular amorphous Ca-carbonate and magnetite biomineralization by a magnetotactic bacterium affiliated to the Alphaproteobacteria. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:1-18. [PMID: 32839547 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria synthesize a wide range of intracellular submicrometer-sized inorganic precipitates of diverse chemical compositions and structures, called biominerals. Their occurrences, functions and ultrastructures are not yet fully described despite great advances in our knowledge of microbial diversity. Here, we report bacteria inhabiting the sediments and water column of the permanently stratified ferruginous Lake Pavin, that have the peculiarity to biomineralize both intracellular magnetic particles and calcium carbonate granules. Based on an ultrastructural characterization using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), we showed that the calcium carbonate granules are amorphous and contained within membrane-delimited vesicles. Single-cell sorting, correlative fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular typing of populations inhabiting sediments affiliated these bacteria to a new genus of the Alphaproteobacteria. The partially assembled genome sequence of a representative isolate revealed an atypical structure of the magnetosome gene cluster while geochemical analyses indicate that calcium carbonate production is an active process that costs energy to the cell to maintain an environment suitable for their formation. This discovery further expands the diversity of organisms capable of intracellular Ca-carbonate biomineralization. If the role of such biomineralization is still unclear, cell behaviour suggests that it may participate to cell motility in aquatic habitats as magnetite biomineralization does.
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13
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Mansor M, Xu J. Benefits at the nanoscale: a review of nanoparticle-enabled processes favouring microbial growth and functionality. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3633-3649. [PMID: 32705763 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are ubiquitous and co-occur with microbial life in every environment on Earth. Interactions between microbes and nanoparticles impact the biogeochemical cycles via accelerating various reaction rates and enabling biological processes at the smallest scales. Distinct from microbe-mineral interactions at large, microbe-nanoparticle interactions may involve higher levels of active recognition and utilization of the reactive, changeable, and thereby 'moldable' nano-sized inorganic phases by microbes, which has been given minimal attention in previous reviews. Here we have compiled the various cases of microbe-nanoparticle interactions with clear and potential benefits to the microbial cells and communities. Specifically, we discussed (i) the high bioavailabilities of nanoparticles due to increased specific surface areas and size-dependent solubility, with a focus on environmentally-relevant iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxides and pyrite, (ii) microbial utilization of nanoparticles as 'nano-tools' for electron transfer, chemotaxis, and storage units, and (iii) speculated benefits of precipitating 'moldable' nanoparticles in extracellular biomineralization. We further discussed emergent questions concerning cellular level responses to nanoparticle-associated cues, and the factors that affect nanoparticles' bioavailabilities beyond size-dependent effects. We end the review by proposing a framework towards more quantitative approaches and by highlighting promising techniques to guide future research in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammar Mansor
- Geomicrobiology, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Geological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
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14
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De Wever A, Benzerara K, Coutaud M, Caumes G, Poinsot M, Skouri-Panet F, Laurent T, Duprat E, Gugger M. Evidence of high Ca uptake by cyanobacteria forming intracellular CaCO 3 and impact on their growth. GEOBIOLOGY 2019; 17:676-690. [PMID: 31347755 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several species of cyanobacteria biomineralizing intracellular amorphous calcium carbonates (ACC) were recently discovered. However, the mechanisms involved in this biomineralization process and the determinants discriminating species forming intracellular ACC from those not forming intracellular ACC remain unknown. Recently, it was hypothesized that the intensity of Ca uptake (i.e., how much Ca was scavenged from the extracellular solution) might be a major parameter controlling the capability of a cyanobacterium to form intracellular ACC. Here, we tested this hypothesis by systematically measuring the Ca uptake by a set of 52 cyanobacterial strains cultured in the same growth medium. The results evidenced a dichotomy among cyanobacteria regarding Ca sequestration capabilities, with all strains forming intracellular ACC incorporating significantly more calcium than strains not forming ACC. Moreover, Ca provided at a concentration of 50 μM in BG-11 was shown to be limiting for the growth of some of the strains forming intracellular ACC, suggesting an overlooked quantitative role of Ca for these strains. All cyanobacteria forming intracellular ACC contained at least one gene coding for a mechanosensitive channel, which might be involved in Ca influx, as well as at least one gene coding for a Ca2+ /H+ exchanger and membrane proteins of the UPF0016 family, which might be involved in active Ca transport either from the cytosol to the extracellular solution or the cytosol toward an intracellular compartment. Overall, massive Ca sequestration may have an indirect role by allowing the formation of intracellular ACC. The latter may be beneficial to the growth of the cells as a storage of inorganic C and/or a buffer of intracellular pH. Moreover, high Ca scavenging by cyanobacteria biomineralizing intracellular ACC, a trait shared with endolithic cyanobacteria, suggests that these cyanobacteria should be considered as potentially significant geochemical reservoirs of Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis De Wever
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Margot Coutaud
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Caumes
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Poinsot
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Fériel Skouri-Panet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Laurent
- Collection des Cyanobactéries, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Elodie Duprat
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Collection des Cyanobactéries, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
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15
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Blondeau M, Sachse M, Boulogne C, Gillet C, Guigner JM, Skouri-Panet F, Poinsot M, Ferard C, Miot J, Benzerara K. Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Granules Form Within an Intracellular Compartment in Calcifying Cyanobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1768. [PMID: 30127775 PMCID: PMC6087745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of cyanobacteria forming intracellular amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) has challenged the former paradigm suggesting that cyanobacteria-mediated carbonatogenesis was exclusively extracellular. Yet, the mechanisms of intracellular biomineralization in cyanobacteria and in particular whether this takes place within an intracellular microcompartment, remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed six cyanobacterial strains forming intracellular ACC by transmission electron microscopy. We tested two different approaches to preserve as well as possible the intracellular ACC inclusions: (i) freeze-substitution followed by epoxy embedding and room-temperature ultramicrotomy and (ii) high-pressure freezing followed by cryo-ultramicrotomy, usually referred to as cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS). We observed that the first method preserved ACC well in 500-nm-thick sections but not in 70-nm-thick sections. However, cell ultrastructures were difficult to clearly observe in the 500-nm-thick sections. In contrast, CEMOVIS provided a high preservation quality of bacterial ultrastructures, including the intracellular ACC inclusions in 50-nm-thick sections. ACC inclusions displayed different textures, suggesting varying brittleness, possibly resulting from different hydration levels. Moreover, an electron dense envelope of ∼2.5 nm was systematically observed around ACC granules in all studied cyanobacterial strains. This envelope may be composed of a protein shell or a lipid monolayer, but not a lipid bilayer as usually observed in other bacteria forming intracellular minerals. Overall, this study evidenced that ACC inclusions formed and were stabilized within a previously unidentified bacterial microcompartment in some species of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Blondeau
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Martin Sachse
- Unité Technologie et Service BioImagerie Ultrastructurale, Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claire Boulogne
- CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cynthia Gillet
- CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Michel Guigner
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fériel Skouri-Panet
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Poinsot
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Céline Ferard
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jennyfer Miot
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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16
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Wilmeth DT, Johnson HA, Stamps BW, Berelson WM, Stevenson BS, Nunn HS, Grim SL, Dillon ML, Paradis O, Corsetti FA, Spear JR. Environmental and Biological Influences on Carbonate Precipitation Within Hot Spring Microbial Mats in Little Hot Creek, CA. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1464. [PMID: 30057571 PMCID: PMC6053513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial mats are found in a variety of modern environments, with evidence for their presence as old as the Archean. There is much debate about the rates and conditions of processes that eventually lithify and preserve mats as microbialites. Here, we apply novel tracer experiments to quantify both mat biomass addition and the formation of CaCO3. Microbial mats from Little Hot Creek (LHC), California, contain calcium carbonate that formed within multiple mat layers, and thus constitute a good test case to investigate the relationship between the rate of microbial mat growth and carbonate precipitation. The laminated LHC mats were divided into four layers via color and fabric, and waters within and above the mat were collected to determine their carbonate saturation states. Samples of the microbial mat were also collected for 16S rRNA analysis of microbial communities in each layer. Rates of carbonate precipitation and carbon fixation were measured in the laboratory by incubating homogenized samples from each mat layer with δ13C-labeled HCO3- for 24 h. Comparing these rates with those from experimental controls, poisoned with NaN3 and HgCl2, allowed for differences in biogenic and abiogenic precipitation to be determined. Carbon fixation rates were highest in the top layer of the mat (0.17% new organic carbon/day), which also contained the most phototrophs. Isotope-labeled carbonate was precipitated in all four layers of living and poisoned mat samples. In the top layer, the precipitation rate in living mat samples was negligible although abiotic precipitation occurred. In contrast, the bottom three layers exhibited biologically enhanced carbonate precipitation. The lack of correlation between rates of carbon fixation and biogenic carbonate precipitation suggests that processes other than autotrophy may play more significant roles in the preservation of mats as microbialites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Wilmeth
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hope A. Johnson
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States
| | - Blake W. Stamps
- Geo- Environmental- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - William M. Berelson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bradley S. Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Heather S. Nunn
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Sharon L. Grim
- Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan L. Dillon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Paradis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Frank A. Corsetti
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John R. Spear
- Geo- Environmental- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
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