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Sackville MA, Gillis JA, Brauner CJ. The origins of gas exchange and ion regulation in fish gills: evidence from structure and function. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01545-5. [PMID: 38530435 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Gill function in gas exchange and ion regulation has played key roles in the evolution of fishes. In this review, we summarize data from the fields of palaeontology, developmental biology and comparative physiology for when and how the gills first acquired these functions. Data from across disciplines strongly supports a stem vertebrate origin for gas exchange structures and function at the gills with the emergence of larger, more active fishes. However, the recent discovery of putative ionocytes in extant cephalochordates and hemichordates suggests that ion regulation at gills might have originated much earlier than gas exchange, perhaps in the ciliated pharyngeal arches in the last common ancestor of deuterostomes. We hypothesize that the ancestral form of ion regulation served a filter-feeding function in the ciliated pharyngeal arches, and was later coopted in vertebrates to regulate extracellular ion and acid-base balance. We propose that future research should explore ionocyte homology and function across extant deuterostomes to test this hypothesis and others in order to determine the ancestral origins of ion regulation in fish gills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Bay Paul Centre, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Azcárate-García T, Avila C, Figuerola B. Skeletal Mg content in common echinoderm species from Deception and Livingston Islands (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) in the context of global change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115956. [PMID: 38154175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms with high levels of magnesium (Mg) in their skeletons may be especially sensitive to ocean acidification, as the solubility of calcite increases with its Mg content. However, other structural characteristics and environmental/biological factors may affect skeletal solubility. To better understand which factors can influence skeletal mineralogy, we analyzed the Mg content of Antarctic echinoderms from Deception Island, an active volcano with reduced pH and relatively warm water temperatures, and Livingston Island. We found significant interclass and inter- and intraspecific differences in the Mg content, with asteroids exhibiting the highest levels, followed by ophiuroids and echinoids. Specimens exposed to hydrothermal fluids showed lower Mg levels, which may indicate local environmental effects. These patterns suggest that environmental factors such as seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and temperature may influence the Mg content of some echinoderms and affect their susceptibility to future environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Azcárate-García
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Blanca Figuerola
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
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3
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Jacobs HT, Ballard JWO. What physiological role(s) does the alternative oxidase perform in animals? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148556. [PMID: 35367450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the alternative oxidase, AOX, was known to be widespread in the animal kingdom by 2004, its exact physiological role in animals remains poorly understood. Here we present what evidence has accumulated thus far, indicating that it may play a role in enabling animals to resist various kinds of stress, including toxins, abnormal oxygen or nutrient levels, protein unfolding, dessication and pathogen attack. Much of our knowledge comes from studies in model organisms, where any benefits from exogenously expressed AOX may be masked by its unregulated expression, which may itself be stressful. The further question arises as to why AOX has been lost from some major crown groups, namely vertebrates, insects and cephalopods, if it plays important roles favouring the survival of other animals. We conclude by presenting some speculative ideas addressing this question, and an outline of how it might be approached experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland; Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
| | - J William O Ballard
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Cui D, Liu L, Zhao T, Zhan Y, Song J, Zhang W, Yin D, Chang Y. Responses of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) with different sexes to CO 2-induced seawater acidification: Histology, physiology, and metabolomics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113606. [PMID: 35378459 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Responses of different sexes of farmed Strongylocentrotus intermedius to chronic CO2-induced seawater acidification were investigated in 120-day lab-based experiments. Four experimental groups were set up as one control group and three seawater acidification groups. The results showed that 1) Specific growth rate and the numbers of mature gamete cells declined in a pH-dependent way in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. 2) There were differences in SDMs identified in females and males reared in acidified seawater reflecting sex-specific response variation in adult S. intermedius. 3) The number of altered metabolic pathways exhibited a linear increasing trend as seawater pH declined in both sexes of adult S. intermedius. Meanwhile seawater acidification might affect metabolic processes via changing the relative expression and activity of key enzymes controlling the corresponding metabolic pathways of adult S. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China; College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Tanjun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Donghong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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5
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Di Giglio S, Agüera A, Pernet P, M'Zoudi S, Angulo-Preckler C, Avila C, Dubois P. Effects of ocean acidification on acid-base physiology, skeleton properties, and metal contamination in two echinoderms from vent sites in Deception Island, Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142669. [PMID: 33268256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic surface waters are expected to be the first to experience severe ocean acidification (OA) with carbonate undersaturation and large decreases in pH forecasted before the end of this century. Due to the long stability in environmental conditions and the relatively low daily and seasonal variations to which they are exposed, Antarctic marine organisms, especially those with a supposedly poor machinery to eliminate CO2 and protons and with a heavily calcified skeleton like echinoderms, are hypothesized as highly vulnerable to these environmental shifts. The opportunities offered by the natural pH gradient generated by vent activities in Deception Island caldera, Western Antarctic Peninsula, were used to investigate for the first time the acid-base physiologies, the impact of OA on the skeleton and the impact of pH on metal accumulation in the Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus and sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. The two species were sampled in four stations within the caldera, two at pH (total scale) 8.0-8.1 and two at reduced pH 7.8. Measured variables were pH, alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon of the coelomic fluid; characteristic fracture force, stress and Young's modulus using Weibull statistics and Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn concentrations in the integument, gonads and digestive system. Recorded acid-base characteristics of both studied species fit in the general picture deduced from temperate and tropical sea stars and sea urchins but conditions and possibly confounding factors, principally food availability and quality, in the studied stations prevented definitive conclusions. Reduced seawater pH 7.8 and metals had almost no impact on the skeleton mechanical properties of the two investigated species despite very high Cd concentrations in O. validus integument. Reduced pH was correlated to increased contamination by most metals but this relation was weak. Translocation and caging experiments taking into account food parameters are proposed to better understand future processes linked to ocean acidification and metal contamination in Antarctic echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Di Giglio
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/15, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - A Agüera
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/15, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; Institute of Marine Research in Norway, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392, Norway
| | - Ph Pernet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/15, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S M'Zoudi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/15, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - C Angulo-Preckler
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - C Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ph Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/15, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Feeding in spatangoids: the case of Abatus Cordatus in the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean). Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Li Y, Yin W, Zhan Y, Jia Y, Cui D, Zhang W, Chang Y. Comparative metabolome analysis provides new insights into increased larval mortality under seawater acidification in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141206. [PMID: 32777501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mortality and metabolic responses of four-armed larvae of Strongylocentrotus intermedius under CO2-induced seawater acidification were investigated. Gametes of S. intermedius were fertilized and developed to the four-armed larval stage in either current natural seawater pH levels (as Control; pH = 7.99 ± 0.01) or laboratory-controlled acidified conditions (OA1: ΔpH = -0.3 units; OA2: ΔpH = -0.4 units; OA3: ΔpH = -0.5 units) according to the predictions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The degrees of spicule exposure and asymmetry and mortality of four-armed larvae of S. intermedius were observed; each had a significant linearly increasing trend as the seawater pH level decreased. Comparative metabolome analysis identified a total of 87 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (SDMs, UP: 57, DOWN: 30) in OA-treated groups compared with the control group. Twenty-three SDMs, including carnitine, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:3, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE) 16:1, glutathione (GSH) and L-ascorbate, exhibited a linear increasing trend with decreasing seawater pH. Nine SDMs exhibited a linear decreasing trend as the seawater pH declined, including hypoxanthine, guanine and thymidine. Among all SDMs, we further mined 48 potential metabolite biomarkers responding to seawater acidification in four-armed larvae of S. intermedius. These potential metabolite biomarkers were mainly enriched in five pathways: glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). Our results will enrich our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms employed by sea urchins in response to CO2-induced seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Wenlu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
| | - Yujie Jia
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Dongyao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Yaqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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Abstract
Much recent marine research has been directed towards understanding the effects of anthropogenic-induced environmental change on marine biodiversity, particularly for those animals with heavily calcified exoskeletons, such as corals, molluscs and urchins. This is because life in our oceans is becoming more challenging for these animals with changes in temperature, pH and salinity. In the future, it will be more energetically expensive to make marine skeletons and the increasingly corrosive conditions in seawater are expected to result in the dissolution of these external skeletons. However, initial predictions of wide-scale sensitivity are changing as we understand more about the mechanisms underpinning skeletal production (biomineralization). These studies demonstrate the complexity of calcification pathways and the cellular responses of animals to these altered conditions. Factors including parental conditioning, phenotypic plasticity and epigenetics can significantly impact the production of skeletons and thus future population success. This understanding is paralleled by an increase in our knowledge of the genes and proteins involved in biomineralization, particularly in some phyla, such as urchins, molluscs and corals. This Review will provide a broad overview of our current understanding of the factors affecting skeletal production in marine invertebrates. It will focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning biomineralization and how knowledge of these processes affects experimental design and our ability to predict responses to climate change. Understanding marine biomineralization has many tangible benefits in our changing world, including improvements in conservation and aquaculture and exploitation of natural calcified structure design using biomimicry approaches that are aimed at producing novel biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
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9
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Hancock AM, King CK, Stark JS, McMinn A, Davidson AT. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4495-4514. [PMID: 32489613 PMCID: PMC7246202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Ocean waters are among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification. The projected increase in the CO2 level will cause changes in carbonate chemistry that are likely to be damaging to organisms inhabiting these waters. A meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the vulnerability of Antarctic marine biota occupying waters south of 60°S to ocean acidification. This meta-analysis showed that ocean acidification negatively affects autotrophic organisms, mainly phytoplankton, at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm and invertebrates above 1,500 μatm, but positively affects bacterial abundance. The sensitivity of phytoplankton to ocean acidification was influenced by the experimental procedure used. Natural, mixed communities were more sensitive than single species in culture and showed a decline in chlorophyll a concentration, productivity, and photosynthetic health, as well as a shift in community composition at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm. Invertebrates showed reduced fertilization rates and increased occurrence of larval abnormalities, as well as decreased calcification rates and increased shell dissolution with any increase in CO2 level above 1,500 μatm. Assessment of the vulnerability of fish and macroalgae to ocean acidification was limited by the number of studies available. Overall, this analysis indicates that many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean are likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification and thereby likely to change their contribution to ecosystem services in the future. Further studies are required to address the poor spatial coverage, lack of community or ecosystem-level studies, and the largely unknown potential for organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to the changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M. Hancock
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | | | | | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | - Andrew T. Davidson
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTASAustralia
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Dell'Acqua O, Trębala M, Chiantore M, Hannula SP. Robustness of Adamussium colbecki shell to ocean acidification in a short-term exposure. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 149:90-99. [PMID: 31254931 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pCO2 has increased since the industrial revolution leading to a lowering of the ocean surface water pH, a phenomenon called ocean acidification (OA). OA is claimed to be a major threat for marine organisms and ecosystems and, particularly, for Polar regions. We explored the impact of OA on the shell mechanical properties of the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki exposed for one month to acidified (pH 7.6) and natural conditions (unmanipulated littoral water), by performing Scanning Electron Microscopy, nanoindentation and Vickers indentation on the scallop shell. No effect of pH could be detected either in crystal deposition or in the mechanical properties. A. colbecki shell was found to be resistant to OA, which suggests this species to be able to face a climate change scenario that may threat the persistence of the endemic Antarctic species. Further investigation should be carried out in order to elucidate the destiny of this key species in light of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Dell'Acqua
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Michal Trębala
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Simo-Pekka Hannula
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
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Dell'Acqua O, Ferrando S, Chiantore M, Asnaghi V. The impact of ocean acidification on the gonads of three key Antarctic benthic macroinvertebrates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:19-29. [PMID: 30818112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
CO2 atmospheric pressure is increasing since industrial revolution, leading to a lowering of the ocean surface water pH, a phenomenon known as ocean acidification, with several reported effects on individual species and cascading effects on marine ecosystems. Despite the great amount of literature on ocean acidification effects on calcifying organisms, the response of their reproductive system still remains poorly known. In the present study, we investigated the histopathological effects of low pH on the gonads of three key macroinvertebrates of the Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) littoral area: the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, the sea star Odontaster validus and the scallop Adamussium colbecki. After 1 month of exposure at control (8.12) and reduced (7.8 and 7.6) pH levels, we dissected the gonads and performed histological analyses to detect potential differences among treatments. Results showed significant effects on reproductive conditions of A. colbecki and S. neumayeri, while O. validus did not show any kind of alteration. Present results reinforce the need to focus on ocean acidification effects on soft tissues, particularly the gonads, whose damage may exert large effects on the individual fitness, with cascading effects on the population dynamic of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Dell'Acqua
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Chiantore
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Valentina Asnaghi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DiSTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy.
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12
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Guscelli E, Spicer JI, Calosi P. The importance of inter-individual variation in predicting species' responses to global change drivers. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4327-4339. [PMID: 31031908 PMCID: PMC6476784 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variation in phenotypic traits has long been considered as "noise" rather than meaningful phenotypic variation, with biological studies almost exclusively generating and reporting average responses for populations and species' average responses. Here, we compare the use of an individual approach in the investigation of extracellular acid-base regulation by the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus challenged with elevated pCO2 and temperature conditions, with a more traditional approach which generates and formally compares mean values. We detected a high level of inter-individual variation in acid-base regulation parameters both within and between treatments. Comparing individual and mean values for the first (apparent) dissociation constant of the coelomic fluid for individual sea urchins resulted in substantially different (calculated) acid-base parameters, and models with stronger statistical support. While the approach using means showed that coelomic pCO2 was influenced by seawater pCO2 and temperature combined, the individual approach indicated that it was in fact seawater temperature in isolation that had a significant effect on coelomic pCO2. On the other hand, coelomic [HCO3 -] appeared to be primarily affected by seawater pCO2, and less by seawater temperature, irrespective of the approach adopted. As a consequence, we suggest that individual variation in physiological traits needs to be considered, and where appropriate taken into account, in global change biology studies. It could be argued that an approach reliant on mean values is a "procedural error." It produces an artefact, that is, a population's mean phenotype. While this may allow us to conduct relatively simple statistical analyses, it will not in all cases reflect, or take into account, the degree of (physiological) diversity present in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Guscelli
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et GéographieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQuébecCanada
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - John I. Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et GéographieUniversité du Québec à RimouskiRimouskiQuébecCanada
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
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13
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Jiang Z, Wang X, Rastrick SPS, Fang J, Du M, Gao Y, Li F, Strand Ø, Fang J. Metabolic responses to elevated pCO 2 in the gills of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) using a GC-TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 29:330-338. [PMID: 30682655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from anthropogenic emissions, are resulting in increasing absorption of CO2 by the oceans, leading to a decline in oceanic pH in a process known as ocean acidification (OA). There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the potential effect of OA on the energetics/physiology and consequently life-history traits of commensally important marine organisms. However, despite this little is known of how fundamental metabolic pathways that underpin changes in organismal physiology are affected by OA. Consequently, a gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) based metabolic profiling approach was applied to examine the metabolic responses of Crassostrea gigas to elevated pCO2 levels, under otherwise natural field conditions. Oysters were exposed natural environmental pCO2 (~625.40 μatm) and elevated pCO2 (~1432.94 μatm) levels for 30 days. Results indicated that 36 differential metabolites were identified. Differential metabolites were mapped in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database to search for the related metabolic pathways. Pathway enrichment analysis indicates that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism were the most statistically enriched pathways. Further analysis suggested that elevated pCO2 disturb the TCA cycle via succinate accumulation and C. gigas most likely adjust their energy metabolic via alanine and GABA accumulation accordingly to cope with elevated pCO2. These findings provide an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating C. gigas metabolism under elevated pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | | | - Jinghui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meirong Du
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fengxue Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, China
| | - Øivind Strand
- Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 1870 Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jianguang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Dery A, Tran PD, Compère P, Dubois P. Cidaroids spines facing ocean acidification. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 138:9-18. [PMID: 29625789 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When facing seawater undersaturated towards calcium carbonates, spines of classical sea urchins (euechinoids) show traces of corrosion although they are covered by an epidermis. Cidaroids (a sister clade of euechinoids) are provided with mature spines devoid of epidermis, which makes them, at first sight, more sensitive to dissolution when facing undersaturated seawater. A recent study showed that spines of a tropical cidaroid are resistant to dissolution due to the high density and the low magnesium concentration of the peculiar external spine layer, the cortex. The biofilm and epibionts covering the spines was also suggested to take part in the spine protection. Here, we investigate the protective role of these factors in different cidaroid species from a broad range of latitude, temperature and depth. The high density of the cortical layer and the cover of biofilm and epibionts were confirmed as key protection against dissolution. The low magnesium concentration of cidaroid spines compared to that of euechinoid ones makes them less soluble in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dery
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Phuong Dat Tran
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Compère
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Morphologie ultrastructurale, allée du 6 Août 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Guillaumot C, Fabri‐Ruiz S, Martin A, Eléaume M, Danis B, Féral J, Saucède T. Benthic species of the Kerguelen Plateau show contrasting distribution shifts in response to environmental changes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6210-6225. [PMID: 29988407 PMCID: PMC6024116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine life of the Southern Ocean has been facing environmental changes and the direct impact of human activities during the past decades. Benthic communities have particularly been affected by such changes although we only slowly understand the effect of environmental changes on species physiology, biogeography, and distribution. Species distribution models (SDM) can help explore species geographic responses to main environmental changes. In this work, we modeled the distribution of four echinoid species with contrasting ecological niches. Models developed for [2005-2012] were projected to different time periods, and the magnitude of distribution range shifts was assessed for recent-past conditions [1955-1974] and for the future, under scenario RCP 8.5 for [2050-2099]. Our results suggest that species distribution shifts are expected to be more important in a near future compared to the past. The geographic response of species may vary between poleward shift, latitudinal reduction, and local extinction. Species with broad ecological niches and not limited by biogeographic barriers would be the least affected by environmental changes, in contrast to endemic species, restricted to coastal areas, which are predicted to be more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Guillaumot
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Salomé Fabri‐Ruiz
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Alexis Martin
- Département Adaptation du VivantMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR BOREA 7208ParisFrance
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Département Origine et ÉvolutionMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR ISYEB 7205ParisFrance
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Thomas Saucède
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
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16
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Dery A, Collard M, Dubois P. Ocean Acidification Reduces Spine Mechanical Strength in Euechinoid but Not in Cidaroid Sea Urchins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3640-3648. [PMID: 28267915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms are considered particularly sensitive to ocean acidification (OA) as their skeleton is made of high-magnesium calcite, one of the most soluble forms of calcium carbonate. Recent studies have investigated effects of OA on the skeleton of "classical" sea urchins (euechinoids), but the impact of etching on skeleton mechanical properties is almost unknown. Furthermore, the integrity of the skeleton of cidaroids has never been assessed, although their extracellular fluid is under-saturated with respect to their skeleton, and the skeleton of their primary spines is in direct contact with seawater. In this study, we compared the dissolution of test plates and spines as well as the spine mechanical properties (two-points bending tests) in a cidaroid (Eucidaris tribuloides) and a euechinoid (Tripneustes ventricosus) submitted to a 5 week acidification experiment (pHT of 8.1, 7.7, and 7.4). Test plates of both species were not affected by dissolution. The spines of E. tribuloides showed no mechanical effects at pHSW-T 7.4 despite having traces of corrosion on secondary spines. On the contrary, spines of the T. ventricosus were significantly etched at both pHSW-T 7.7 and 7.4 and their fracture force reduced by 16 to 35%, respectively. This increased brittleness is probably of little significance with regards to predation protection but has consequences in terms of energy allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Dery
- Université Libre de Bruxelles , Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP 160/15 1050, Bruxelles, France
| | - Marie Collard
- Université Libre de Bruxelles , Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP 160/15 1050, Bruxelles, France
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Université Libre de Bruxelles , Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP 160/15 1050, Bruxelles, France
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17
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Benedetti M, Lanzoni I, Nardi A, d'Errico G, Di Carlo M, Fattorini D, Nigro M, Regoli F. Oxidative responsiveness to multiple stressors in the key Antarctic species, Adamussium colbecki: Interactions between temperature, acidification and cadmium exposure. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 121:20-30. [PMID: 27085201 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-latitude marine ecosystems are ranked to be among the most sensitive regions to climate change since highly stenothermal and specially adapted organisms might be seriously affected by global warming and ocean acidification. The present investigation was aimed to provide new insights on the sensitivity to such environmental stressors in the key Antarctic species, Adamussium colbecki, focussing also on their synergistic effects with cadmium exposure, naturally abundant in this area for upwelling phenomena. Scallops were exposed for 2 weeks to various combinations of Cd (0 and 40 μgL-1), pH (8.05 and 7.60) and temperature (-1 and +1 °C). Beside Cd bioaccumulation, a wide panel of early warning biomarkers were analysed in digestive glands and gills including levels of metallothioneins, individual antioxidants and total oxyradical scavenging capacity, onset of oxidative cell damage like lipid peroxidation, lysosomal stability, DNA integrity and peroxisomal proliferation. Results indicated reciprocal interactions between multiple stressors and their elaboration by a quantitative hazard model based on the relevance and magnitude of effects, highlighted a different sensitivity of analysed tissues. Due to cellular adaptations to high basal Cd content, digestive gland appeared more tolerant toward other prooxidant stressors, but sensitive to variations of the metal. On the other hand, gills were more affected by various combinations of stressors occurring at higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lanzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Errico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Nigro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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18
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Morley SA, Suckling CC, Clark MS, Cross EL, Peck LS. Long-term effects of altered pH and temperature on the feeding energetics of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2016.1174956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Morley
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Coleen C. Suckling
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma L. Cross
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lloyd S. Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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19
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High environmental variability and steep biological gradients in the waters off the northern Antarctic Peninsula: Polarstern expedition PS81 (ANT-XXIX/3). Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Carey N, Harianto J, Byrne M. Urchins in a high CO2 world: partitioned effects of body-size, ocean warming and acidification on metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1178-86. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Body-size and temperature are the major factors explaining metabolic rate, and the additional factor of pH is a major driver at the biochemical level. These three factors have frequently been found to interact, complicating the formulation of broad models predicting metabolic rates and hence ecological functioning. In this first study of the effects of warming and ocean acidification, and their potential interaction, on metabolic rate across a broad body-size range (two-to-three orders of magnitude difference in body mass) we addressed the impact of climate change on the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma in context with climate projections for east Australia, an ocean warming hotspot. Urchins were gradually introduced to two temperatures (18 and 23 °C) and two pH (7.5 and 8.0), and maintained for two months. That a new physiological steady-state had been reached, otherwise know as acclimation, was validated through identical experimental trials separated by several weeks. The relationship between body-size, temperature and acidification on the metabolic rate of H. erythrogramma was strikingly stable. Both stressors caused increases in metabolic rate; 20% for temperature and 19% for pH. Combined effects were additive; a 44% increase in metabolism. Body-size had a highly stable relationship with metabolic rate regardless of temperature or pH. None of these diverse drivers of metabolism interacted or modulated the effects of the others, highlighting the partitioned nature of how each influences metabolic rate, and the importance of achieving a full acclimation state. Despite these increases in energetic demand there was very limited capacity for compensatory modulating of feeding rate; food consumption increased only in the very smallest specimens, and only in response to temperature, and not pH. Our data show that warming, acidification and body-size all substantially affect metabolism and are highly consistent and partitioned in their effects, and for H. erythrogramma near-future climate change will incur a substantial energetic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Carey
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Januar Harianto
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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