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Azcárate-García T, Avila C, Figuerola B. Skeletal Mg content in common echinoderm species from Deception and Livingston Islands (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) in the context of global change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115956. [PMID: 38154175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderms with high levels of magnesium (Mg) in their skeletons may be especially sensitive to ocean acidification, as the solubility of calcite increases with its Mg content. However, other structural characteristics and environmental/biological factors may affect skeletal solubility. To better understand which factors can influence skeletal mineralogy, we analyzed the Mg content of Antarctic echinoderms from Deception Island, an active volcano with reduced pH and relatively warm water temperatures, and Livingston Island. We found significant interclass and inter- and intraspecific differences in the Mg content, with asteroids exhibiting the highest levels, followed by ophiuroids and echinoids. Specimens exposed to hydrothermal fluids showed lower Mg levels, which may indicate local environmental effects. These patterns suggest that environmental factors such as seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and temperature may influence the Mg content of some echinoderms and affect their susceptibility to future environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Azcárate-García
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Blanca Figuerola
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
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2
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Dahlke F, Puvanendran V, Mortensen A, Pörtner HO, Storch D. Broodstock exposure to warming and elevated pCO 2 impairs gamete quality and narrows the temperature window of fertilisation in Atlantic cod. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:822-833. [PMID: 35737847 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of global warming and CO2 -related ocean acidification (OA) on fish reproduction may include chronic effects on gametogenesis and gamete quality, as well as acute effects on external fertilisation. Here, temperature thresholds and OA-sensitivity of gametogenesis and fertilisation were investigated in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Three broodstock groups of farmed cod (FC 1-3) were exposed for 3 months to three maturation conditions (FC 1: control, 6°C/400 μatm CO2 ; FC 2: warming, 9.5°C/400 μatm; FC 3: warming and OA, 9.5°C/1100 μatm). In addition, a broodstock group of wild cod (WC) was kept at control conditions to compare the acute temperature window of fertilisation with that of farmed cod (FC 1). Fertilisations were conducted in a temperature-gradient table at 10 temperatures (between -1.5 and 12°C) and two CO2 levels (400/1100 μatm). In FC 1 and WC, fertilisation success was relatively high between 0.5°C and 11°C (TRange of c. 10.5°C), indicating similar gamete quality in farmed and wild broodstocks kept at control conditions. Exposure of farmed broodstocks to warming (FC 2) and the combination of warming and OA (FC 3) impaired gamete quality, causing a reduction in fertilisation success of -20% (FC 2) and - 42% (FC 3) compared to FC 1. The acute temperature window of fertilisation narrowed from FC 1 (TRange = 10.4°C) to FC 2 (TRange = 8.8°C) and FC 3 (TRange = 5.9°C). Acute effects of CO2 on fertilisation success were not significant. This study demonstrates potential climate change impacts on gametogenesis and fertilisation in Atlantic cod, suggesting the loss of spawning habitat in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dahlke
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Daniela Storch
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
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3
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Foo SA, Munari M, Gambi MC, Byrne M. Acclimation to low pH does not affect the thermal tolerance of Arbacia lixula progeny. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220087. [PMID: 35642383 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the ocean warms, the thermal tolerance of marine invertebrates is key to determining their distributional change, where acclimation to low pH may impact the thermal range of optimal development. We compared thermal tolerance of progeny from a low pH-acclimated sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) population from the CO2 vents of Ischia (Italy) and a nearby population living at ambient pH. The percentages of normally developing gastrulae and two-armed larvae were determined across 10 temperatures representing present and future temperature conditions (16-34°C). Vent-acclimated sea urchins showed a greater percentage of normal development at 24 h, with a larger optimal developmental temperature range than control sea urchins (12.3°C versus 5.4°C range, respectively). At 48 h, upper lethal temperatures for 50% survival with respect to ambient temperatures were similar between control (+6.8°C) and vent (+6.2°C) populations. Thus, acclimation to low pH did not impact the broad thermal tolerance of A. lixula progeny. With A. lixula's barrens-forming abilities, its wide thermotolerance and its capacity to acclimate to low pH, this species will continue to be an important ecological engineer in Mediterranean macroalgal ecosystems in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna A Foo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marco Munari
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Ischia Marine Center, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, National Institute of Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Punta San Pietro, Ischia, Naples 80077, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Gambi
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, OGS, Trieste, 34010, Italy
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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4
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Richardson CR, Burritt DJ, Allan BJM, Lamare MD. Microplastic ingestion induces asymmetry and oxidative stress in larvae of the sea urchin Pseudechinus huttoni. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112369. [PMID: 33932840 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Determining the effects of microplastic (MP) ingestion by marine organisms, especially during the sensitive larval stages, is an important step in understanding wider ecosystem responses. We investigated the ingestion, retention (1-5 μm), and short-term exposure effects (1-4 μm) of spherical MPs by larvae of the sea urchin Pseudechinus huttoni. Larvae ingested MPs in a dose-dependent manner and successfully egested particles after a short retention period. Survival was not significantly affected by exposure to MPs over the 10-day experimental period, however, a teratogenic response in terms of delayed development resulted in an increase of larval arm asymmetry. Additionally, MP exposure resulted in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in larval body tissue despite a significant upregulation of antioxidant defences. The findings indicate MP exposure may impair cellular function, leading to negative consequences for an organism's fitness and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
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5
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Wehi PM, Scott NJ, Beckwith J, Rodgers RP, Gillies T, Van Uitregt V, Watene K. A short scan of Māori journeys to Antarctica. J R Soc N Z 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2021.1917633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel J. Scott
- Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Te Whare o Te Waipounamu, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Rata Pryor Rodgers
- Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Te Whare o Te Waipounamu, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tasman Gillies
- Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Te Whare o Te Waipounamu, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Krushil Watene
- School of Humanities, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Holland O, Shaw J, Stark JS, Wilson KA. Hull fouling marine invasive species pose a very low, but plausible, risk of introduction to East Antarctica in climate change scenarios. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oakes Holland
- Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Justine Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division Kingston TAS Australia
| | | | - Kerrie A. Wilson
- Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
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7
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Gall ML, Holmes SP, Campbell H, Byrne M. Effects of marine heatwave conditions across the metamorphic transition to the juvenile sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111914. [PMID: 33385800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For short development species, like the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma, the entire planktonic duration can be impacted by marine heatwaves (MHW). Developmental thermal tolerance of this species through metamorphosis was investigated over a broad range (7.6-28.0 °C), including temperatures across its distribution and MHW conditions. In controls (19.5-21.0 °C), 80% of individuals developed to metamorphosis at day 5, doubling to 10 days at 14.0 °C. The thermal range (14.4-21.2 °C) of metamorphosis on day 7 reflected the realised thermal niche with 25.9 °C the upper temperature for success (T40). By day 10, juvenile tolerance narrowed to the local range (16.2-19.0 °C), similar to levels tolerated by adults, indicating negative carryover effects across the metamorphic transition. Without phenotypic adjustment or adaptation, regional warming will be detrimental, although populations may be sustained by thermotolerant offspring. Our results show the importance of the metamorphic transition in understanding the cumulative sensitivity of species to MHW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailie L Gall
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Sebastian P Holmes
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Hamish Campbell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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8
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Rebolledo AP, Sgrò CM, Monro K. Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits and breadth in early life. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb233254. [PMID: 33071221 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding thermal performance at life stages that limit persistence is necessary to predict responses to climate change, especially for ectotherms whose fitness (survival and reproduction) depends on environmental temperature. Ectotherms often undergo stage-specific changes in size, complexity and duration that are predicted to modify thermal performance. Yet performance is mostly explored for adults, while performance at earlier stages that typically limit persistence remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally isolate thermal performance curves at fertilization, embryo development and larval development stages in an aquatic ectotherm whose early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos and larvae) govern adult abundances and dynamics. Unlike previous studies based on short-term exposures, responses with unclear links to fitness or proxies in lieu of explicit curve descriptors (thermal optima, limits and breadth), we measured performance as successful completion of each stage after exposure throughout, and at temperatures that explicitly capture curve descriptors at all stages. Formal comparisons of descriptors using a combination of generalized linear mixed modelling and parametric bootstrapping reveal important differences among life stages. Thermal performance differs significantly from fertilization to embryo development (with thermal optimum declining by ∼2°C, thermal limits shifting inwards by ∼8-10°C and thermal breadth narrowing by ∼10°C), while performance declines independently of temperature thereafter. Our comparisons show that thermal performance at one life stage can misrepresent performance at others, and point to gains in complexity during embryogenesis, rather than subsequent gains in size or duration of exposure, as a key driver of thermal sensitivity in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Rebolledo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3800
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9
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Hancock AM, King CK, Stark JS, McMinn A, Davidson AT. Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4495-4514. [PMID: 32489613 PMCID: PMC7246202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Ocean waters are among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification. The projected increase in the CO2 level will cause changes in carbonate chemistry that are likely to be damaging to organisms inhabiting these waters. A meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the vulnerability of Antarctic marine biota occupying waters south of 60°S to ocean acidification. This meta-analysis showed that ocean acidification negatively affects autotrophic organisms, mainly phytoplankton, at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm and invertebrates above 1,500 μatm, but positively affects bacterial abundance. The sensitivity of phytoplankton to ocean acidification was influenced by the experimental procedure used. Natural, mixed communities were more sensitive than single species in culture and showed a decline in chlorophyll a concentration, productivity, and photosynthetic health, as well as a shift in community composition at CO2 levels above 1,000 μatm. Invertebrates showed reduced fertilization rates and increased occurrence of larval abnormalities, as well as decreased calcification rates and increased shell dissolution with any increase in CO2 level above 1,500 μatm. Assessment of the vulnerability of fish and macroalgae to ocean acidification was limited by the number of studies available. Overall, this analysis indicates that many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean are likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification and thereby likely to change their contribution to ecosystem services in the future. Further studies are required to address the poor spatial coverage, lack of community or ecosystem-level studies, and the largely unknown potential for organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to the changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce M. Hancock
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | | | | | - Andrew McMinn
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic StudiesUniversity of TasmaniaBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Gateway PartnershipBattery PointTASAustralia
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
| | - Andrew T. Davidson
- Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research CentreBattery PointTASAustralia
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTASAustralia
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10
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Park S, Ahn IY, Sin E, Shim J, Kim T. Ocean freshening and acidification differentially influence mortality and behavior of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 154:104847. [PMID: 32056702 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has experienced rapid atmospheric and ocean warming over the past few decades and many marine-terminating glaciers have considerably retreated. Glacial retreat is accompanied by fresh meltwater intrusion, which may result in the freshening and acidification of coastal waters. Marian Cove (MC), on King George Island in the WAP, undergoes one of the highest rates of glacial retreat. Intertidal and shallow subtidal waters are likely more susceptible to these processes, and sensitive biological responses are expected from the organisms inhabiting this area. The gammarid amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica is one of the most abundant species in the shallow, nearshore Antarctic waters, and it occupies an essential ecological niche in the coastal marine WAP ecosystem. In this study, we tested the sensitivity of G. antarctica to lowered salinity and pH by meltwater intrusion following glacial retreat. We exposed G. antarctica to four different treatments combining two salinities (34 and 27 psu) and pH (8.0 and 7.6) levels for 26 days. Mortality, excluding cannibalized individuals, increased under low pH but decreased under low salinity conditions. Meanwhile, low salinity increased cannibalism, whereas low pH reduced food detection. Shelter use during the daytime decreased under each low salinity and pH condition, indicating that the two stressors act as disruptors of amphipod behavior. Under low salinity conditions, swimming increased during the daytime but decreased at night. Although interactions between low salinity and low pH were not observed during the experiment, the results suggest that each stressor, likely induced by glacial melting, causes altered behaviors in amphipods. These environmental factors may threaten population persistence in Marian Cove and possibly other similar glacial embayments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojeong Park
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Ahn
- Division of Polar Ocean Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchong Sin
- Department of Taxonomy and Systematics, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 101-75 Jangsan-ro, Janghang-eup, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongHee Shim
- Fisheries Resources and Environment Research Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NIFS, 1194 Haean-ro, Yeongok-myeon, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25435, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Convey P, Peck LS. Antarctic environmental change and biological responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaz0888. [PMID: 31807713 PMCID: PMC6881164 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean are facing complex environmental change. Their native biota has adapted to the region's extreme conditions over many millions of years. This unique biota is now challenged by environmental change and the direct impacts of human activity. The terrestrial biota is characterized by considerable physiological and ecological flexibility and is expected to show increases in productivity, population sizes and ranges of individual species, and community complexity. However, the establishment of non-native organisms in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems may present an even greater threat than climate change itself. In the marine environment, much more limited response flexibility means that even small levels of warming are threatening. Changing sea ice has large impacts on ecosystem processes, while ocean acidification and coastal freshening are expected to have major impacts.
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12
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Perricone V, Collin R. Larvae of Caribbean Echinoids Have Small Warming Tolerances for Chronic Stress in Panama. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 236:115-129. [PMID: 30933644 DOI: 10.1086/701666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In species with complex life cycles, early developmental stages are often less thermally tolerant than adults, suggesting that they are key to predicting organismal response to environmental warming. Here we document the optimal and lethal temperatures of larval sea urchins, and we use those to calculate the warming tolerance and the thermal safety margin of early larval stages of seven tropical species. Larvae of Echinometra viridis, Echinometra lucunter, Lytechinus williamsi, Eucidaris tribuloides, Tripneustes ventricosus, Clypeaster rosaceus, and Clypeaster subdepressus were reared at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 °C for 6 days. The temperatures at which statistically significant reductions in larval performance are evident are generally the same temperatures at which statistically significant reductions in larval survival were detected, showing that the optimal temperature is very close to the lethal temperature. The two Echinometra species had significantly higher thermal tolerance than the other species, with some surviving culture temperatures of 34 °C and showing minimal impacts on growth and survival at 32 °C. In the other species, larval growth and survival were depressed at and above 30 or 32 °C. Overall, these larvae have lower warming tolerances (1 to 5 °C) and smaller thermal safety margins (-3 to 3 °C) than adults. Survival differences among treatments were evident by the first sampling on day 2, and survival at the highest temperatures increased when embryos were exposed to warming after spending the first 24 hours at ambient temperature. This suggests that the first days of development are more sensitive to thermal stress than are later larval stages.
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13
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Guillaumot C, Fabri‐Ruiz S, Martin A, Eléaume M, Danis B, Féral J, Saucède T. Benthic species of the Kerguelen Plateau show contrasting distribution shifts in response to environmental changes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6210-6225. [PMID: 29988407 PMCID: PMC6024116 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine life of the Southern Ocean has been facing environmental changes and the direct impact of human activities during the past decades. Benthic communities have particularly been affected by such changes although we only slowly understand the effect of environmental changes on species physiology, biogeography, and distribution. Species distribution models (SDM) can help explore species geographic responses to main environmental changes. In this work, we modeled the distribution of four echinoid species with contrasting ecological niches. Models developed for [2005-2012] were projected to different time periods, and the magnitude of distribution range shifts was assessed for recent-past conditions [1955-1974] and for the future, under scenario RCP 8.5 for [2050-2099]. Our results suggest that species distribution shifts are expected to be more important in a near future compared to the past. The geographic response of species may vary between poleward shift, latitudinal reduction, and local extinction. Species with broad ecological niches and not limited by biogeographic barriers would be the least affected by environmental changes, in contrast to endemic species, restricted to coastal areas, which are predicted to be more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Guillaumot
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Salomé Fabri‐Ruiz
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
| | - Alexis Martin
- Département Adaptation du VivantMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR BOREA 7208ParisFrance
| | - Marc Eléaume
- Département Origine et ÉvolutionMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleUMR ISYEB 7205ParisFrance
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology LabCP160/15 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Thomas Saucède
- UMR CNRS 6282 BiogéosciencesUniversité de Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (UBFC)DijonFrance
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14
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Lamare MD, Liddy M, Uthicke S. In situ developmental responses of tropical sea urchin larvae to ocean acidification conditions at naturally elevated pCO2 vent sites. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1506. [PMID: 27903867 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory experiments suggest that calcifying developmental stages of marine invertebrates may be the most ocean acidification (OA)-sensitive life-history stage and represent a life-history bottleneck. To better extrapolate laboratory findings to future OA conditions, developmental responses in sea urchin embryos/larvae were compared under ecologically relevant in situ exposures on vent-elevated pCO2 and ambient pCO2 coral reefs in Papua New Guinea. Echinometra embryos/larvae were reared in meshed chambers moored in arrays on either venting reefs or adjacent non-vent reefs. After 24 and 48 h, larval development and morphology were quantified. Compared with controls (mean pH(T) = 7.89-7.92), larvae developing in elevated pCO2 vent conditions (pH(T) = 7.50-7.72) displayed a significant reduction in size and increased abnormality, with a significant correlation of seawater pH with both larval size and larval asymmetry across all experiments. Reciprocal transplants (embryos from vent adults transplanted to control conditions, and vice versa) were also undertaken to identify if adult acclimatization can translate resilience to offspring (i.e. transgenerational processes). Embryos originating from vent adults were, however, no more tolerant to reduced pH. Sea temperature and chlorophyll-a concentrations (i.e. larval nutrition) did not contribute to difference in larval size, but abnormality was correlated with chlorophyll levels. This study is the first to examine the response of marine larvae to OA scenarios in the natural environment where, importantly, we found that stunted and abnormal development observed in situ are consistent with laboratory observations reported in sea urchins, in both the direction and magnitude of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Liddy
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,Australia Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sven Uthicke
- Australia Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, 4810, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Flynn EE, Todgham AE. Thermal windows and metabolic performance curves in a developing Antarctic fish. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 188:271-282. [PMID: 28988313 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For ectotherms, temperature modifies the rate of physiological function across a temperature tolerance window depending on thermal history, ontogeny, and evolutionary history. Some adult Antarctic fishes, with comparatively narrow thermal windows, exhibit thermal plasticity in standard metabolic rate; however, little is known about the shape or breadth of thermal performance curves of earlier life stages of Antarctic fishes. We tested the effects of acute warming (- 1 to 8 °C) and temperature acclimation (2 weeks at - 1, 2, 4 °C) on survival and standard metabolic rate in early embryos of the dragonfish Gymnodraco acuticeps from McMurdo Sound, Ross Island, Antarctica. Contrary to predictions, embryos acclimated to warmer temperatures did not experience greater mortality and nearly all embryos survived acute warming to 8 °C. Metabolic performance curve height and shape were both significantly altered after 2 weeks of development at - 1 °C, with further increase in curve height, but not alteration of shape, with warm temperature acclimation. Overall metabolic rate temperature sensitivity (Q 10) from - 1 to 8 °C varied from 2.6 to 3.6, with the greatest thermal sensitivity exhibited by embryos at earlier developmental stages. Interclutch variation in metabolic rates, mass, and development of simultaneously collected embryos was also documented. Taken together, metabolic performance curves provide insight into the costs of early development under warming temperatures, with the potential for thermal sensitivity to be modified by dragonfish phenology and magnitude of seasonal changes in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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