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Lagassé BJ, Breed GA. Warming sea surface temperatures are linked to lower shorebird migratory fuel loads. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240324. [PMID: 39021777 PMCID: PMC11252674 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Warming sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are altering the biological structure of intertidal wetlands at a global scale, with potentially serious physiological and demographic consequences for migratory shorebird populations that depend on intertidal sites. The effects of mediating factors, such as age-related foraging skill, in shaping the consequences of warming SSTs on shorebird populations, however, remain largely unknown. Using morphological measurements of Dunlin fuelling for a >3000 km transoceanic migration, we assessed the influence of climatic conditions and age on individuals' migratory fuel loads and performance. We found that juveniles were often at risk of exhausting their fuel loads en route to primary wintering grounds, especially following high June SSTs in the previous year; the lagged nature of which suggests SSTs acted on juvenile loads by altering the availability of critical prey. Up to 45% fewer juveniles may have reached wintering grounds via a non-stop flight under recent high SSTs compared to the long-term trend. Adults, by contrast, were highly capable of reaching wintering grounds in non-stop flight across years. Our findings suggest that juveniles were disproportionately impacted by apparent SST-related declines in critical prey, and illustrate a general mechanism by which climate change may shape migratory shorebird populations worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Lagassé
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Greg A. Breed
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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2
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Chagnon-Lafortune A, Duchesne É, Legagneux P, McKinnon L, Reneerkens J, Casajus N, Abraham KF, Bolduc É, Brown GS, Brown SC, Gates HR, Gilg O, Giroux MA, Gurney K, Kendall S, Kwon E, Lanctot RB, Lank DB, Lecomte N, Leung M, Liebezeit JR, Morrison RIG, Nol E, Payer DC, Reid D, Ruthrauff D, Saalfeld ST, Sandercock BK, Smith PA, Schmidt NM, Tulp I, Ward DH, Høye TT, Berteaux D, Bêty J. A circumpolar study unveils a positive non-linear effect of temperature on arctic arthropod availability that may reduce the risk of warming-induced trophic mismatch for breeding shorebirds. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17356. [PMID: 38853470 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Seasonally abundant arthropods are a crucial food source for many migratory birds that breed in the Arctic. In cold environments, the growth and emergence of arthropods are particularly tied to temperature. Thus, the phenology of arthropods is anticipated to undergo a rapid change in response to a warming climate, potentially leading to a trophic mismatch between migratory insectivorous birds and their prey. Using data from 19 sites spanning a wide temperature gradient from the Subarctic to the High Arctic, we investigated the effects of temperature on the phenology and biomass of arthropods available to shorebirds during their short breeding season at high latitudes. We hypothesized that prolonged exposure to warmer summer temperatures would generate earlier peaks in arthropod biomass, as well as higher peak and seasonal biomass. Across the temperature gradient encompassed by our study sites (>10°C in average summer temperatures), we found a 3-day shift in average peak date for every increment of 80 cumulative thawing degree-days. Interestingly, we found a linear relationship between temperature and arthropod biomass only below temperature thresholds. Higher temperatures were associated with higher peak and seasonal biomass below 106 and 177 cumulative thawing degree-days, respectively, between June 5 and July 15. Beyond these thresholds, no relationship was observed between temperature and arthropod biomass. Our results suggest that prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures can positively influence prey availability for some arctic birds. This positive effect could, in part, stem from changes in arthropod assemblages and may reduce the risk of trophic mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Chagnon-Lafortune
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Éliane Duchesne
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Legagneux
- Département de Biologie, Chaire de Recherche Sentinelle Nord Sur l'impact des Migrations Animales Sur les Écosystèmes Nordiques et Centre d'études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- CNRS- Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372, Beauvoir-sur-Niort, France
| | - Laura McKinnon
- Department of Multidisciplinary Studies and Graduate Program in Biology, York University, Glendon Campus, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeroen Reneerkens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Casajus
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Kenneth F Abraham
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Élise Bolduc
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Glen S Brown
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - H River Gates
- Manomet, Shorebird Recovery Program, Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA
- Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Olivier Gilg
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS-UFC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Arctique, Francheville, France
| | - Marie-Andrée Giroux
- K.-C.-Irving Research Chair in Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kirsty Gurney
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Steve Kendall
- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Eunbi Kwon
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Richard B Lanctot
- Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - David B Lank
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology, Centre d'études Nordiques, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Maria Leung
- Wild Tracks Ecological Consulting, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | | | - R I Guy Morrison
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica Nol
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Payer
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Donald Reid
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - Daniel Ruthrauff
- Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Sarah T Saalfeld
- Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Brett K Sandercock
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paul A Smith
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niels Martin Schmidt
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Tulp
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, The Netherlands
| | - David H Ward
- Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Toke T Høye
- Department of Ecoscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dominique Berteaux
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Biodiversité Nordique, Département de Biologie, and Centre d'études Nordiques, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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Lisovski S, Hoye BJ, Conklin JR, Battley PF, Fuller RA, Gosbell KB, Klaassen M, Benjamin Lee C, Murray NJ, Bauer S. Predicting resilience of migratory birds to environmental change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311146121. [PMID: 38648469 PMCID: PMC11087779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311146121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The pace and scale of environmental change represent major challenges to many organisms. Animals that move long distances, such as migratory birds, are especially vulnerable to change since they need chains of intact habitat along their migratory routes. Estimating the resilience of such species to environmental changes assists in targeting conservation efforts. We developed a migration modeling framework to predict past (1960s), present (2010s), and future (2060s) optimal migration strategies across five shorebird species (Scolopacidae) within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, which has seen major habitat deterioration and loss over the last century, and compared these predictions to empirical tracks from the present. Our model captured the migration strategies of the five species and identified the changes in migrations needed to respond to habitat deterioration and climate change. Notably, the larger species, with single or few major stopover sites, need to establish new migration routes and strategies, while smaller species can buffer habitat loss by redistributing their stopover areas to novel or less-used sites. Comparing model predictions with empirical tracks also indicates that larger species with the stronger need for adaptations continue to migrate closer to the optimal routes of the past, before habitat deterioration accelerated. Our study not only quantifies the vulnerability of species in the face of global change but also explicitly reveals the extent of adaptations required to sustain their migrations. This modeling framework provides a tool for conservation planning that can accommodate the future needs of migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Lisovski
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Section Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems, Potsdam14473, Germany
| | - Bethany J. Hoye
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW2522, Australia
| | - Jesse R. Conklin
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen9700, The Netherlands
| | - Phil F. Battley
- Zoology and Ecology Group, Massey University, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
| | - Richard A. Fuller
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Ken B. Gosbell
- Victorian Wader Study Group, Blackburn, VIC3130, Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Victorian Wader Study Group, Blackburn, VIC3130, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC3217, Australia
| | - Chengfa Benjamin Lee
- German Aerospace Center, The Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Berlin12489, Germany
- Department of Remote Sensing, EAGLE M. Sc. Program, University of Würzburg, Würzburg97074, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Murray
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia
| | - Silke Bauer
- Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf8903, Switzerland
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach6204, Switzerland
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1090 GE, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich8902, Switzerland
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Rademaker M, Peck MA, van Leeuwen A. Local reflects global: Life stage-dependent changes in the phenology of coastal habitat use by North Sea herring. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17285. [PMID: 38660809 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming is affecting the suitability and utilization of coastal habitats by marine fishes around the world. Phenological changes are an important indicator of population responses to climate-induced changes but remain difficult to detect in marine fish populations. The design of large-scale monitoring surveys does not allow fine-grained temporal inference of population responses, while the responses of ecologically and economically important species groups such as small pelagic fish are particularly sensitive to temporal resolution. Here, we use the longest, highest resolution time series of species composition and abundance of marine fishes in northern Europe to detect possible phenological shifts in the small pelagic North Sea herring. We detect a clear forward temporal shift in the phenology of nearshore habitat use by small juvenile North Sea herring. This forward shift might be linked to changes in water temperatures in the North Sea. We next assessed the robustness of the effects we found with respect to monitoring design. We find that reducing the temporal resolution of our data to reflect the resolution typical of larger surveys makes it difficult to detect phenological shifts and drastically reduces the effect sizes of environmental covariates such as seawater temperature. Our study therefore shows how local, long-term, high-resolution time series of fish catches are essential to understand the general phenological responses of marine fishes to climate warming and to define ecological indicators of system-level changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rademaker
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, AB Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Myron A Peck
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, AB Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anieke van Leeuwen
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, AB Den Burg (Texel), The Netherlands
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Cai S, Mu T, Peng HB, Ma Z, Wilcove DS. Importance of habitat heterogeneity in tidal flats to the conservation of migratory shorebirds. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14153. [PMID: 37551781 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding species distribution patterns and what determines them is critical for effective conservation planning and management. In the case of shorebirds migrating along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF), the loss of stopover habitat in the Yellow Sea region is thought to be the primary reason for the precipitous population declines. However, the rates of decline vary considerably among species, and it remains unclear how such differences could arise within a group of closely related species using apparently similar habitats at the same locales. We mapped the spatial distributions of foraging shorebirds, as well as biotic (benthic invertebrates consumed by migrating shorebirds) and abiotic (sediment characteristics) environmental factors, at a key stopover site in eastern China. Five of the six sediment characteristics showed significant spatial variation with respect to distance along the shoreline or distance from the seawall in the same tidal flat. The biomasses of four of the six most abundant benthic invertebrates were concentrated in the upper or middle zones of the tidal flat. The distribution patterns of all three focal shorebird species on the tidal flat were best explained jointly by this heterogeneity of sediment characteristics and invertebrate prey. These results suggest that the loss of tidal flats along the Yellow Sea, which is typically concentrated at the upper and middle zones, may not only reduce the overall amount of staging habitat, but also disproportionately affect the most resource-rich portions for the birds. Effective conservation of shorebird staging areas along the EAAF and likely elsewhere must consider the subtle habitat heterogeneity that characterizes these tidal flats, prioritizing the protection of those portions richest in food resources, most frequently used by focal bird species, and most vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Article impact statement: Heterogeneity of tidal flats with respect to biotic and abiotic factors must be considered in shorebird conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxiao Cai
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tong Mu
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - He-Bo Peng
- Center for East Asian-Australasian Flyway Studies, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Zhijun Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observation and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - David S Wilcove
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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6
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Ozsanlav‐Harris L, Hilton GM, Griffin LR, Walsh AJ, Cao L, Weegman MD, Bearhop S. Differing drivers of decline within a migratory metapopulation has implications for future conservation. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10281. [PMID: 37456071 PMCID: PMC10347676 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers generally ascribe demographic drivers in a single sub-population and presume they are representative. With this information, practitioners implement blanket conservation measures across metapopulations to reverse declines. However, such approaches may not be appropriate in circumstances where sub-populations are spatiotemporally segregated and exposed to different environmental variation. The Greenland White-fronted Goose, Anser albifrons flavirostris, is an Arctic-nesting migrant that largely comprises two sub-populations (delineated by northerly and southerly breeding areas in west Greenland). The metapopulation has declined since 1999 but this trend is only mirrored in one sub-population and the causes of this disparity are unclear. Here we compare the drivers and trends of productivity in both sub-populations using population- and individual-level analysis. We examined how temperature and precipitation influenced population-level reproductive success over 37 years and whether there was a change in the relationship when metapopulation decline commenced. In addition, we used biologging devices to remotely classify incubation events for 86 bird-years and modelled how phenology and environmental conditions influenced individual-level nest survival. Correlations between reproductive success and temperature/precipitation on the breeding grounds have weakened for both sub-populations. This has resulted in lower reproductive success for the northerly, but not southerly breeding sub-population, which at the individual-level appears to be driven by lower nest survival. Earlier breeding ground arrival and less precipitation during incubation increased nest survival in the northerly breeding population, while no factors examined were important for the southerly breeding sub-population. This suggests reproductive success is driven by different factor(s) in the two sub-populations. Demographic rates and their environmental drivers differ between the sub-populations examined here and consequently we encourage further decomposition of demography within metapopulations. This is important for conservation practitioners to consider as bespoke conservation strategies, targeting different limiting factors, may be required for different sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Ozsanlav‐Harris
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Wildfowl & Wetlands TrustGloucesterUK
| | | | | | - Alyn J. Walsh
- National Parks and Wildlife ServiceWexford Wildfowl ReserveNorth SlobIreland
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mitch D. Weegman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
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Cimino MA, Conroy JA, Connors E, Bowman J, Corso A, Ducklow H, Fraser W, Friedlaender A, Kim HH, Larsen GD, Moffat C, Nichols R, Pallin L, Patterson‐Fraser D, Roberts D, Roberts M, Steinberg DK, Thibodeau P, Trinh R, Schofield O, Stammerjohn S. Long‐term patterns in ecosystem phenology near Palmer Station, Antarctica, from the perspective of the Adélie penguin. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Cimino
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - John A. Conroy
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia USA
| | - Elizabeth Connors
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Scripps Polar Center UC San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Scripps Polar Center UC San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Andrew Corso
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia USA
| | - Hugh Ducklow
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University New York New York USA
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Palisades New York USA
| | | | - Ari Friedlaender
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Heather Hyewon Kim
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts USA
| | - Gregory D. Larsen
- Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Marine Laboratory Beaufort North Carolina USA
| | - Carlos Moffat
- School of Marine Science & Policy University of Delaware Newark Delaware USA
| | - Ross Nichols
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Logan Pallin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz, Ocean Health Building Santa Cruz California USA
| | | | - Darren Roberts
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Megan Roberts
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Deborah K. Steinberg
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary Gloucester Point Virginia USA
| | - Patricia Thibodeau
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Rebecca Trinh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Columbia University New York New York USA
- Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory Palisades New York USA
| | - Oscar Schofield
- Center of Ocean Observing Leadership Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Sharon Stammerjohn
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
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