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Li J, Huang X, An Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Xu M, Shan H, Zhang M. The role of snapin in regulation of brain homeostasis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1696-1701. [PMID: 38103234 PMCID: PMC10960280 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain homeostasis refers to the normal working state of the brain in a certain period, which is important for overall health and normal life activities. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatment methods for the adverse consequences caused by brain homeostasis imbalance. Snapin is a protein that assists in the formation of neuronal synapses and plays a crucial role in the normal growth and development of synapses. Recently, many researchers have reported the association between snapin and neurologic and psychiatric disorders, demonstrating that snapin can improve brain homeostasis. Clinical manifestations of brain disease often involve imbalances in brain homeostasis and may lead to neurological and behavioral sequelae. This article aims to explore the role of snapin in restoring brain homeostasis after injury or diseases, highlighting its significance in maintaining brain homeostasis and treating brain diseases. Additionally, it comprehensively discusses the implications of snapin in other extracerebral diseases such as diabetes and viral infections, with the objective of determining the clinical potential of snapin in maintaining brain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yumei An
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueshi Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Forensic Medicine, Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Marzoog BA. Autophagy as an Anti-senescent in Aging Neurocytes. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:182-190. [PMID: 36683318 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230120102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuron homeostasis is crucial for the organism, and its maintenance is multifactorial, including autophagy. The turnover of aberrant intracellular components is a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism for cell aging. Autophagy is involved in the acceleration of the neurocyte aging process and the modification of cell longevity. Neurocyte aging is a process of loss of cell identity through cellular and subcellular changes that include molecular loss of epigenetics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and autophagy dysfunction. Autophagy dysfunction is the hallmark of neurocyte aging. Cell aging is the credential feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Pathophysiologically, aged neurocytes are characterized by dysregulated autophagy and subsequently neurocyte metabolic stress, resulting in accelerated neurocyte aging. In particular, chaperone- mediated autophagy perturbation results in upregulated expression of aging and apoptosis genes. Aged neurocytes are also characterized by the down-regulation of autophagy-related genes, such as ATG5-ATG12, LC3-II / LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1, and p62. Slowing aging through autophagy targeting is sufficient to improve prognosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Three primary anti-senescent molecules are involved in the aging process: mTOR, AMPK, and Sirtuins. Autophagy therapeutic effects can be applied to reverse and slow aging. This article discusses current advances in the role of autophagy in neurocyte homeostasis, aging, and potential therapeutic strategies to reduce aging and increase cell longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
- National Research Mordovia State University, Bolshevitskaya Street, 68, Saransk, 430005, Rep. Mordovia, Russia
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Lee YY, Ha J, Kim YS, Ramani S, Sung S, Gil ES, Choo OS, Jang JH, Choung YH. Abnormal Cholesterol Metabolism and Lysosomal Dysfunction Induce Age-Related Hearing Loss by Inhibiting mTORC1-TFEB-Dependent Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17513. [PMID: 38139347 PMCID: PMC10743727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a risk factor for age-related hearing loss (ARHL). However, the effect of cholesterol on the organ of Corti during the onset of ARHL is unclear. We established a mouse model for the ARHL group (24 months, n = 12) and a young group (6 months, n = 12). Auditory thresholds were measured in both groups using auditory brainstem response (ABR) at frequencies of 8, 16, and 32 kHz. Subsequently, mice were sacrificed and subjected to histological analyses, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), H&E, Sudan Black B (SBB), and Filipin staining, as well as biochemical assays such as IHC, enzymatic analysis, and immunoblotting. Additionally, mRNA extracted from both young and aged cochlea underwent RNA sequencing. To identify the mechanism, in vitro studies utilizing HEI-OC1 cells were also performed. RNA sequencing showed a positive correlation with increased expression of genes related to metabolic diseases, cholesterol homeostasis, and target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in the ARHL group as compared to the younger group. In addition, ARHL tissues exhibited increased cholesterol and lipofuscin aggregates in the organ of Corti, lateral walls, and spiral ganglion neurons. Autophagic flux was inhibited by the accumulation of damaged lysosomes and autolysosomes. Subsequently, we observed a decrease in the level of transcription factor EB (TFEB) protein, which regulates lysosomal biosynthesis and autophagy, together with increased mTORC1 activity in ARHL tissues. These changes in TFEB and mTORC1 expression were observed in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Treatment of ARHL mice with atorvastatin, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, delayed hearing loss by reducing the cholesterol level and maintaining lysosomal function and autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1 and activating TFEB. The above findings were confirmed using stress-induced premature senescent House Ear Institute organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells. The findings implicate cholesterol in the pathogenesis of ARHL. We propose that atorvastatin could prevent ARHL by maintaining lysosomal function and autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1 and activating TFEB during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yeong Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Jungho Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Sivasubramanian Ramani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Siung Sung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sol Gil
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Oak-Sung Choo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
| | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; (Y.Y.L.); (J.H.); (Y.S.K.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (J.H.J.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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Kamihara T, Hirashiki A, Kokubo M, Shimizu A. Transcriptome Discovery of Genes in the Three Phases of Autophagy That Are Upregulated During Atrial Fibrillation. Circ Rep 2023; 5:114-122. [PMID: 37025933 PMCID: PMC10072901 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-22-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy may contribute to the maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF), but no previous study has concurrently surveyed all 3 phases of autophagy, namely autophagosome formation, lysosome formation, and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Here we aimed to identify disorders involving various phases of autophagy during AF. Methods and Results: We used bioinformatic techniques to analyze publicly available DNA microarray datasets from the left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) of 7 patients with AF and 6 patients with normal sinus rhythm who underwent valvular surgeries. We compared gene expression levels in the LA (AF-LA) and RA of patients with AF with those in the LA and RA of patients with normal sinus rhythm. Several differentially expressed genes in the AF-LA sample were significantly associated with the Gene Ontogeny term 'Autophagy', indicating that the expression of autophagic genes was specifically altered in this dataset. In particular, the expression of genes known or suspected to be involved in autophagosome formation (autophagy related 5 [ATG5], autophagy related 10 [ATG10], autophagy related 12 [ATG12], and light chain 3B [LC3B]), lysosome formation (lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 [LAMP1] and lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 [LAMP2]), and autophagosome-lysosome fusion (synaptosome associated protein 29 [SNAP29], SNAP associated protein [SNAPIN], and syntaxin 17 [STX17]) was significantly upregulated in the LA-AF dataset. Conclusions: Autophagy is activated excessively in, and may perpetuate, AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kamihara
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirashiki
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu Japan
| | - Manabu Kokubo
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu Japan
| | - Atsuya Shimizu
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology Obu Japan
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Aman Y, Schmauck-Medina T, Hansen M, Morimoto RI, Simon AK, Bjedov I, Palikaras K, Simonsen A, Johansen T, Tavernarakis N, Rubinsztein DC, Partridge L, Kroemer G, Labbadia J, Fang EF. Autophagy in healthy aging and disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:634-650. [PMID: 34901876 PMCID: PMC8659158 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process that eliminates molecules and subcellular elements, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and organelles, via lysosome-mediated degradation to promote homeostasis, differentiation, development and survival. While autophagy is intimately linked to health, the intricate relationship among autophagy, aging and disease remains unclear. This Review examines several emerging features of autophagy and postulates how they may be linked to aging as well as to the development and progression of disease. In addition, we discuss current preclinical evidence arguing for the use of autophagy modulators as suppressors of age-related pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we highlight key questions and propose novel research avenues that will likely reveal new links between autophagy and the hallmarks of aging. Understanding the precise interplay between autophagy and the risk of age-related pathologies across organisms will eventually facilitate the development of clinical applications that promote long-term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- These authors contributed equally: Yahyah Aman, Tomas Schmauck-Medina
| | - Tomas Schmauck-Medina
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- These authors contributed equally: Yahyah Aman, Tomas Schmauck-Medina
| | - Malene Hansen
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Ivana Bjedov
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Biological Mechanisms of Ageing, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Labbadia
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
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