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Mukherjee A, Andrés Jeske Y, Becam I, Taïeb A, Brooks P, Aouad J, Monguillon C, Conduit PT. γ-TuRCs and the augmin complex are required for the development of highly branched dendritic arbors in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261534. [PMID: 38606636 PMCID: PMC11128279 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are nucleated by γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs) and are essential for neuronal development. Nevertheless, γ-TuRC depletion has been reported to perturb only higher-order branching in elaborated Drosophila larval class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons. This relatively mild phenotype has been attributed to defects in microtubule nucleation from Golgi outposts, yet most Golgi outposts lack associated γ-TuRCs. By analyzing dendritic arbor regrowth in pupae, we show that γ-TuRCs are also required for the growth and branching of primary and secondary dendrites, as well as for higher-order branching. Moreover, we identify the augmin complex (hereafter augmin), which recruits γ-TuRCs to the sides of pre-existing microtubules, as being required predominantly for higher-order branching. Augmin strongly promotes the anterograde growth of microtubules in terminal dendrites and thus terminal dendrite stability. Consistent with a specific role in higher-order branching, we find that augmin is expressed less strongly and is largely dispensable in larval class I da neurons, which exhibit few higher-order dendrites. Thus, γ-TuRCs are essential for various aspects of complex dendritic arbor development, and they appear to function in higher-order branching via the augmin pathway, which promotes the elaboration of dendritic arbors to help define neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Yaiza Andrés Jeske
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Isabelle Becam
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anaelle Taïeb
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Paul Brooks
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Joanna Aouad
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Paul T. Conduit
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
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Comparing Automated Morphology Quantification Software on Dendrites of Uninjured and Injured Drosophila Neurons. Neuroinformatics 2021; 19:703-717. [PMID: 34342808 PMCID: PMC8566419 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-021-09532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites shape inputs and integration of depolarization that controls neuronal activity in the nervous system. Neuron pathologies can damage dendrite architecture and cause abnormalities in morphologies after injury. Dendrite regeneration can be quantified by various parameters, including total dendrite length and number of dendrite branches using manual or automated image analysis approaches. However, manual quantification is tedious and time consuming and automated approaches are often trained using wildtype neurons, making them poorly suited for analysis of genetically manipulated or injured dendrite arbors. In this study, we tested how well automated image analysis software performed on class IV Drosophila neurons, which have several hundred individual dendrite branches. We applied each software to automatically quantify features of uninjured neurons and neurons that regenerated new dendrites after injury. Regenerated arbors exhibit defects across multiple features of dendrite morphology, which makes them challenging for automated pipelines to analyze. We compared the performances of three automated pipelines against manual quantification using Simple Neurite Tracer in ImageJ: one that is commercially available (Imaris) and two developed by independent research groups (DeTerm and Tireless Tracing Genie). Out of the three software tested, we determined that Imaris is the most efficient at reconstructing dendrite architecture, but does not accurately measure total dendrite length even after intensive manual editing. Imaris outperforms both DeTerm and Tireless Tracing Genie for counting dendrite branches, and is better able to recreate previous conclusions from this same dataset. This thorough comparison of strengths and weaknesses of each software demonstrates their utility for analyzing regenerated neuron phenotypes in future studies.
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Tavosanis G. Dendrite enlightenment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:222-230. [PMID: 34134010 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites acquire complex morphologies during development. These are not just the product of cell-intrinsic developmental programs; rather they are defined in close interaction with the cellular environment. Thus, to understand the molecular cascades that yield appropriate morphologies, it is essential to investigate them in vivo, in the actual complex tissue environment encountered by the differentiating neuron in the developing animal. Particularly, genetic approaches have pointed to factors controlling dendrite differentiation in vivo. These suggest that localized and transient molecular cascades might underlie the formation and stabilization of dendrite branches with neuron type-specific characteristics. Here, I highlight the need for studies of neuronal dendrite differentiation in the animal, the challenges provided by such an approach, and the promising pathways that have recently opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Tavosanis
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1/99, Bonn, 53127, Germany; LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 3, Bonn, 53115, Germany.
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Kanaoka Y, Skibbe H, Hayashi Y, Uemura T, Hattori Y. DeTerm: Software for automatic detection of neuronal dendritic branch terminals via an artificial neural network. Genes Cells 2019; 24:464-472. [PMID: 31095815 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites of neurons receive and process synaptic or sensory inputs. The Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (da) neuron is an established model system to explore molecular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis. The total number of dendritic branch terminals is one of the frequently employed parameters to characterize dendritic arborization complexity of class IV neurons. This parameter gives a useful phenotypic readout of arborization during neurogenesis, and it is typically determined by laborious manual analyses of numerous images. Ideally, an automated analysis would greatly reduce the workload; however, it is challenging to automatically discriminate dendritic branch terminals from signals of surrounding tissues in whole-mount live larvae. Here, we describe our newly developed software, called DeTerm, which automatically recognizes and quantifies dendrite branch terminals via an artificial neural network. Once we input an image file of a neuronal dendritic arbor and its region of interest information, DeTerm is capable of labeling terminals of larval class IV neurons with high precision, and it also provides positional data of individual terminals. We further show that DeTerm is applicable to other types of neurons, including mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. DeTerm is freely available on the web and was successfully tested on Mac, Windows and Linux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Skibbe
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusaku Hayashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Coll-Tané M, Krebbers A, Castells-Nobau A, Zweier C, Schenck A. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders 'on the fly': insights from Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm039180. [PMID: 31088981 PMCID: PMC6550041 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.039180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are frequently co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders and affect 2-3% of the population. Rapid advances in exome and genome sequencing have increased the number of known implicated genes by threefold, to more than a thousand. The main challenges in the field are now to understand the various pathomechanisms associated with this bewildering number of genetic disorders, to identify new genes and to establish causality of variants in still-undiagnosed cases, and to work towards causal treatment options that so far are available only for a few metabolic conditions. To meet these challenges, the research community needs highly efficient model systems. With an increasing number of relevant assays and rapidly developing novel methodologies, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ideally positioned to change gear in ID and ASD research. The aim of this Review is to summarize some of the exciting work that already has drawn attention to Drosophila as a model for these disorders. We highlight well-established ID- and ASD-relevant fly phenotypes at the (sub)cellular, brain and behavioral levels, and discuss strategies of how this extraordinarily efficient and versatile model can contribute to 'next generation' medical genomics and to a better understanding of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Coll-Tané
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Krebbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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DeVault L, Li T, Izabel S, Thompson-Peer KL, Jan LY, Jan YN. Dendrite regeneration of adult Drosophila sensory neurons diminishes with aging and is inhibited by epidermal-derived matrix metalloproteinase 2. Genes Dev 2018; 32:402-414. [PMID: 29563183 PMCID: PMC5900713 DOI: 10.1101/gad.308270.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DeVault et al. show that the capacity for regeneration was present in adult neurons but diminished as the animal aged. The regenerated dendrites showed preferential alignment with the extracellular matrix, and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 led to increased dendrite regeneration. Dendrites possess distinct structural and functional properties that enable neurons to receive information from the environment as well as other neurons. Despite their key role in neuronal function, current understanding of the ability of neurons to regenerate dendrites is lacking. This study characterizes the structural and functional capacity for dendrite regeneration in vivo in adult animals and examines the effect of neuronal maturation on dendrite regeneration. We focused on the class IV dendritic arborization (c4da) neuron of the Drosophila sensory system, which has a dendritic arbor that undergoes dramatic remodeling during the first 3 d of adult life and then maintains a relatively stable morphology thereafter. Using a laser severing paradigm, we monitored regeneration after acute and spatially restricted injury. We found that the capacity for regeneration was present in adult neurons but diminished as the animal aged. Regenerated dendrites recovered receptive function. Furthermore, we found that the regenerated dendrites show preferential alignment with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, inhibition of ECM degradation by inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) to preserve the extracellular environment characteristics of young adults led to increased dendrite regeneration. These results demonstrate that dendrites retain regenerative potential throughout adulthood and that regenerative capacity decreases with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura DeVault
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Tun Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sarah Izabel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Katherine L Thompson-Peer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Kanamori T, Togashi K, Koizumi H, Emoto K. Dendritic Remodeling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 318:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yu F, Schuldiner O. Axon and dendrite pruning in Drosophila. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:192-8. [PMID: 24793180 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pruning, a process by which neurons selectively remove exuberant or unnecessary processes without causing cell death, is crucial for the establishment of mature neural circuits during animal development. Yet relatively little is known about molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern neuronal pruning. Holometabolous insects, such as Drosophila, undergo complete metamorphosis and their larval nervous systems are replaced with adult-specific ones, thus providing attractive models for studying neuronal pruning. Drosophila mushroom body and dendritic arborization neurons have been utilized as two appealing systems to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of axon and dendrite pruning, respectively. In this review we highlight recent developments and discuss some similarities and differences in the mechanisms that regulate these two distinct modes of neuronal pruning in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
| | - Oren Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Shimono K, Fujishima K, Nomura T, Ohashi M, Usui T, Kengaku M, Toyoda A, Uemura T. An evolutionarily conserved protein CHORD regulates scaling of dendritic arbors with body size. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4415. [PMID: 24643112 PMCID: PMC3958717 DOI: 10.1038/srep04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organs scale proportionally with body size through regulation of individual cell size and/or cell number. Here we addressed how postmitotic and morphologically complex cells such as neurons scale with the body size by using the dendritic arbor of one Drosophila sensory neuron as an assay system. In small adults eclosed under a limited-nutrition condition, the wild-type neuron preserved the branching complexity of the arbor, but scaled down the entire arbor, making a “miniature”. In contrast, mutant neurons for the Insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) or TORC1 pathway exhibited “undergrowth”, which was characterized by decreases in both the branching complexity and the arbor size, despite a normal diet. These contrasting phenotypes hinted that a novel regulatory mechanism contributes to the dendritic scaling in wild-type neurons. Indeed, we isolated a mutation in the gene CHORD/morgana that uncoupled the neuron size and the body size: CHORD mutant neurons generated miniature dendritic arbors regardless of the body size. CHORD encodes an evolutionarily conserved co-chaperone of HSP90. Our results support the notion that dendritic growth and branching are controlled by partly separate mechanisms. The IIS/TORC1 pathways control both growth and branching to avert underdevelopment, whereas CHORD together with TORC2 realizes proportional scaling of the entire arbor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shimono
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuto Fujishima
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nomura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ohashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- 1] Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [2] Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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