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Shirasawa M, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Fikriyanti M, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Activation of the CDK7 Gene, Coding for the Catalytic Subunit of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)-Activating Kinase (CAK) and General Transcription Factor II H, by the Trans-Activator Protein Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1080. [PMID: 39202439 PMCID: PMC11353830 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The trans-activator protein Tax of HTLV-1 plays crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. However, critical target genes are yet to be elucidated. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), the essential component of both CDK-activating kinase (CAK) and general transcription factor TFIIH. CAK and TFIIH play essential roles in cell cycle progression and transcription by activating CDKs and facilitating transcriptional initiation, respectively. Tax induced CDK7 gene expression not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs) along with increased protein expression. Tax stimulated phosphorylation of CDK2 and RNA polymerase II at sites reported to be mediated by CDK7. Tax activated the CDK7 promoter through the NF-κB pathway, which mainly mediates cell growth promotion by Tax. Knockdown of CDK7 expression reduced Tax-mediated induction of target gene expression and cell cycle progression. These results suggest that the CDK7 gene is a crucial target of Tax-mediated trans-activation to promote cell proliferation by activating CDKs and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
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Hayati RF, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Shirasawa M, Zhao L, Fikriyanti M, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Trans-Activation of the Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 ( Carm1) Gene by the Oncogene Product Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:698. [PMID: 38927636 PMCID: PMC11202806 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The oncogene product Tax of HTLV-I is thought to play crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of the virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. These genes code for growth factors and their receptors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth signal transducers, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), which epigenetically enhances gene expression through methylation of histones. Tax activated the Carm1 gene and increased protein expression, not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs). Tax increased R17-methylated histone H3 on the target gene IL-2Rα, concomitant with increased expression of CARM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of CARM1 decreased Tax-mediated induction of IL-2Rα and Cyclin D2 gene expression, reduced E2F activation and inhibited cell cycle progression. Tax acted via response elements in intron 1 of the Carm1 gene, through the NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that Tax-mediated activation of the Carm1 gene contributes to leukemogenic target-gene expression and cell cycle progression, identifying the first epigenetic target gene for Tax-mediated trans-activation in cell growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma F. Hayati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
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Zhou Y, Nakajima R, Shirasawa M, Fikriyanti M, Zhao L, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Expanding Roles of the E2F-RB-p53 Pathway in Tumor Suppression. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1511. [PMID: 38132337 PMCID: PMC10740672 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F links the RB pathway to the p53 pathway upon loss of function of pRB, thereby playing a pivotal role in the suppression of tumorigenesis. E2F fulfills a major role in cell proliferation by controlling a variety of growth-associated genes. The activity of E2F is controlled by the tumor suppressor pRB, which binds to E2F and actively suppresses target gene expression, thereby restraining cell proliferation. Signaling pathways originating from growth stimulative and growth suppressive signals converge on pRB (the RB pathway) to regulate E2F activity. In most cancers, the function of pRB is compromised by oncogenic mutations, and E2F activity is enhanced, thereby facilitating cell proliferation to promote tumorigenesis. Upon such events, E2F activates the Arf tumor suppressor gene, leading to activation of the tumor suppressor p53 to protect cells from tumorigenesis. ARF inactivates MDM2, which facilitates degradation of p53 through proteasome by ubiquitination (the p53 pathway). P53 suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis. Hence, in almost all cancers, the p53 pathway is also disabled. Here we will introduce the canonical functions of the RB-E2F-p53 pathway first and then the non-classical functions of each component, which may be relevant to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
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Nakajima R, Deguchi R, Komori H, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Shirasawa M, Angelina A, Goto Y, Tohjo F, Nakahashi K, Nakata K, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Araki K, Warita T, Ohtani K. The TFDP1 gene coding for DP1, the heterodimeric partner of the transcription factor E2F, is a target of deregulated E2F. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:154-162. [PMID: 37141667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The TFDP1 gene codes for the heterodimeric partner DP1 of the transcription factor E2F. E2F, principal target of the tumor suppressor pRB, plays central roles in cell proliferation by activating a group of growth-related genes. E2F also mediates tumor suppression by activating tumor suppressor genes such as ARF, an upstream activator of the tumor suppressor p53, when deregulated from pRB upon oncogenic changes. Among 8 E2F family members (E2F1∼E2F8), expression of activator E2Fs (E2F1∼E2F3a) is induced at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle after growth stimulation by E2F itself. However, mechanisms regulating DP1 expression are not known. We show here that over-expression of E2F1 and forced inactivation of pRB, by adenovirus E1a, induced TFDP1 gene expression in human normal fibroblast HFFs, suggesting that the TFDP1 gene is a target of E2F. Serum stimulation of HFFs also induced TFDP1 gene expression, but with different kinetics from that of the CDC6 gene, a typical growth-related E2F target. Both over-expression of E2F1 and serum stimulation activated the TFDP1 promoter. We searched for E2F1-responsive regions by 5' and 3' deletion of the TFDP1 promoter and by introducing point mutations in putative E2F1-responsive elements. Promoter analysis identified several GC-rich elements, mutation of which reduced E2F1-responsiveness but not serum-responsiveness. ChIP assays showed that the GC-rich elements bound deregulated E2F1 but not physiological E2F1 induced by serum stimulation. These results suggest that the TFDP1 gene is a target of deregulated E2F. In addition, knockdown of DP1 expression by shRNA enhanced ARF gene expression, which is specifically induced by deregulated E2F activity, suggesting that activation of the TFDP1 gene by deregulated E2F may function as a failsafe feedback mechanism to suppress deregulated E2F and maintain normal cell growth in the event that DP1 expression is insufficient relative to that of its partner activator E2Fs. a maximum of 6 keywords: E2F, DP1, TFDP1 gene, pRB, gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Reika Deguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Komori
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2216, USA
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Arlene Angelina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yasuko Goto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Fumiya Tohjo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kengo Nakahashi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kimi Nakata
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Tomoko Warita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
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Deregulated E2F Activity as a Cancer-Cell Specific Therapeutic Tool. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020393. [PMID: 36833320 PMCID: PMC9956157 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F, the principal target of the tumor suppressor pRB, plays crucial roles in cell proliferation and tumor suppression. In almost all cancers, pRB function is disabled, and E2F activity is enhanced. To specifically target cancer cells, trials have been undertaken to suppress enhanced E2F activity to restrain cell proliferation or selectively kill cancer cells, utilizing enhanced E2F activity. However, these approaches may also impact normal growing cells, since growth stimulation also inactivates pRB and enhances E2F activity. E2F activated upon the loss of pRB control (deregulated E2F) activates tumor suppressor genes, which are not activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation, inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis to protect cells from tumorigenesis. Deregulated E2F activity is tolerated in cancer cells due to inactivation of the ARF-p53 pathway, thus representing a feature unique to cancer cells. Deregulated E2F activity, which activates tumor suppressor genes, is distinct from enhanced E2F activity, which activates growth-related genes, in that deregulated E2F activity does not depend on the heterodimeric partner DP. Indeed, the ARF promoter, which is specifically activated by deregulated E2F, showed higher cancer-cell specific activity, compared to the E2F1 promoter, which is also activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation. Thus, deregulated E2F activity is an attractive potential therapeutic tool to specifically target cancer cells.
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Ho NTT, Rahane CS, Pramanik S, Kim PS, Kutzner A, Heese K. FAM72, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051025. [PMID: 33804473 PMCID: PMC7957592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a serious and aggressive cancer disease that has not allowed scientists to rest for decades. In this review, we consider the new gene pair |-SRGAP2–FAM72-| and discuss its role in the cell cycle and the possibility of defining new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM and other cancers via this gene pair |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|. Abstract Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer great potential for regenerative medicine due to their excellent ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types of the brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), NSC renewal and differentiation are under strict control by the regulation of the pivotal SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2)—Family with sequence similarity 72 (FAM72) master gene (i.e., |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|) via a divergent gene transcription activation mechanism. If the gene transcription control unit (i.e., the intergenic region of the two sub-gene units, SRGAP2 and FAM72) gets out of control, NSCs may transform into cancer stem cells and generate brain tumor cells responsible for brain cancer such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here, we discuss the surveillance of this |-SRGAP2–FAM72-| master gene and its role in GBM, and also in light of FAM72 for diagnosing various types of cancers outside of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Ho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
| | - Chinmay Satish Rahane
- Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research, Talegaon Dabhade, Maharashtra 410507, India;
| | - Subrata Pramanik
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Pok-Son Kim
- Department of Mathematics, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Korea;
| | - Arne Kutzner
- Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Scruggs AM, Koh HB, Tripathi P, Leeper NJ, White ES, Huang SK. Loss of CDKN2B Promotes Fibrosis via Increased Fibroblast Differentiation Rather Than Proliferation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:200-214. [PMID: 29420051 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0298oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating lung disease characterized by excessive scarring and fibroblast activation. We previously showed that fibroblasts from patients with IPF are hypermethylated at the CDKN2B gene locus, resulting in decreased CDKN2B expression. Here, we examine how diminished CDKN2B expression in normal and IPF fibroblasts affect fibroblast function, and how loss of CDKN2B contributes to IPF pathogenesis. We first confirmed that protein expression of CDKN2B was diminished in IPF lungs in situ. Loss of CDKN2B was especially notable in regions of increased myofibroblasts and fibroblastic foci. The degree of CDKN2B hypermethylation was particularly elevated in patients with radiographic honeycombing, a marker of more advanced fibrosis, and increased DNA methylation correlated with decreased expression. Although CDKN2B is traditionally considered a cell cycle inhibitor, loss of CDKN2B did not result in an increase in fibroblast proliferation, but instead was associated with an increase in myofibroblast differentiation. An increase in myofibroblast differentiation was not observed when CDKN2A was silenced. Loss of CDKN2B was associated with an increase in the transcription factors serum response factor and myocardin-related transcription factor A, and overexpression of CDKN2B in IPF fibroblasts inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Finally, decreased CDKN2B expression was noted in fibroblasts from a murine model of fibrosis, and Cdkn2b-/- mice developed greater histologic fibrosis after bleomycin injury. These findings identify a novel function for CDKN2B that differs from its conventional designation as a cell cycle inhibitor and demonstrate the importance of this protein in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Scruggs
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Hailey B Koh
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Priya Tripathi
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- 2 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Eric S White
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Steven K Huang
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Differential requirement for dimerization partner DP between E2F-dependent activation of tumor suppressor and growth-related genes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8438. [PMID: 29855511 PMCID: PMC5981219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F plays crucial roles in cell proliferation and tumor suppression by activating growth-related genes and pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor genes, respectively. It is generally accepted that E2F binds to target sequences with its heterodimeric partner DP. Here we show that, while knockdown of DP1 expression inhibited ectopic E2F1- or adenovirus E1a-induced expression of the CDC6 gene and cell proliferation, knockdown of DP1 and DP2 expression did not affect ectopic E2F1- or E1a-induced expression of the tumor suppressor ARF gene, an upstream activator of the tumor suppressor p53, activation of p53 or apoptosis. These observations suggest that growth related and pro-apoptotic E2F targets are regulated by distinct molecular mechanisms and contradict the threshold model, which postulates that E2F activation of pro-apoptotic genes requires a higher total activity of activator E2Fs, above that necessary for E2F-dependent activation of growth-related genes.
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Cloning, expression pattern, and potential role of apoptosis inhibitor 5 in the termination of embryonic diapause and early embryo development of Artemia sinica. Gene 2017; 628:170-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kurayoshi K, Shiromoto A, Ozono E, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Araki K, Ohtani K. Ectopic expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 Cip1 enhances deregulated E2F activity and increases cancer cell-specific cytotoxic gene expression mediated by the ARF tumor suppressor promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:107-114. [PMID: 28042030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, specifically targeting cancer cells is important for optimal therapeutic efficacy. One strategy is to utilize a cancer specific promoter to express a cytotoxic gene or a viral gene required for replication. In this approach, the therapeutic window is dependent on the relative promoter activity in cancer cells versus normal cells. Therefore, a promoter with optimal cancer cell-specificity should be used. The tumor suppressor ARF promoter, which specifically responds to deregulated E2F activity, is a potent candidate. Defects in the RB pathway resulting in deregulated E2F activity are observed in almost all cancers. Furthermore, the ARF promoter exhibits greater cancer cell specificity than the E2F1 promoter and consequently, adenovirus expressing HSV-TK under the control of the ARF promoter (Ad-ARF-TK) has more selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells than the analogous E2F1 construct. Ideally, cancer specific gene expression driven by the ARF promoter could be enhanced for optimal therapeutic efficacy, with minimal side effects. We show here that ectopic expression of the CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 enhanced deregulated E2F activity and pro-apoptotic E2F target gene expression in cancer cells. Moreover, ectopic expression of p21Cip1 augmented cancer specific cytotoxicity of Ad-ARF-TK, and apoptosis induced by p21Cip1 was dependent on deregulated E2F activity. These results suggest that p21Cip1 specifically enhances deregulated E2F activity and that a combination of the CDK inhibitor with Ad-ARF-TK could be effectively employed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kurayoshi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shiromoto
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Eiko Ozono
- Chromosome Replication Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
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Kurayoshi K, Okuno J, Ozono E, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kugawa K, Araki K, Ohtani K. The phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase pathway does not suppress activation of the ARF and BIM genes by deregulated E2F1 activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:784-790. [PMID: 27888102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F plays crucial roles in tumor suppression by activating pro-apoptotic genes such as the tumor suppressor ARF. The regulation of the ARF gene is distinct from that of growth-related E2F targets, in that it is specifically activated by deregulated E2F activity, induced by over-expression of E2F or forced inactivation of pRB, but not by physiological E2F activity induced by growth stimulation. The phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway was reported to suppress expression of some atypical pro-apoptotic genes by over-expressed E2F1. However, the effects of the PI3K pathway on the distinct regulation of typical pro-apoptotic E2F targets have not been elucidated. We examined whether the PI3K pathway suppressed activation of the typical pro-apoptotic E2F targets ARF and BIM. Activation of the PI3K pathway by growth stimulation or introduction of a constitutively active Akt/PKB did not reduce induction of ARF or BIM gene expression or activation of their promoters by over-expressed E2F1. These results suggest that the PI3K pathway does not suppress induction of typical pro-apoptotic genes that are selectively activated by deregulated E2F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kurayoshi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Junko Okuno
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Eiko Ozono
- Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Kugawa
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
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