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Ye M, Wang S, Sun P, Qie J. Integrated MicroRNA Expression Profile Reveals Dysregulated miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p in Liver Fibrosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9583932. [PMID: 34235224 PMCID: PMC8218919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9583932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to involve in liver fibrogenesis. However, the miRNA-gene regulation in liver fibrosis is still unclear. Herein, the miRNA expression profile GSE40744 was obtained to analyze the dysregulated miRNAs between liver fibrosis and normal samples. Then, we predicted the target genes of screened miRNAs by miRTarBase, followed by gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Then, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify the functional miRNA-gene regulatory modules. Furthermore, we verified the hub gene expression using the gene expression profile GSE14323. Finally, 89 DEMs were identified in fibrotic liver samples compared to normal liver samples. The top 3 upregulated DEMs (miR-200b-3p, miR-200a-3p, and miR-182-5p) and downregulated DEMs (miR-20a-5p, miR-194-3p, and miR-148a-3p) were further studied. 516 and 1416 target genes were predicted, respectively. KEGG analysis demonstrated that the predicted genes were enriched in the p53 signaling pathway and hepatitis B, etc. Through constructing a PPI network, the genes with the highest connectivity were identified as hub genes. Of note, most of the hub genes were potentially targeted by miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p. Based on the data from GSE14323, the expression of EGFR, STAT3, CTNNB1, and TP53 targeted by miR-200a-3p was significantly downregulated in fibrotic liver samples. Oppositely, the expression of PTEN, MYC, MAPK1, UBC, and CCND1 potentially targeted by miR-20a-5p was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that miR-20a-5p and miR-200a-3p were identified as the novel liver fibrosis-associated miRNAs, which may play critical roles in liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peilong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jingbo Qie
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Varghese RS, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Barefoot ME, Tadesse M, Ressom HW. Epigenetic changes associated with mechanisms of disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:5320-5325. [PMID: 33019185 PMCID: PMC9576401 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to socioeconomic influences, biological factors are believed to play a role in health disparities. In this paper, we investigate miRNA, mRNA, and DNA methylation patterns that contribute to disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This is accomplished by integration of mRNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq, and DNA methylation data we acquired by analysis of liver tissues from 30 HCC patients consisting of European Americans (EAs), African Americans (AAs), and Asian Americans (Asians). Mixed-ANOVA models are applied to identify miRNAs, mRNAs, and DNA methylation sites that are significantly altered in tumor vs. adjacent normal tissues in a race-specific manner. Through integrated analysis, a refined list of differentially expressed mRNAs is obtained by selecting those that are targets of differentially expressed miRNAs and consist of promoter regions that are differentially methylated.
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Varghese RS, Zhou Y, Barefoot M, Chen Y, Di Poto C, Balla AK, Oliver E, Sherif ZA, Kumar D, Kroemer AH, Tadesse MG, Ressom HW. Identification of miRNA-mRNA associations in hepatocellular carcinoma using hierarchical integrative model. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:56. [PMID: 32228601 PMCID: PMC7106691 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-0706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The established role miRNA-mRNA regulation of gene expression has in oncogenesis highlights the importance of integrating miRNA with downstream mRNA targets. These findings call for investigations aimed at identifying disease-associated miRNA-mRNA pairs. Hierarchical integrative models (HIM) offer the opportunity to uncover the relationships between disease and the levels of different molecules measured in multiple omic studies. Methods The HIM model we formulated for analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq data can be specified with two levels: (1) a mechanistic submodel relating mRNAs to miRNAs, and (2) a clinical submodel relating disease status to mRNA and miRNA, while accounting for the mechanistic relationships in the first level. Results mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq data were acquired by analysis of tumor and normal liver tissues from 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We analyzed the data using HIM and identified 157 significant miRNA-mRNA pairs in HCC. The majority of these molecules have already been independently identified as being either diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic biomarker candidates for HCC. These pairs appear to be involved in processes contributing to the pathogenesis of HCC involving inflammation, regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and metabolism. For further evaluation of our method, we analyzed miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq data from TCGA network. While some of the miRNA-mRNA pairs we identified by analyzing both our and TCGA data are previously reported in the literature and overlap in regulation and function, new pairs have been identified that may contribute to the discovery of novel targets. Conclusion The results strongly support the hypothesis that miRNAs are important regulators of mRNAs in HCC. Furthermore, these results emphasize the biological relevance of studying miRNA-mRNA pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rency S Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Megan Barefoot
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Cristina Di Poto
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | - Everett Oliver
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Zaki A Sherif
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Mahlet G Tadesse
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Room 175, Building D, 4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Subramanian D, Bhasuran B, Natarajan J. Genomic analysis of RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq data identifies potential regulatory sRNAs and their functional roles in Staphylococcus aureus. Genomics 2019; 111:1431-1446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ashida R, Okamura Y, Ohshima K, Kakuda Y, Uesaka K, Sugiura T, Ito T, Yamamoto Y, Sugino T, Urakami K, Kusuhara M, Yamaguchi K. CYP3A4 Gene Is a Novel Biomarker for Predicting a Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:445-453. [PMID: 29109094 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Project HOPE (High-tech Omics-based Patient Evaluation) began in 2014 using integrated gene expression profiling (GEP) of cancer tissues as well as diathesis of each patient who underwent operation at our Institution. The aim of this study was to identify novel genes displaying altered gene expression related to the survival and early recurrence after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the results of integrated GEP analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included 92 patients. Genes with aberrant expression were selected by the difference of expression levels with ≥10-fold change between tumor and non-tumor tissues. RESULTS GEP analysis showed that down-regulation was frequently observed in the PRSS8 (64%), CYP3A4 (61%) and EPCAM (57%) genes. Multivariate analysis revealed tumor stage ≥II (p=0.008) and down-regulation of the CYP3A4 gene (p=0.036) as independent predictor for overall survival. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified maximum tumor diameter ≥74mm (p=0.008), presence of intrahepatic-metastasis (p=0.020), and down-regulation of CYP3A4 gene (p=0.019) as independent predictors for early recurrence. CONCLUSION CYP3A4 was identified as a novel tumor suppressor gene related to a poor prognosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ashida
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Okamura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohshima
- Medical Genetics Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Kakuda
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Uesaka
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Teiichi Sugiura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Urakami
- Cancer Diagnostics Research Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kusuhara
- Regional Resources Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
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Chen W, Zhao W, Yang A, Xu A, Wang H, Cong M, Liu T, Wang P, You H. Integrated analysis of microRNA and gene expression profiles reveals a functional regulatory module associated with liver fibrosis. Gene 2017; 636:87-95. [PMID: 28919164 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis, characterized with the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, represents the final common pathway of chronic liver inflammation. Ever-increasing evidence indicates microRNAs (miRNAs) dysregulation has important implications in the different stages of liver fibrosis. However, our knowledge of miRNA-gene regulation details pertaining to such disease remains unclear. METHODS The publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of patients suffered from cirrhosis were extracted for integrated analysis. Differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R web tool. Putative target gene prediction of DEMs was carried out using the intersection of five major algorithms: DIANA-microT, TargetScan, miRanda, PICTAR5 and miRWalk. Functional miRNA-gene regulatory network (FMGRN) was constructed based on the computational target predictions at the sequence level and the inverse expression relationships between DEMs and DEGs. DAVID web server was selected to perform KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Functional miRNA-gene regulatory module was generated based on the biological interpretation. Internal connections among genes in liver fibrosis-related module were determined using String database. MiRNA-gene regulatory modules related to liver fibrosis were experimentally verified in recombinant human TGFβ1 stimulated and specific miRNA inhibitor treated LX-2 cells. RESULTS We totally identified 85 and 923 dysregulated miRNAs and genes in liver cirrhosis biopsy samples compared to their normal controls. All evident miRNA-gene pairs were identified and assembled into FMGRN which consisted of 990 regulations between 51 miRNAs and 275 genes, forming two big sub-networks that were defined as down-network and up-network, respectively. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that up-network was prominently involved in several KEGG pathways, in which "Focal adhesion", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway" and "ECM-receptor interaction" were remarked significant (adjusted p<0.001). Genes enriched in these pathways coupled with their regulatory miRNAs formed a functional miRNA-gene regulatory module that contains 7 miRNAs, 22 genes and 42 miRNA-gene connections. Gene interaction analysis based on String database revealed that 8 out of 22 genes were highly clustered. Finally, we experimentally confirmed a functional regulatory module containing 5 miRNAs (miR-130b-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-345-5p, miR-378a-3p, and miR-422a) and 6 genes (COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, PIK3R3, COL1A1, CCND2) associated with liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our integrated analysis of miRNA and gene expression profiles highlighted a functional miRNA-gene regulatory module associated with liver fibrosis, which, to some extent, may provide important clues to better understand the underlying pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshan Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Aiting Yang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anjian Xu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cong
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hong You
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Liver Cirrhosis, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Enterina JR, Enfield KSS, Anderson C, Marshall EA, Ng KW, Lam WL. DLK1-DIO3 imprinted locus deregulation in development, respiratory disease, and cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:749-761. [PMID: 28715922 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1355241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The imprinted DLK1-DIO3 locus at 14q32.1-32.31 holds biological significance in fetal development, whereby imprinting errors are causal to developmental disorders. Emerging evidence has implicated this locus in other diseases including cancer, highlighting the biological parallels between fetal organ and tumour development. Areas covered: Controlled regulation of gene expression from the imprinted DLK1-DIO3 locus at 14q32.1-32.31 is crucial for proper fetal development. Deregulation of locus gene expression due to imprinting errors has been mechanistically linked to the developmental disorders Kagami-Ogata Syndrome and Temple Syndrome. In adult tissues, deregulation of locus genes has been associated with multiple malignancies although the causal genetic mechanisms remain largely uncharacterised. Here, we summarize the genetic mechanisms underlying the developmental disorders that arise as a result of improper locus imprinting and the resulting developmental phenotypes, emphasizing both the coding and noncoding components of the locus. We further highlight biological parallels common to both fetal development and disease, with a specific focus on lung development, respiratory disease, and lung cancer. Expert commentary: Many commonalities between respiratory and developmental defects have emerged with respect to the 14q32 locus, emphasizing the importance of studying the effects of imprinting on gene regulation patterns at this locus in both biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon R Enterina
- a British Columbia Cancer Research Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | | | | | - Erin A Marshall
- a British Columbia Cancer Research Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Kevin W Ng
- a British Columbia Cancer Research Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- a British Columbia Cancer Research Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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Mou T, Zhu D, Wei X, Li T, Zheng D, Pu J, Guo Z, Wu Z. Identification and interaction analysis of key genes and microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:63. [PMID: 28302149 PMCID: PMC5356276 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy worldwide. However, present studies of its multiple gene interaction and cellular pathways still could not explain the initiation and development of HCC perfectly. To find the key genes and miRNAs as well as their potential molecular mechanisms in HCC, microarray data GSE22058, GSE25097, and GSE57958 were analyzed. Methods The microarray datasets GSE22058, GSE25097, and GSE57958, including mRNA and miRNA profiles, were downloaded from the GEO database and were analyzed using GEO2R. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database, and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software. Finally, miRDB was applied to predict the targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Results A total of 115 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in HCC, including 52 up-regulated genes and 63 down-regulated genes. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses from DAVID showed that up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in chromosome segregation and cell division, while the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in complement activation, protein activation cascades, carboxylic acid metabolic processes, oxoacid metabolic processes, and the immune response. From the PPI network, the 18 nodes with the highest degree were screened as hub genes. Among them, ESR1 was found to have close interactions with FOXO1, CXCL12, and GNAO1. In addition, a total of 64 DEMs were identified, which included 58 up-regulated miRNAs and 6 down-regulated miRNAs. ESR1 was potentially targeted by five miRNAs, including hsa-mir-18a and hsa-mir-221. Conclusions The roles of DEMs like hsa-mir-221 in HCC through interactions with DEGs such as ESR1 and CXCL12 may provide new clues for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12957-017-1127-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Mou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufu Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Daofeng Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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