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Alberola-Amores FJ, Moral-Rubio J. Drug-resistant epicrania fugax: Responding to onabotulinumtoxinA. Headache 2023; 63:839-842. [PMID: 37337680 DOI: 10.1111/head.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Epicrania fugax (EF) is a primary headache consisting of brief paroxysms of pain, lasting 1-10 s, that move through different nerve territories of one hemicranium with a linear or zigzag trajectory, although there are some clinical variants. Preventive therapy with anti-seizure medication such as gabapentin and lamotrigine are most commonly used in patients presenting with frequent and non-remitting attacks. In some cases, greater occipital nerve blockades are used for short- or long-term relief. Here, we report two patients with a paroxysmal EF-type pain who meet the criteria for EF of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, with clear triggers and autonomic ocular signs and who failed multiple preventive treatments, but had a sustained response to onabotulinumtoxinA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Moral-Rubio
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Spain
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2
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nummular headache and epicrania fugax are two primary headaches that fall under the heading of epicranial headaches. METHODS This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of nummular headache and epicrania fugax, proposed pathogenic mechanisms and state-of-the-art management, according to the literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Nummular headache and epicrania fugax are generally viewed as rare headache disorders, but no population-based epidemiological data are available. Nummular headache is characterized by continuous or intermittent head pain, which remains circumscribed in a round or oval area of the scalp, typically one to six centimeters in diameter. Epicrania fugax manifests with brief paroxysms of pain that move along the surface of the head, following a linear or zigzag trajectory through different nerve territories. Nummular headache and epicrania fugax are mostly primary headaches, but some secondary cases have been reported. The pathogenesis of these headaches is not fully understood. Nummular headache could probably originate in epicranial tissues or adjacent intracranial structures, while the origin of epicrania fugax could be extracranial or intracranial. Diagnostic assessment requires careful examination of the symptomatic areas. Underlying disorders should be excluded by additional investigations, including neuroimaging and appropriate blood tests. No controlled clinical trials have been conducted in nummular headache or epicrania fugax. Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, botulinum toxin and gabapentin are currently the most recommended treatment options for nummular headache. In epicrania fugax, the most used treatments are gabapentin, lamotrigine, and other antiseizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Luz Cuadrado
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Zhou S, Badash I, Doherty JK. Nummular and Side-locked Headaches for the Otolaryngologist. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2022; 55:697-706. [PMID: 35490038 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Side-locked headaches are a common symptom having a wide-ranging differential. Unchanging in laterality, these headaches can represent neuralgias, trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, ophthalmologic disorders, otolaryngologic and craniofacial disorders, vascular disorders, and malignancy. In rarer situations, they have presented secondary to neurosurgical or dermatologic considerations. Loss of cranial nerves and visual changes warrant additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- LAC+USC Medical Center Otolaryngology Department, 1200 North State Street, Suite A2E, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Ido Badash
- LAC+USC Medical Center Otolaryngology Department, 1200 North State Street, Suite A2E, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Joni K Doherty
- USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 1450 San Pablo Street #5100, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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4
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Chavarría-Miranda A, Guerrero ÁL, Talavera B, Martínez-Pías E, Trigo-López J, Sierra Á, García-Azorín D. Linear Headache: A Novel Entity or a Variant of Nummular Headache? Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Response in a Series of 16 Patients. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:1158-1166. [PMID: 33723599 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Linear headache has been recently described as an episodic or chronic unilateral pain distributed along a fixed linear trajectory, which combines some characteristics of epicrania fugax and nummular headache. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and therapeutic response of a series of 16 new patients. DESIGN This is an observational study with a series of cases. SETTING The study period encompassed June 2014 to June 2019. Demographic, clinical, and therapeutic response data were recorded. METHODS We included all consecutive patients who presented pain with the following characteristics: sharply contoured, fixed in size and shape, with linear shape, without movement along a trajectory, and not circumscribed to the territory of any nerve. RESULTS Twelve patients were women, and four were men. The mean age at onset was 40.1 years. Pain was described as pressing in seven patients, burning in five, and electric or stabbing in two each. Symptomatic treatment had been used by 13 patients (81.2%), with analgesics being the most frequent treatment used. Thirteen patients received preventive treatment. The response to oral medications and anesthetic blockade was insufficient. OnabotulinumtoxinA was used in six cases, with an optimal (>75%) response observed in half. CONCLUSION Linear headache appears to be a distinct headache syndrome from epicrania fugax or nummular headache. Preventive treatment is often required. The drug with the best response was onabotulinumtoxinA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Chavarría-Miranda
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Blanca Talavera
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Pías
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Trigo-López
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sierra
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David García-Azorín
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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5
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Chowdhury D, Chawla T, Duggal A. Epicrania fugax: Report of eight cases with some novel features. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515816320946492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Epicrania fugax (EF) is an epicranial headache syndrome characterized by short lasting headache paroxysms which spread in a typical linear/zigzag pattern. The definition of EF has evolved over time, and new phenotypes have been observed in various studies. Aim: We present eight cases diagnosed as EF according to the International Classification of Headaches Disorders, 3rd edition criteria and highlight certain novel characteristics which will help in the further categorization of this disorder. Methods: We prospectively studied eight cases of EF who presented to our headache clinic from January 2016 to September 2020. Demographic and detailed clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results: The mean age of onset of the cohort was 42 ± 10.47 years with a median duration of symptoms being 1 year. There were 5 male and 3 female patients. The mean visual analog scale score was 5.25 ± 1.83. Headache frequency had high intra and interindividual variability. Four patients had a typical spread of pain along the distribution of greater occipital, and supraorbital, nerves. Four patients had an atypical presentation with midline headache, transverse occipital, and bilateral simultaneous hemicranium involvement. Headache paroxysm was followed by a prolonged fixed pain in the same linear distribution in three patients. One patient had ipsilateral redness in the eye. All eight patients required medical intervention with amitriptyline or neuromodulators, five of whom reported a significant reduction in their headache symptoms. Conclusion: Our case series highlights a few interesting features which need further exploration with larger studies. Firstly, the atypical distribution of the pain trajectory forces us to dig deeper into the pathogenesis of the disorder. Secondly, our data also suggest a possibility of EF triggered “linear headaches.” EF is a relatively uncommon headache disorder that can be managed easily with neuromodulators but the lack of awareness of the condition often leads to delayed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Chowdhury
- Department of Neurology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanushree Chawla
- Department of Neurology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Duggal
- Department of Neurology, GB Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
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6
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez M, García-Azorín D, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, González-García N, Horga A, Martín S, Guerrero ÁL, Cuadrado ML. Paroxysmal headache with extracephalic irradiation: Proposal for a new variant of epicrania fugax in a series of five patients. Cephalalgia 2020; 40:959-965. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102420920646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Epicrania fugax consists of brief paroxysms of pain, which radiate in a line or in zigzag trajectory across the surface of the scalp or the face. Methods A prospective, descriptive study was performed in five patients presenting with an epicrania fugax-type pain with extracephalic irradiation. Results All patients were women, and the mean age at onset was 59.8 (standard deviation, 10.9). They had unilateral paroxysms of electrical pain starting at a particular point in the head (parietal, n = 3; vertex, n = 1; frontal, n = 1) and rapidly radiating downwards in a lineal trajectory to reach extracephalic regions (ipsilateral limbs, n = 2; shoulder, n = 2; low neck, n = 1) in 1–3 seconds. Pain intensity was moderate or severe. Three patients had nummular headache at the point where the paroxysms originated. One patient had spontaneous remission, and four patients achieved complete or almost complete response with therapy (onabotulinumtoxinA, n = 2; indomethacin, n = 1; amitriptyline, n = 1; lamotrigine, n = 1). Conclusion The spectrum of epicrania fugax may include paroxysms with extracephalic irradiation. The propagation of pain beyond the head and the face supports the involvement of central mechanisms in the pathophysiology of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David García-Azorín
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Viedma
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria González-García
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Horga
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Martín
- Neurophysiology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María-Luz Cuadrado
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Man YH, Qi JJ, Yu TM, Yao G. Epicrania Fugax with a Novel Sign: Pain Paroxysms with Parallel Forward or Backward Trajectories. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:873-875. [PMID: 31535146 PMCID: PMC7139207 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hong Man
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Jing Qi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting-Min Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Yao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Recommandations pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la névralgie trigéminale classique. Neurochirurgie 2018; 64:285-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Rammohan K, Shyma MM, Das S, Shaji CV. Clinical Features and Psychiatric Comorbidity of Epicrania Fugax. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2018; 9:143-148. [PMID: 29456360 PMCID: PMC5812141 DOI: 10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_304_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epicrania fugax (EF) is a rare newly described primary headache characterized by paroxysms of unilateral pain radiating across one hemicranium. Aim: We aimed to describe 10 new cases of EF and assess the psychiatric comorbidity. Materials and Methods: Cases of EF were identified from patients attending the neurology outpatient department of a tertiary level referral and teaching hospital by the first author during a period extending from January 1, 2015 to April 31, 2017. Case ascertainment was done as per ICHD 3 beta criteria from among patients presenting with complaints of headache after detailed history and clinical examination. Clinical and demographic features were noted and patients were subjected to Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview to screen for psychiatric comorbidity followed by Becks Anxiety/Depression Inventory. Results: A total of 10 subjects were obtained during the study period, 4 males, and 6 females. Mean age of subjects was 45.3 years (standard deviation-10). Seventy percent had anteroposterior, and 30% had posteroanterior radiation of pain. The most common character of pain was stabbing (50%) followed by electrical (40%) and pressing (10%). None of the subjects had autonomic symptoms or focal symptoms in the scalp while 30% subjects had hyperesthesia in the affected area of the scalp. Six subjects (60%) patients had episodic course while 40% had chronic course. Sixty percent had comorbid anxiety while one (10%) had comorbid depression. A significant relation was obtained between duration of disease and occurrence of anxiety as well as Becks Anxiety Inventory scores while there was no correlation with attack duration. There was also a nonsignificant correlation between visual analog score and occurrence of anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Our study conclusively proves the existence of EF as a rare, distinct primary headache syndrome in our study population. It has a significant psychiatric comorbidity consisting of 60% of generalized anxiety disorder, 10% of panic attacks, and 10% of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rammohan
- Department of Neurology, T D MCH, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - M M Shyma
- Department of Neurology, PVS Memorial Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Soumitra Das
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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10
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Cuadrado ML, López-Ruiz P, Guerrero ÁL. Nummular headache: an update and future prospects. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 18:9-19. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2018.1401925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Luz Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid (UVA), Valladolid, Spain
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11
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Navarrete JJ, Ruiz M, Juanatey A, Barón J, Cuadrado ML, Guerrero AL. The Relationship of Auriculotemporal Neuralgia and Epicrania Fugax. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 19:635-636. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Navarrete
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Ruiz
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Juanatey
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Barón
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M L Cuadrado
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L Guerrero
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Barón-Sánchez J, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, Ruiz-Piñero M, Pérez-Pérez A, Guerrero ÁL, Cuadrado ML. Epicrania fugax combining forward and backward paroxysms in the same patient: the first four cases. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1453-1456. [PMID: 28721087 PMCID: PMC5499947 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s135810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The first description of epicrania fugax (EF) reported brief painful paroxysms that start in posterior regions of the scalp and move forward to reach the ipsilateral forehead, eye, or nose. A backward variation, wherein pain stems from frontal areas and radiates to the posterior scalp, has also been acknowledged. We report four patients with features reminiscent of EF and the coexistence of forward and backward pain paroxysms. Methods We considered all patients attending the headache outpatient office at two tertiary hospitals from March 2008 to March 2016. We enrolled four patients with paroxysms fulfilling criteria for EF and a combination of forward and backward radiations. Results In all cases, pain paroxysms moved both in forward and backward directions with either a zigzag (n=2) or linear (n=2) trajectory. Three patients presented two stemming points, in the occipital scalp and forehead (n=2) or in the parietal area and eye (n=1), whereas the fourth patient only had a stemming point located in the parietal region. Pain quality was mainly stabbing, and its intensity was moderate (n=1) or severe (n=3). The duration of the paroxysms was highly variable (3–30 seconds), and two patients reported autonomic symptoms. Conclusion The clinical picture presented by our patients does not fit with other types of known headache or neuralgia syndromes; we propose it corresponds to a bidirectional variant of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Barón-Sánchez
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Marina Ruiz-Piñero
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Luis Guerrero
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María L Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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French guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia (French Headache Society and French Neurosurgical Society). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:131-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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López-López A, González J, Guerrero ÁL, Ordás CM, Muñoz I, Cuadrado M. Stress, Coping, and Personality in Patients with Epicrania Fugax, and Their Relation to the Clinical Characteristics of Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 18:152-160. [PMID: 27330156 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present work is to analyze certain psychological features in a group of patients diagnosed with Epicrania fugax (EF; that has been recently included in the appendix of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, third edition, beta version), as well as their association with diverse demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample. Design Case-control. Method Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Stress Coping (COPE), Big Five Personality Traits (NEO-FFI), Depression (BDI-II), and Trait Anxiety (STAI) were evaluated in 23 patients with EF and 23 matched healthy controls. Differences between EF patients and controls were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in psychological features as a function of the demographic and clinical characteristics were examined using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U test, or Pearson's correlations. Results The two groups differed significantly from each other in Denial, Trait anxiety, and Depression. Low-frequency epicrania patients scored significantly higher than controls in Perceived stress, Neuroticism, Denial, Self-blame, Trait anxiety, and Depression and higher than high-frequency EF in Venting. Conclusions The results initially suggest the absence of substantial differences between patients suffering of EF and healthy controls. On the contrary, low-frequency EF patients show a distinctive "negative (unhealthy) psychological profile," in opposition to high-frequency EF patients. This circumstance highlights the potential need to consider low- frequency EF patients as a target for psychological intervention in combination with the most common medical procedures. Longitudinal studies are necessary to correctly elucidate the influence of these psychological variables on the course of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena López-López
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José González
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Departments of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos M Ordás
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Muñoz
- Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Epicrania fugax (EF) is a primary headache of recent description. EF essentially consists of brief paroxysms of pain describing a linear or zigzag trajectory across the surface of one hemicranium, commencing and terminating in the territories of different nerves. The pain of forward EF originates in a particular area of the occipital, parietal or temporal regions and moves anteriorly, whereas the pain of backward EF originates in the frontal area, the eye or the nose and moves posteriorly. Some patients have ocular or nasal autonomic accompaniments, and some have triggers. Between attacks, many patients have continuous or intermittent pain and/or tenderness at the stemming area. Pain frequency is extremely variable and some patients have spontaneous remissions. Preventive therapy is required when the paroxysms are frequent and non-remitting. Neuromodulators, indomethacin, amitryptiline, nerve anesthetic blockades, and trochlear steroid injections have been used in different cases, with partial or complete response.
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16
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Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, González-García N, Yus M, Jorquera M, Porta-Etessam J, García-Moreno H, García-Azorín D, Cuadrado ML. Facial epicrania fugax: A prospective series of eight new cases. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:1145-1151. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416668656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Epicrania fugax (EF) is a primary headache whose main feature is the dynamic character of the pain. EF pain typically moves across different dermatomes in a linear or zigzag trajectory. Recently, a facial variant of EF has been described, with the pain starting in the lower face and radiating upwards. Aim We report eight patients with an EF-type of pain of facial location and either upward or downward radiation. Methods For each patient, we recorded relevant demographic and clinical data. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (FIESTA) was obtained in all cases for the assessment of neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve. Results There were seven women and one man, and the mean age was 76.1 years (standard deviation, 11.3). Six patients had a paroxysmal pain starting at the lower face and moving upwards, while two patients had downward radiation. The pain always followed a fixed linear trajectory across different dermatomes. All cases had triggers, and pain intensity was consistently severe. Half of the patients had accompanying autonomic features. Neurovascular compression with imprinting over the trigeminal root on the symptomatic side was identified in three patients. All cases responded to antiepileptic drugs, and three had spontaneous remissions. Conclusions This series reinforces the facial variant of EF and extends the phenotype with cases of downward radiation. It also contributes to enriching the differential diagnosis of facial pain. Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve may be found in some cases, although a possible pathogenic link needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Yus
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Jorquera
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Porta-Etessam
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor García-Moreno
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Azorín
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Luz Cuadrado
- Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Fernández-Matarrubia M, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, Cuadrado ML. Case report: Epicranial pain after radiotherapy for skull base meningioma – the first symptomatic epicrania fugax? Cephalalgia 2016; 36:1389-1391. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416642425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background To date, no symptomatic forms of epicrania fugax (EF) have been reported. Here, we describe the first EF-type pain to be probably caused by an underlying disorder. Case report A 77-year-old woman started suffering from left V1–V2 trigeminal neuralgia at 72 years of age. Neurologic examination was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a left middle sphenoid wing meningioma compressing the left trigeminal nerve medially. After trying several neuromodulators, she received stereotactic radiotherapy. One month later, the episodes of facial pain were significantly diminished, but she started feeling brief electric paroxysms across her left hemicranium that were clinically identical to those of backwards EF. Serial MRI showed persistence of the meningioma without changes. Conclusion Although the pathogenesis of EF remains uncertain, this case is consistent with a symptomatic origin in the trigeminal root/pathway. The onset of the EF-like pain could have been caused by the compressive effect of the tumour or, most likely, by the radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María-Luz Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Casas-Limón J, Cuadrado ML, Ruiz M, Martínez E, Gutiérrez-Viedma Á, Ordás CM, Guerrero ÁL. Pain Paroxysms With Coronal Radiation: Case Series and Proposal of a New Variant of Epicrania Fugax. Headache 2016; 56:1040-4. [PMID: 27273384 DOI: 10.1111/head.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to report 4 patients with brief pain paroxysms whose clinical features remind of typical epicrania fugax (EF), except for the direction along a transverse trajectory. BACKGROUND EF has been defined as a brief paroxysmal head pain, with stabbing quality, describing a linear or zig-zag trajectory across the surface of one hemicranium. METHODS We considered all patients attending the headache outpatient office at 3 tertiary hospitals from March 2008 to December 2015. We identified a total of 4 cases with dynamic pain paroxysms moving in coronal direction. RESULTS The mean age at onset was 49 years (range 34-75). All the patients suffered a dynamic pain from parietal or temporal areas to the contralateral ones, crossing the midline in a linear or zig zag trajectory, the entire sequence lasting 2-3 seconds. No triggers were identified. One patient noticed mild interictal tenderness at the stemming point. The frequency of the attacks varied from 2 per week to 1 every 2 months. No underlying disorders were identified by physical and neurological exams and neuroimaging and laboratory tests. CONCLUSIONS Our patients presented with a paroxysmal head pain that might correspond to a transverse variant of EF. These observations may not only expand the EF phenotype but also reinforce the distinction between EF and pericranial neuralgias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Casas-Limón
- From the Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Quirón Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos M Ordás
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Cuadrado ML, Aledo-Serrano Á, Ruiz-Álvarez L. Eslicarbazepine acetate for a patient with highly resistant epicrania fugax. Pain Pract 2016; 15:E27. [PMID: 25560733 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Luz Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang L, Pan JF, Lu YY, Hu LH, Lu YN, Pan QQ, Wang Y. A recurrent headache circumscribed in a coronal line-shaped area around the head: a coronal linear headache. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:315. [PMID: 27066346 PMCID: PMC4786508 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linear headache (LH) has recently been described as a paroxysmal or continuous head pain restricted in a linear trajectory of 5-10 mm in width, linking one endpoint in occipital or occipitocervical region with another endpoint in ipsilateral nasion or forehead region. The sagittal line-shaped pain area of LH is close and parallel to a sagittal venous sinus, the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). For some patients, the LH had some features resembling the pattern of migraine without aura. CASE DESCRIPTION A 45 year-old woman complained with a distinct headache for more than half years. The pain trajectory of the headache is confined to a coronal line-shaped area of 5-10 mm in width linking the two points in the bilateral temporal regions with the occipital protuberance. This coronal line-shaped pain area is close and parallel to a coronal cambered venous sinus complex, the combination of the confluences of sinus and the bilateral cavernous sinus (CS), superior petrosal sinus (SPS) linking the CS with transverse sinus (TS) and TS into which the SPS feeds. The patient had a past history of migraine without aura for 10 years and her son had a benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV) for 12 years. Both of her coronal line-shaped headache and her son's vertigo had well response to sodium valproate. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION Its clinical characteristics were distinctly different from those of other two headache entities defined with topographical criteria, nummular headache and epicrania fugax, and different from other existing headache entities except for migraine without aura. CONCLUSION The distinct coronal line-shaped headache is suggestive of a variant of LH, a coronal LH, and probably belongs to a subtype of migraine without aura as proposed for LH. This coronal LH reinforces the proposal of LH as a new headache syndrome or a subtype of a previously known headache syndrome, probably of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Jie-Feng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Division Korla Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Jiaotong Road, Korla, 841000 Xinjiang China
| | - Yun-Yun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Liang-Hui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Ya-Nan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China ; Department of Neurology, The Second Division Korla Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Jiaotong Road, Korla, 841000 Xinjiang China
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Lu YN, Pan QQ, Pan JF, Wang L, Lu YY, Hu LH, Wang Y. Linear headache: clinical characteristics of eight new cases. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:347. [PMID: 27057481 PMCID: PMC4799045 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Linear headache (LH) has recently been described as a paroxysmal or continuous fixed head pain restricted in a linear trajectory of 5–10 mm in width, linking one endpoint in occipital or occipitocervical region with another endpoint in ipsilateral nasion or forehead region. For some patients, this headache had some features resembling migraine without aura. Methods We made a prospective search of patients presenting with a clinical picture comprised under the heading of LH and we have accessed eight new cases. A detailed clinical feature of the headache was obtained in all cases to differentiate with cranial neuralgia, paroxysmal hemicrania, cervicogenic headache, nummular headache and migraine. Results The eight LH patients complained of a recurrent moderate to severe, distending, pulsating, or pressure-like pain within a strictly unilateral line-shaped area. The headache duration would be ranged from 1 h to 2 days or persistent for 1–6 months with recurrent worsening of headaches. For some patients, this headache had couple of features similar to that of migraine pattern, such as accompaniments of nausea, vomiting, and phonophobia, diziness, triggering factors of noise, bright night, resting after physical activity, fatigue, menstruation, and response to anti-migraine therapy. Conclusions This description reinforces the proposal of LH as a new headache syndrome or a new variant of a previously known headache syndrome, probably of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Jie-Feng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Division Korla Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Jiaotong Road, Korla, 841000 Xinjiang China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Yun-Yun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Liang-Hui Hu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, 230022 China.,Department of Neurology, the Second Division Korla Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Jiaotong Road, Korla, 841000 Xinjiang China
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Valença MM, de Oliveira DA. The Frequent Unusual Headache Syndromes: A Proposed Classification Based on Lifetime Prevalence. Headache 2015; 56:141-52. [PMID: 26335933 DOI: 10.1111/head.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no agreement on a single cutoff point or prevalence for regarding a given disease as rare. The concept of what is a rare headache disorder is even less clear and the spectrum from a very frequent, frequent, occasional to rare headache syndrome is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE An attempt has been made to estimate the lifetime prevalence of each of the headache subtypes classified in the ICHD-II. METHOD Using the ICHD-II, 199 different headache subtypes were identified. The following classification was made according to the estimated lifetime prevalence of each headache disorder: very frequent (prevalence >10%); frequent (between 1 and 10%); occasional (between 0.07 and 1%); and unusual or rare (<0.07%). RESULTS One hundred and fifty-four of 199 (77%) were categorized as unusual headache disorders, 7/199 (4%) as very frequent, 9/199 (5%) as frequent, and 29/199 (15%) as occasional forms of headache disorder. CONCLUSION The unusual headache syndromes do not appear to be as infrequent in clinical practice as has been generally believed. About three-fourths of the classified headache disorders found in the ICHD-II can be considered as rare. This narrative review article may be regarded as an introduction to the concept of unusual headaches and a proposed classification of all headaches (at least those listed in the ICHD-II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M Valença
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Hospital Esperança, Brazil
| | - Daniella A de Oliveira
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
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Wang Y, Pan QQ, Lu YN, Tian MM, Wang XH. Linear interictal pain in epicrania fugax: a reply. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:23. [PMID: 25902847 PMCID: PMC4385277 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a reply to the comments on our article "Linear headache: a recurrent unilateral head pain circumscribed in a line-shaped area" published in JHP 2014 Jun 26; 15:45. In the comments, the authors raise a question whether the linear headache (LH) we reported be a linear interictal pain in epicranial fugax (EF), based on a case they reported. We think that the LH is not a linear interictal pain in EF based on our observations and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Miao-Miao Tian
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Xian-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache Group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, 230022, Hefei, China.
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Cuadrado ML, Aledo-Serrano Á, Jiménez-Almonacid J, de Lera M, Guerrero ÁL. Facial pain radiating upwards: could the pain of epicrania fugax start in the lower face? Headache 2014; 55:690-5. [PMID: 25532591 DOI: 10.1111/head.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicrania fugax (EF) is characterized by painful paroxysms starting in a particular area of the head, and rapidly radiating forwards or backwards through the territories of different nerves. In former clinical descriptions, the pain moved between the posterior scalp (C2) and the frontal or periorbital area (V1), either in forward or backward direction. METHODS We report 5 patients with a paroxysmal EF-type pain starting in the lower face (V2 or V3) and radiating upwards. RESULTS In each patient, the pain stemmed from the cheek (n = 1), the upper lip (n = 2) or the chin and mandibular area (n = 2), and then moved up to the forehead or the scalp with linear trajectory. Pain intensity was moderate (n = 1) or severe (n = 4), and pain quality was stabbing (n = 2) or electric (n = 3). The duration of attacks was very brief, lasting 1 to a few seconds. Three patients had ocular or nasal autonomic accompaniments, and 3 had triggers. CONCLUSIONS There seems to be a facial variant of EF. These observations could not only expand the clinical spectrum of EF but also enlarge the differential diagnosis of facial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Luz Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mercedes de Lera
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Guerrero
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Luz Cuadrado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniela Di Capua
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Pareja
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Alcorcón University Hospital, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Tian MM, Wang XH, Zhu XQ, Liu Y, Lu YN, Pan QQ. Linear headache: a recurrent unilateral head pain circumscribed in a line-shaped area. J Headache Pain 2014; 15:45. [PMID: 24966056 PMCID: PMC4078094 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A headache circumscribed in a line-shaped area but not confined to the territory of one particular nerve had ever been described in Epicrania Fugax (EF) of which the head pain is moving and ultrashort. In a 25-month period from Feb 2012 to Mar 2014, we encountered 12 patients with a paroxysmal motionless head pain restricted in a linear trajectory. The head pain trajectory was similar to that of EF, but its all other features obviously different from those of EF. We named this distinctive but undescribed type of headache linear headache (LH). Methods A detailed clinical feature of the headache was obtained in all cases to differentiate with EF, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) and cranial neuralgia. Similarities and differences in clinical features were compared between LH and migraine. Results The twelve LH patients (mean age 43.9 ± 12.2) complained of a recurrent, moderate to severe, distending (n = 9), pressure-like (n = 3) or pulsating (n = 3) pain within a strictly unilateral line-shaped area. The painful line is distributed from occipital or occipitocervical region to the ipsilateral eye (n = 5), forehead (n = 6) or parietal region (n = 1). The pain line has a trajecory similar to that of EF but no characteristics of moving. The headache duration would be ranged from five minutes to three days, but usually from half day to one day in most cases (n = 8). Six patients had the accompaniment of nausea with or without vomiting, and two patients had the accompaniment of ipsilateral dizziness. The attacks could be either spontaneous (n = 10) or triggered by noise, depression and resting after physical activity (n = 1), or by stress and staying up late (n = 1). The frequency of attacks was variable. The patients had well response to flunarizine, sodium valproate and amitriptyline but not to carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. LH is different from EF, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) and cranial neuralgia, but it had couple of features similar to that of migraine. Conclusions The clinical picture of LH might be a subtype of migraine, or represent a novel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Little is known about most disorders classified as rare primary headaches. This review summarizes current knowledge about clinical presentation, pathophysiology, epidemiology and treatment options of rare headache disorders. Increasing public awareness on the different types of rare primary headache disorders may lead to more research and better patient identification and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS The International Headache Society updated the classification criteria for primary headache disorders adding some clinical entities and moving others to different parts of the classification. SUMMARY Neuroimaging should be performed in all patients suspected to suffer from rare primary headache to rule out secondary causes of headache. Indometacin might have a good therapeutic effect in some of these headache entities, but larger randomized controlled trials are missing.
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Wang Y, Wang XH, Tian MM, Xie CJ, Liu Y, Pan QQ, Lu YN. Ophthalmoplegia starting with a headache circumscribed in a line-shaped area: a subtype of ophthalmoplegic migraine? J Headache Pain 2014; 15:19. [PMID: 24739597 PMCID: PMC3996493 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON), formerly named ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM), is a rare condition characterized by the association of unilateral headaches and the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy. The third cranial nerve is most commonly involved in the recurrent attacks. But it is still debated whether a migraine or an oculomotor neuropathy may be the primary cause of this disorder. Here, we report an elder patient who had a recurrent ophthalmoplegia starting with an unilateral headache circumscribed in an area shaped in a line linking the posterior-parietal region and the ipsilateral eye. And the headache had couple of features similar to that of migraine, such as past history of recurrent migraine attacks, accompaniments of nausea, vomiting, and phonophobia, response to flunarizine and sodium valproate. We may herein report a subtype of OM but not a RPON. This case report indicates that OM may exist as an entity and some OM may be wrongly grouped under the category of RPON in the current international headache classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xian-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Miao-Miao Tian
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Cheng-Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ya-Nan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy and Headache group, the First Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China
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