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Mik P, Barannikava K, Surkova P. Biased Quantification of Rat Liver Fibrosis-Meta-Analysis with Practical Recommendations and Clinical Implications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5072. [PMID: 37568474 PMCID: PMC10420125 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For liver fibrosis assessment, the liver biopsy is usually stained with Masson's trichrome (MT) or picrosirius red (PSR) to quantify liver connective tissue (LCT) for fibrosis scoring. However, several concerns of such semiquantitative assessments have been raised, and when searching for data on the amount of LCT in healthy rats, the results vastly differ. Regarding the ongoing reproducibility crisis in science, it is necessary to inspect the results and methods, and to design an unbiased and reproducible method of LCT assessment. We searched the Medline database using search terms related to liver fibrosis, LCT and collagen, rat strains, and staining methods. Our search identified 74 eligible rat groups in 57 studies. We found up to 170-fold differences in the amount of LCT among healthy Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats, with significant differences even within individual studies. Biased sampling and quantification probably caused the observed differences. In addition, we also found incorrect handling of liver fibrosis scoring. Assessment of LCT using stereological sampling methods (such as systematic uniform sampling) would provide us with unbiased data. Such data could eventually be used not only for the objective assessment of liver fibrosis but also for validation of noninvasive methods of the assessment of early stages of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Mik
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Katsiaryna Barannikava
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Polina Surkova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Oxidative Posttranslational Protein Modifications and Brain Homogenate Denaturation in the Kindling Model of Epilepsy in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1943-1955. [PMID: 35316463 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the ketogenic diet (KD) effects on oxidative posttranslational protein modification (PPM) as presumptive factors implicated in epileptogenesis. A 28-day of KD treatment was performed. The corneal kindling model of epileptogenesis was used. Four groups of adult male ICR mice (25-30 g) were randomized in standard rodent chow (SRC) group, KD-treatment group; SRC + kindling group; KD + kindling group (n = 10 each). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and protein carbonyl contents of brain homogenates together with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were evaluated. Two exothermic transitions (Exo1 and Exo2) were explored after deconvolution of the thermograms. Factor analysis was applied. The protective effect of KD in the kindling model was demonstrated with both decreased seizure score and increased seizure latency. KD significantly decreased glucose and increased ketone bodies (KB) in blood. Despite its antiseizure effect, the KD increased the AOPP level and the brain proteome's exothermic transitions, suggestive for qualitative modifications. The ratio of the two exothermic peaks (Exo2/Exo1) of the thermograms from the KD vs. SRC treated group differed more than twice (3.7 vs. 1.6). Kindling introduced the opposite effect, changing this ratio to 2.7 for the KD + kindling group. Kindling significantly increased glucose and KB in the blood whereas decreased the BW under the SRC treatment. Kindling decreased carbonyl proteins in the brain irrespectively of the diet. Further evaluations are needed to assess the nature of correspondence of calorimetric images of the brain homogenates with PPM.
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Zou Y, Li S, Xu B, Guo H, Zhang S, Cai Y. Inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis via Mitigation of Intestinal Endotoxemia. Inflammation 2020; 43:251-263. [PMID: 31776890 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is demonstrated to cause "two-hit" injury to liver. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays an important role in LPS clearance. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1α) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) were reported to be responsible for PCSK9 gene transcription and regulation. We aim to clarify the expression status of PCSK9 during the process of liver fibrosis and to verify the effect on liver fibrosis via PCSK9 inhibition. In this study, we found that PCSK9 increased significantly in human and BDL mouse injured liver tissues, so did HNF-1α and SREBP2. No significant difference of plasma PCSK9 was observed. Inhibited PCSK9 using CRISPR-PCSK9 adeno-associated virus in BDL mice ameliorated liver inflammation and fibrosis, with LPS decrease in serum, without any change in intestinal wall integrity. PCSK9 expression of L02 hepatocytes can be induced by LPS; however, they lose the ability at high content of LPS. L02 cells increased LPS uptake after PCSK9 knockout. Taken together, these results suggest that, with PCSK9 increasing during liver fibrosis advancement, its inhibition can ameliorate liver injury by enhancing LPS uptake in hepatocytes; however, the enhancement is limited for destruction to hepatocytes by high LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Beili Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Guo
- Department of Severe Hepatitis, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuncai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Leyva-Porras C, Cruz-Alcantar P, Espinosa-Solís V, Martínez-Guerra E, Piñón-Balderrama CI, Compean Martínez I, Saavedra-Leos MZ. Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC) in Food and Drug Industries. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010005. [PMID: 31861423 PMCID: PMC7023573 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase transition issues in the field of foods and drugs have significantly influenced these industries and consequently attracted the attention of scientists and engineers. The study of thermodynamic parameters such as the glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), crystallization temperature (Tc), enthalpy (H), and heat capacity (Cp) may provide important information that can be used in the development of new products and improvement of those already in the market. The techniques most commonly employed for characterizing phase transitions are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Among these techniques, DSC is preferred because it allows the detection of transitions in a wide range of temperatures (−90 to 550 °C) and ease in the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the transitions. However, the standard DSC still presents some limitations that may reduce the accuracy and precision of measurements. The modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) has overcome some of these issues by employing sinusoidally modulated heating rates, which are used to determine the heat capacity. Another variant of the MDSC is the supercooling MDSC (SMDSC). SMDSC allows the detection of more complex thermal events such as solid–solid (Ts-s) transitions, liquid–liquid (Tl-l) transitions, and vitrification and devitrification temperatures (Tv and Tdv, respectively), which are typically found at the supercooling temperatures (Tco). The main advantage of MDSC relies on the accurate detection of complex transitions and the possibility of distinguishing reversible events (dependent on the heat capacity) from non-reversible events (dependent on kinetics).
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Affiliation(s)
- César Leyva-Porras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Miguel de Cervantes # 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, CHIH, Mexico;
| | - Pedro Cruz-Alcantar
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km, 5+600, Ejido San José de las Trojes Matehuala, San Luis Potosi 78700, SLP, Mexico; (P.C.-A.); (I.C.M.)
| | - Vicente Espinosa-Solís
- Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur de la UASLP, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, km. 5, Carretera Tamazunchale-San Martín, Tamazunchale 79960, SLP, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Alianza Norte No. 202, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto Km 10, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), Apodaca 66600, NL, Mexico;
| | - Claudia I. Piñón-Balderrama
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km, 5+600, Ejido San José de las Trojes Matehuala, San Luis Potosi 78700, SLP, Mexico; (P.C.-A.); (I.C.M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Alianza Norte No. 202, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto Km 10, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), Apodaca 66600, NL, Mexico;
| | - Isaac Compean Martínez
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km, 5+600, Ejido San José de las Trojes Matehuala, San Luis Potosi 78700, SLP, Mexico; (P.C.-A.); (I.C.M.)
| | - María Z. Saavedra-Leos
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km, 5+600, Ejido San José de las Trojes Matehuala, San Luis Potosi 78700, SLP, Mexico; (P.C.-A.); (I.C.M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados S.C. (CIMAV), Alianza Norte No. 202, Autopista Monterrey-Aeropuerto Km 10, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), Apodaca 66600, NL, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Ramírez-Elías MG, Kolosovas-Machuca E, Kershenobich D, Guzmán C, Escobedo G, González FJ. Evaluation of liver fibrosis using Raman spectroscopy and infrared thermography: A pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 19:278-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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