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Lei J, Yang S, Chen B, Zhang L, Yan T, Yang G, Chen Y, Li Y, Lu Y, Zuo S. Efficacy and Safety of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Alone or Combination with Programmed Death-1 Inhibitors in Treating of Hepatitis C-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:357-367. [PMID: 36891505 PMCID: PMC9987323 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s392347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combined with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor is a potential treatment modality for patients with HCV-related unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Methods The participants of the present work included the patients having HCV-related uHCC who were treated with TKI monotherapy (TKI group) or TKI combined with PD-1 inhibitors therapy (combination group) in our center between June 2018 and June 2021. In addition, the patients were classified into RNA-positive and RNA-negative groups based on whether or not the baseline HCV RNA was detectable. The overall survival (OS) was used as the primary efficacy endpoint, while progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) were used as secondary endpoints. The adverse events were recorded and evaluated. Results Among the 67 patients contained this work, 43 patients were classified into the TKI group, while 24 patients formed the combination group. In relative to the TKI group, the combination group presented notably better median OS (21 months vs 13 months, p = 0.043) and median PFS (8 months vs 5 months, p = 0.005). No evident differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the DCR (58.1% vs 79.2%, p = 0.080), ORR (13.9% vs 25.0%, p = 0.425) and the incidence of grade 3-4 adverse events (34.8% vs 33.3%, p = 1.000). In addition, there existed no obvious difference between the RNA-positive group and RNA-negative group in terms of median OS (14 months vs 19 months, p = 0.578) and median PFS (4 months vs 6 months, p = 0.238). Conclusion The patients having HCV-related uHCC after being treated with the TKI and PD-1 inhibitor combination therapy exhibited a better prognosis and manageable toxicity compared to the patients who underwent TKI monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sibo Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Chen
- 302 Clinical Medical School, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linzhi Zhang
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, the 5th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yan
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, the 5th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangqi Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyin Li
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, the 5th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinying Lu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, the 5th Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Zuo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Hino K, Nishina S, Sasaki K, Hara Y. Mitochondrial damage and iron metabolic dysregulation in hepatitis C virus infection. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:193-199. [PMID: 30268888 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often leads to chronic hepatitis that can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although HCV infection is expected to decrease due to the high rate of HCV eradication via the rapid dissemination and use of directly acting antivirals, HCV infection remains a leading cause of HCC. Although the mechanisms underlying the HCC development are not fully understood, oxidative stress is present to a greater degree in HCV infection than in other inflammatory liver diseases and has been proposed as a major mechanism of liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatocellular mitochondrial alterations and iron accumulation are well-known characteristics in patients with chronic hepatitis C and are closely related to oxidative stress, since the mitochondria are the main site of reactive oxygen species generation, and iron produces hydroxy radicals via the Fenton reaction. In addition, phlebotomy is an iron reduction approach that aims to lower serum transaminase levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Here, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which HCV induces mitochondrial damage and iron accumulation in the liver and offer new insights concerning how mitochondrial damage and iron accumulation are linked to the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Hino
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Sohij Nishina
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kyo Sasaki
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Hara
- Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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3
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocarcinogenesis Following Sustained Virological Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100531. [PMID: 30274202 PMCID: PMC6212901 DOI: 10.3390/v10100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the number of cases of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to increase over the next five years. HCC develops over the span of decades and is closely associated with fibrosis stage. HCV both directly and indirectly establishes a pro-inflammatory environment favorable for viral replication. Repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration lead to genomic instability and loss of cell cycle control. DAA therapy offers >90% sustained virological response (SVR) rates with fewer side effects and restrictions than interferon. While elimination of HCV helps to restore liver function and reverse mild fibrosis, post-SVR patients remain at elevated risk of HCC. A series of studies reporting higher than expected rates of HCC development among DAA-treated patients ignited debate over whether use of DAAs elevates HCC risk compared to interferon. However, recent prospective and retrospective studies based on larger patient cohorts have found no significant difference in risk between DAA and interferon therapy once other factors are taken into account. Although many mechanisms and pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated, our understanding of drivers specific to post-SVR hepatocarcinogenesis is still limited, and lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro experimental systems has hampered efforts to examine etiology-specific mechanisms that might serve to answer this question more thoroughly. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and biomarkers for post-SVR HCC and to develop targeted therapies based on more complete understanding of the molecules and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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4
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Yuan X, Wang B, Yang L, Zhang Y. The role of ROS-induced autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:306-312. [PMID: 29544680 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a main cause of cancer-related mortality and its etiology is not fully understood. As prominent factors that regulate cellular homeostasis, both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy are considered to play an essential role in the liver carcinogenesis. However, the crosstalk between ROS and autophagy is not well characterized in the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the roles of autophagy in ROS-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis and discusses the role of ROS-induced autophagy in HCC cell fate decision following treatment with chemotherapeutic agents in preclinical settings, which may allow the identification of novel strategies for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 West Dazhi Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 West Dazhi Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 West Dazhi Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nangang branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 33 West Dazhi Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, China.
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5
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Megamitochondria formation in hepatocytes of patient with chronic hepatitis C - a case report. Clin Exp Hepatol 2017; 3:169-175. [PMID: 29062908 PMCID: PMC5649480 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2017.68287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affect 185 million people world-wide, pathomechanism of liver damage is still unclear. Electron microscopy can reveal liver injury in very early stage and help understanding the mechanisms that is crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. We present the morphological changes in the liver of HCV infected 24-year-old female patient, using light and transmission electron microscopy. Examination by TEM revealed wide range of specific subcellular abnormalities in hepatocellular ultrastructure. The most common observed changes were ring-shaped nuclei with intranuclear inclusion, megamitochondria, and “membranous web” structures – the hallmark of RNA-viruses infection.
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6
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Nguyen BN, Okuno Y, Ajiro M, Iida K, Denawa M, Yamamoto M, Sakamoto N, Kagechika H, Hagiwara M. Retinoid derivative Tp80 exhibits anti‐hepatitis C virus activity through restoration of GI‐GPx expression. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1224-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
- Biomedical Science PhD ProgramTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityBunkyo‐ku, TokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityChiyoda‐ku, TokyoJapan
| | - Yukiko Okuno
- Medical Research Support CenterGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
| | - Masahiko Ajiro
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
- Department of Drug Discovery MedicineGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
| | - Kei Iida
- Medical Research Support CenterGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
| | - Masatsugu Denawa
- Medical Research Support CenterGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
| | - Makoto Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineThe Third Department of Internal Medicine Sapporo, HokkaidoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal ChemistryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityChiyoda‐ku, TokyoJapan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyGraduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversitySakyo‐ku, KyotoJapan
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7
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Medvedev R, Hildt E, Ploen D. Look who's talking-the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy supports exosomal-dependent release of HCV particles. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 33:211-231. [PMID: 27987184 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival. Dysregulation has been linked to the development of various human diseases, including neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis, infection, and aging. Besides, many viruses hijack the autophagosomal pathway to support their life cycle. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide, has been described to induce autophagy. The autophagosomal pathway can be further activated in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). HCV impairs the Nrf2/ARE-dependent induction of ROS-detoxifying enzymes by a so far unprecedented mechanism. In line with this, this review aims to discuss the relevance of HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels for the induction of autophagy as a result of the impaired Nrf2 signaling and the described crosstalk between p62 and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Moreover, autophagy is functionally connected to the endocytic pathway as components of the endosomal trafficking are involved in the maturation of autophagosomes. The release of HCV particles is still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest an involvement of exosomes that originate from the endosomal pathway in viral release. In line with this, it is tempting to speculate whether HCV-dependent elevated ROS levels induce autophagy to support exosome-mediated release of viral particles. Based on recent findings, in this review, we will further highlight the impact of HCV-induced autophagy and its interplay with the endosomal pathway as a novel mechanism for the release of HCV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Medvedev
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Gießen, Marburg, Langen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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8
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Wang Z, Li Z, Ye Y, Xie L, Li W. Oxidative Stress and Liver Cancer: Etiology and Therapeutic Targets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7891574. [PMID: 27957239 PMCID: PMC5121466 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7891574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that oxidative stress (OS) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Normally, OS occurs when the body receives any danger signal-from either an internal or external source-and further induces DNA oxidative damage and abnormal protein expression, placing the body into a state of vulnerability to the development of various diseases such as cancer. There are many factors involved in liver carcinogenesis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The relationship between OS and HCC has recently been attracting increasing attention. Therefore, elucidation of the impact of OS on the development of liver carcinogenesis is very important for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. This review focuses mainly on the relationship between OS and the development of HCC from the perspective of cellular and molecular mechanisms and the etiology and therapeutic targets of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Zhuonan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yanshuo Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
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9
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Molecular mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:853-861. [PMID: 27476823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process resulting from a combination of pathway alterations that are either caused directly by viral factors or immune mediated as a consequence of a chronic state of inflammation. Host genetic variation is now emerging as an additional element that contribute to increase the risk of developing HCC. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents foresees a rapid decline of HCC rate in HCV patients. However, a full understanding of the HCV-mediated tumourigenic process is required to elucidate if pro-oncogenic signatures may persist after virus clearance, and to identify novel tools for HCC prevention and therapy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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10
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HCV and Oxidative Stress: Implications for HCV Life Cycle and HCV-Associated Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9012580. [PMID: 26955431 PMCID: PMC4756209 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9012580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HCV (hepatitis C virus) is a member of the Flaviviridae family that contains a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 9600 bases. HCV is a major causative agent for chronic liver diseases such as steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma which are caused by multifactorial processes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as a major factor contributing to HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in formation of ROS in HCV replicating cells and describes the interference of HCV with ROS detoxifying systems. The relevance of ROS for HCV-associated pathogenesis is reviewed with a focus on the interference of elevated ROS levels with processes controlling liver regeneration. The overview about the impact of ROS for the viral life cycle is focused on the relevance of autophagy for the HCV life cycle and the crosstalk between HCV, elevated ROS levels, and the induction of autophagy.
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11
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Moro T, Nakao S, Sumiyoshi H, Ishii T, Miyazawa M, Ishii N, Sato T, Iida Y, Okada Y, Tanaka M, Hayashi H, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Inagaki Y. A Combination of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Excess Fat/Calorie Intake Accelerates Steatohepatitis by Enhancing Hepatic CC Chemokine Production in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146592. [PMID: 26745268 PMCID: PMC4706441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress is considered as a key accelerator of fibrosis in various organs including the liver. However, the production of oxidative stress and progression of liver fibrosis may merely represent the independent consequences of hepatocellular injury caused by the primary disease. Because of a lack of appropriate experimental models to evaluate the sole effects of oxidative stress, it is virtually unknown whether this stress is causatively linked to the progression of liver fibrosis. Here, we examined the direct effects of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the progression of high fat/calorie diet-induced steatohepatitis using Tet-mev-1 mice, in which a mutated succinate dehydrogenase transgene impairs the mitochondrial electron transport and generates an excess amount of ROS in response to doxycycline administration. Wild type and Tet-mev-1 mice that had been continuously given doxycycline-containing water were subsequently fed either normal chow or a cholesterol-free high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 4 months at approximately 1 or 2 years of age. Histopathological examinations indicated that neither the mitochondrial ROS induced in Tet-mev-1 mice nor the feeding of wild type animals with high-fat/high-sucrose diet alone caused significant liver fibrosis. Only when the Tet-mev-1 mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet, it induced lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes and enhanced hepatic CC chemokine expression. These events were accompanied by increased infiltration of CCR5-positive cells and activation of myofibroblasts, resulting in extensive liver fibrosis. Interestingly, this combinatorial effect of mitochondrial ROS and excess fat/calorie intake on liver fibrosis was observed only in 2-year-old Tet-mev-1 mice, not in the 1-year-old animals. Collectively, these results indicate that mitochondrial ROS in combination with excess fat/calorie intake accelerates liver fibrosis by enhancing CC chemokine production in aged animals. We have provided a good experimental model to explore how high fat/calorie intake increases the susceptibility to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in aged individuals who have impaired mitochondrial adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Moro
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Laboratory, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachie Nakao
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyazawa
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ishii
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Sato
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Research and Promotion Division (Isehara), Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Iida
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Research and Promotion Division (Isehara), Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Research and Promotion Division (Isehara), Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Research and Promotion Division (Isehara), Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Research and Promotion Division (Isehara), Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science Technology/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Ohkoshi S, Hirono H, Watanabe K, Hasegawa K, Yano M. Contributions of transgenic mouse studies on the research of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2834-2840. [PMID: 26668695 PMCID: PMC4670955 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i28.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse technology has enabled the investigation of the pathogenic effects, including those on development, immunological reactions and carcinogenesis, of viral genes directly in living organism in a real-time manner. Although viral hepatocarcinogenesis comprises multiple sequences of pathological events, that is, chronic necroinflammation and the subsequent regeneration of hepatocytes that induces the accumulation of genetic alterations and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the direct action of viral proteins also play significant roles. The pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus X and hepatitis C virus (HCV) core genes has been extensively studied by virtue of their functions as a transactivator and a steatosis inducer, respectively. In particular, the mechanism of steatosis in HCV infection and its possible association with HCC has been well studied using HCV core gene transgenic mouse models. Although transgenic mouse models have remarkable advantages, they are intrinsically accompanied by some drawbacks when used to study human diseases. Therefore, the results obtained from transgenic mouse studies should be carefully interpreted in the context of whether or not they are well associated with human pathogenesis.
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13
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Mileo AM, Mattarocci S, Matarrese P, Anticoli S, Abbruzzese C, Catone S, Sacco R, Paggi MG, Ruggieri A. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates pRb2/p130 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines through promoter methylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:140. [PMID: 26576645 PMCID: PMC4650920 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronically evolving disease and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit the mechanism of HCC induction by HCV is still controversial. The nucleocapsid (core) protein of HCV has been shown to be directly implicated in cellular transformation and immortalization, enhancing the effect of oncogenes and decreasing the one of tumor suppressor genes, as RB1 and its protein product pRB. With the aim of identifying novel molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte transformation by HCV, we examined the effect of HCV core protein on the expression of the whole Retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130. Methods We used a model system consisting of the HuH-7, HCV-free, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and of the HuH-7-CORE cells derived from the former and constitutively expressing the HCV core protein. We determined pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA amount of the respective genes RB1, RBL1 and RBL2, RBL2 promoter activity and methylation as well as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and 3b (DNMT3b) expression level. The effect of pRb2/p130 over-expression on the HCV core-expressing HuH-7-CORE cells was also evaluated. Results We found that the HCV core protein expression down-regulated pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA levels in HuH-7-CORE cells by inducing promoter hyper-methylation with the concomitant up-regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression. When pRb2/p130 expression was artificially re-established in HuH-7-CORE cells, cell cycle analysis outlined an accumulation in the G0/G1 phase, as expected. Conclusions HCV core appears indeed able to significantly down-regulate the expression and the function of two out of three RB family tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb and pRb2/p130. The functional consequences at the level of cell cycle regulation, and possibly of more complex cell homeostatic processes, may represent a plausible molecular mechanism involved in liver transformation by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Catone
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, 56124 Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common liver disease worldwide with a high rate of chronicity (75–80%) in infected individuals. The chronic form of HCV leads to steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellualr carcinoma. Steatosis is prevalent in HCV patients (55%) due to a combination of viral factors (effect of viral proteins on some of the intracellular pathways) and host factors (overweight, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol consumption). The response rates to treatment of chronic HCV with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and (in the case of genotype-1 HCV, the most common infecting genotype in the USA) ribavirin (RBV) is low, with a sustained viral response rate ≤ 40%. Adding direct-acting antiviral agents—recently approved by the FDA—to the standard protocol has increased the response rate; however HCV-related end-stage liver disease is still the primary indication for liver transplantation in the USA. The focus of this article is on the interrelation between HCV, steatosis and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamak Modaresi Esfeh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kianoush Ansari-Gilani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Zhang AM, Ma K, Song Y, Feng Y, Duan H, Zhao P, Wang B, Xu G, Li Z, Xia X. Mitochondrial DNAs decreased and correlated with clinical features in HCV patients from Yunnan, China. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2516-9. [PMID: 26099975 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1036255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C was the most popular chronic infectious liver disease worldwide. It was identified that Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, though the mechanism was not fully understood. To investigate whether mtDNA copy number could be affected by HCV infection and be associated with clinical features of HCV patients, mtDNA copy numbers were analyzed in 242 patients with HCV infection and 226 matched control samples. The results suggested that mtDNA copy numbers significantly decreased in HCV patients (68.80 ± 3.33) than in control samples (81.54 ± 4.50) (p = 0.022). When males/females were separated from total patients to compare mtDNA copy numbers with gender matched controls, mtDNA copy numbers still significantly decreased in male HCV patients (p = 0.002). Further analysis indicated that level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was negatively correlated with mtDNA copy numbers in total HCV patients (r = -0.128, p = 0.047), and this correlation was more significant in male HCV patients (r = -0.266, p = 0.030). Intriguingly, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) showed positive correlation with mtDNA copy numbers (r = 0.260, p = 0.034) in male HCV patients. Our results indicated that mtDNA copy numbers depleted and correlated with clinical features in male HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Mei Zhang
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Ke Ma
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Yue Feng
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Haiping Duan
- b Department of Clinical Laboratory , The People's Hospital of LuXi County in Yunnan Province , Yunnan , China
| | - Ping Zhao
- c Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China , and
| | - Binghui Wang
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
| | - Gang Xu
- c Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China , and
| | - Zheng Li
- d Department of Clinical Laboratory , The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Yunnan , China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- a Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan , China
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16
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Takaki A, Yamamoto K. Control of oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: Helpful or harmful? World J Hepatol 2015; 7:968-979. [PMID: 25954479 PMCID: PMC4419100 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i7.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is becoming recognized as a key factor in the progression of chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocarcinogenesis. The metabolically important liver is a major reservoir of mitochondria that serve as sources of reactive oxygen species, which are apparently responsible for the initiation of necroinflammation. As a result, CLD could be a major inducer of oxidative stress. Chronic hepatitis C is a powerful generator of oxidative stress, causing a high rate of hepatocarcinogenesis among patients with cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is also associated with oxidative stress although its hepatocarcinogenic potential is lower than that of chronic hepatitis C. Analyses of serum markers and histological findings have shown that hepatocellular carcinoma correlates with oxidative stress and experimental data indicate that oxidative stress increases the likelihood of developing hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the results of antioxidant therapy have not been favorable. Physiological oxidative stress is a necessary biological response, and thus adequate control of oxidative stress and a balance between oxidative and anti-oxidative responses is important. Several agents including metformin and L-carnitine can reportedly control mechanistic oxidative stress. This study reviews the importance of oxidative stress in hepatocarcinogenesis and of control strategies for the optimal survival of patients with CLD and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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17
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Weidinger A, Müllebner A, Paier-Pourani J, Banerjee A, Miller I, Lauterböck L, Duvigneau JC, Skulachev VP, Redl H, Kozlov AV. Vicious inducible nitric oxide synthase-mitochondrial reactive oxygen species cycle accelerates inflammatory response and causes liver injury in rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:572-86. [PMID: 25365698 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidences suggest that, apart from activation of guanylyl cyclase, intracellular nitric oxide (NO) signaling is associated with an interaction between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to modulate physiological or pathophysiological processes. The aim of this study was to understand the contribution of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) to NO-mediated signaling in hepatocytes on inflammation. RESULTS In rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mtAOX) (mitoTEMPO and SkQ1) reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in liver, NO levels in blood and plasma, and markers of organ damage (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase). In cultured hepatocytes, treated with inflammatory mediators, generated ex vivo by incubation of white blood cells with LPS, we observed an increase in NO and mtROS levels. l-NG-monomethyl arginine citrate, a NOS inhibitor, decreased both NO and mtROS levels. mtAOX reduced mtROS, cytoplasmic ROS levels, and expression of iNOS and interleukin (IL)-6. These data suggest that NO, generated by iNOS, elevates mtROS, which, in turn, diffuse into the cytoplasm and upregulate iNOS and IL-6. INNOVATION Here, for the first time, we show that intracellular signaling pathways mediated by NO and ROS are linked to each other via mtROS and form an iNOS-mtROS feed-forward loop which aggravates liver failure on acute inflammation. CONCLUSION Our results provide a mechanistic explanation of how NO and mtROS cooperate to conduct inflammatory intracellular signals. We anticipate our results to be the missing mechanistic link between acute systemic inflammation and liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Weidinger
- 1 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
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18
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Sikorska K, Bernat A. Iron homeostasis and its regulators over the course of chronic hepatitis C. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Chronic infection with HCV has been diagnosed in approximately 170 million people worldwide. It is an important cause of chronic, progressive liver fibrosis. Late consequences of chronic HCV infection, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, have become the major indications for liver transplantation in developed countries. Particular attention is being paid to iron accumulation in chronic hepatitis C and its relation to the current antiviral therapy's efficacy and safety, risk of exacerbation of oxidative stress, development of metabolic disorders and hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV infection disrupts the synthesis of hepcidin, which regulates extracellular iron content. This article discusses the impact of iron on HCV multiplication and the involvement of impaired iron homeostasis in chronic hepatitis C in terms of the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, fatty liver and hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk. 80-214 Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 18, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bernat
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk & Medical University of Gdansk. 80-822 Gdansk, Kladki 24, Poland
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19
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Zheng BY, Fang XF, Zou LY, Huang YH, Chen ZX, Li D, Zhou LY, Chen H, Wang XZ. The co-localization of HBx and COXIII upregulates COX-2 promoting HepG2 cell growth. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1143-50. [PMID: 24938358 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HBx is a multifunctional regulator that interacts with host factors to contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, to explore the co-localization of HBx and COXIII in HepG2 cells and to investigate the molecular mechanism of HBx in HepG2 cell growth promotion, we first constructed a HepG2 cell line stably expressing the HBx gene in vitro by lentivirus vectors. In addition, we found that HBx co-localized with the inner mitochondrial protein, COXIII, in HepG2 cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. It led to changes of mitochondrial biogenesis and morphology, including upregulation of COXIII protein expression, increased cytochrome c oxidase activity and higher mitochondrial membrane potential. The upregulation of COX-2 caused by HBx through generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species promoted cell growth. Thus, we conclude that co-localization of HBx and COXIII leads to upregulation of COX-2 that promotes HepG2 cell growth. Such a mechanism provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanism of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Yun Zheng
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Fen Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lai-Yu Zou
- Department of Infection, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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