1
|
Tanaka K, Asano T, Watanabe E, Matsumoto K, Kashima H, Koito Y, Miura T, Takahashi Y, Tsuboi R, Ishii T, Otake H, Yoshikawa S, Uehara T, Sekine M, Matsumoto S, Asabe S, Miyatani H, Mashima H. Adult-onset Still's Disease Diagnosed during Puerperium with Liver Dysfunction in Pregnancy and Liver Failure of the Infant. Intern Med 2023; 62:2349-2354. [PMID: 37587054 PMCID: PMC10484755 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1038-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cases of liver dysfunction in pregnancy are pregnancy-related, but the onset of systemic autoimmune diseases is also differentiated. A 24-year-old woman presented with liver dysfunction at 28 weeks' gestation with suspected autoimmune hepatitis and started taking ursodeoxycholic acid. She gave birth prematurely at 35 weeks' gestation, and the infant presented with pancytopenia and liver failure but survived because of liver transplantation. Since the patient had major symptoms during the puerperium, she was diagnosed with adult-onset Still's disease. When encountering a patient with liver dysfunction during pregnancy, we should also consider the onset of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjo Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takeharu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Eri Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Keita Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yudai Koito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takaya Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yuko Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Rumiko Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Haruka Otake
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Masanari Sekine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Satohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shinichi Asabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Hirosato Mashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mansour D, Masson S, Hammond J, Leithead JA, Johnson J, Rahim MN, Douds AC, Corless L, Shawcross DL, Heneghan MA, Tripathi D, McPherson S, Bonner E, Botterill G, West R, Donnelly M, Grapes A, Hollywood C, Ross V. British Society of Gastroenterology Best Practice Guidance: outpatient management of cirrhosis - part 3: special circumstances. Frontline Gastroenterol 2023; 14:474-482. [PMID: 37862443 PMCID: PMC10579550 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of cirrhosis has risen significantly over recent decades and is predicted to rise further. Widespread use of non-invasive testing means cirrhosis is increasingly diagnosed at an earlier stage. Despite this, there are significant variations in outcomes in patients with cirrhosis across the UK, and patients in areas with higher levels of deprivation are more likely to die from their liver disease. This three-part best practice guidance aims to address outpatient management of cirrhosis, in order to standardise care and to reduce the risk of progression, decompensation and mortality from liver disease. Part 1 addresses outpatient management of compensated cirrhosis: screening for hepatocellular cancer, varices and osteoporosis, vaccination and lifestyle measures. Part 2 concentrates on outpatient management of decompensated disease including management of ascites, encephalopathy, varices, nutrition as well as liver transplantation and palliative care. In this, the third part of the guidance, we focus on special circumstances encountered in managing people with cirrhosis, namely surgery, pregnancy, travel, managing bleeding risk for invasive procedures and portal vein thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mansour
- Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steven Masson
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Hammond
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna A Leithead
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew C Douds
- Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, UK
| | - Lynsey Corless
- Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | | | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dhiraj Tripathi
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stuart McPherson
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Coral Hollywood
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liver Biopsy in Pregnancy: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4090-4098. [PMID: 33433812 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of most cases of liver diseases in pregnancy can be diagnosed with a thorough history, physical examination, laboratory values, serology, and noninvasive imaging. However, atypical clinical and laboratory presentations of liver diseases/chemistries require a liver biopsy to render an accurate diagnosis in cases where the biopsy results affect the timing of delivery or impact choice of medical therapy. According to the American College of Gastroenterology, liver biopsy can be effectively and safely conducted in pregnant women. Conventional routes of performing a liver biopsy include the percutaneous, transjugular route, and surgical methods. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy is a recent technique that has not yet gained widespread adoption but can potentially serve as an alternative route for obtaining the liver sample. Adverse events associated with liver biopsy include abdominal pain and hemorrhage. Maternal and fetal outcomes are limited to increased risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age neonate. However, very few studies have formally evaluated the safety of liver biopsy in pregnant women. In this review, we present two successful cases of liver biopsy performed during pregnancy and summarize the most recent evidence regarding the safety and outcomes of the procedure in pregnancy to assist clinicians in their decision to perform a liver biopsy during pregnancy or postpone it until after delivery.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kawada A, Iwamura S, Yorita K, Daike R, Tanaka Y, Kuroda N, Zen Y, Okazaki M, Uchita K. The Acute Onset of Autoimmune Hepatitis During Pregnancy in the Absence of Hypergammaglobulinemia and Autoantibodies. Intern Med 2021; 60:3231-3237. [PMID: 33840701 PMCID: PMC8580773 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7155-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) during pregnancy is rare and often poses a diagnostic challenge. A 29-year-old Japanese woman experienced epigastric pain and nausea during the third trimester of her third pregnancy. Three days after the symptom onset, an emergency Caesarean section was performed because of suspected acute fatty liver of pregnancy; however, the patient's liver dysfunction worsened afterward. Despite normal serum IgG concentration and absence of autoantibodies, biopsy-proven severe hepatitis with centrilobular zonal necrosis and good biochemical response to corticosteroids led to a diagnosis of AIH. Therefore, AIH should be included in the differential diagnosis of liver dysfunction during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Kawada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iwamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Kenji Yorita
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Rikiya Daike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Naoto Kuroda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe Kyodo Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoh Zen
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital and King's College London, UK
| | - Michiyo Okazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Uchita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kochi Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahim MN, Miquel R, Heneghan MA. Approach to the patient with acute severe autoimmune hepatitis. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100149. [PMID: 32995712 PMCID: PMC7509236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is associated with varied clinical presentations and natural history, as well as somewhat unpredictable treatment responses. Understanding how to stratify patients who require further escalation of therapy will help clinicians manage these patients. The presentation of acute severe autoimmune hepatitis (AS-AIH) is relatively uncommon, although its prevalence is potentially greater than currently perceived. Previous studies consist of small retrospective single-centre series and are not directly comparable due to the diversity of presentations, disease definitions and non-standardised treatment regimens. We define AS-AIH as those who present acutely with AIH and are icteric with an international normalised ratio ≥1.5 and no evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Those with hepatic encephalopathy should be defined as having AS-AIH with acute liver failure. In this review, we provide a structured practical approach for diagnosing and managing this unique group of patients.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AIH, autoimmune hepatitis
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALI, acute liver injury
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANA, anti-nuclear antibody
- AS-AIH, acute severe autoimmune hepatitis
- ASMA, anti-smooth muscle antibody
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- AUROC, analysis of area under the receiver operator characteristic curve
- Acute liver failure
- Acute severe presentation
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- CT, computed tomography
- Corticosteroids
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IAIHG, International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group
- INR, international normalised ratio
- LT, liver transplantation
- Liver transplantation
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- MELD-Na, model for end-stage liver disease-sodium
- MHN, massive hepatic necrosis
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- PT, prothrombin time
- UKELD, United Kingdom end-stage liver disease
- USALF, United States Acute Liver Failure
- anti-LC-1, anti-liver cytosol-1
- anti-LKM, anti-liver kidney microsomal
- anti-SLA/LP, anti-soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat N. Rahim
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Liver Histopathology Laboratory, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahim MN, Long L, Penna L, Williamson C, Kametas NA, Nicolaides KH, Heneghan MA. Pregnancy in Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2020; 26:564-581. [PMID: 31950556 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy after liver transplantation (LT) is increasingly common and is a frequent scenario that transplant physicians, obstetricians, and midwives encounter. This review summarizes the key issues surrounding preconception, pregnancy-related outcomes, immunosuppression, and breastfeeding in female LT recipients. Prepregnancy counseling in these patients should include recommendations to delay conception for at least 1-2 years after LT and discussions about effective methods of contraception. Female LT recipients are generally recommended to continue immunosuppression during pregnancy to prevent allograft rejection; however, individual regimens may need to be altered. Although pregnancy outcomes are overall favorable, there is an increased risk of maternal and fetal complications. Pregnancy in this cohort remains high risk and should be managed vigilantly in a multidisciplinary setting. We aim to review the available evidence from national registries, population-based studies, and case series and to provide recommendations for attending clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat N Rahim
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Long
- Department of Obstetrics, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Penna
- Department of Obstetrics, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nikos A Kametas
- Fetal Medicine Research Unit, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kypros H Nicolaides
- Fetal Medicine Research Unit, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ludvigsson JF, Marschall HU, Hagström H, Höijer J, Stephansson O. Pregnancy outcome in women undergoing liver biopsy during pregnancy: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Hepatology 2018; 68:625-633. [PMID: 28653764 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver biopsy is an important procedure in the investigation of liver disease. We examined pregnancy outcomes in women who underwent liver biopsy during pregnancy. In a nationwide population-based cohort study we linked data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry (for births between 1992 and 2011) with those from the Swedish Patient Registry. We identified 23 pregnancies exposed to liver biopsy. We calculated relative risks (RRs) for adverse pregnancy outcomes according to liver biopsy status using 1,953,887 unexposed pregnancies with and without a record of liver disease as reference. Our main outcome measures were stillbirth and preterm birth. There were no stillbirths in pregnancies exposed to liver biopsies compared with 0.3% stillbirths in unexposed pregnancies, and 3/23 (13%) exposed pregnancies were preterm (RR, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.9-7.5). Compared to women with a record of liver disease, preterm birth was not increased in those exposed to liver biopsy (RR, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-6.0). Except for an increased risk of small for gestational age birth in pregnancies exposed to liver biopsy (RR, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-14.8), other adverse pregnancy outcomes were independent of liver biopsy status when the analysis was restricted to women with a diagnosis of liver disease. Compared with unexposed sibling pregnancies, pregnancies with a liver biopsy were 7 days shorter, but birth weights did not differ between the siblings (-67 g; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Apart from a moderately increased risk of preterm birth and small for gestational age, there was no association between liver biopsy during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome; potential excess risks should be weighed against the advantages of having a liver biopsy that may influence clinical management of the patient and indirectly fetal health. (Hepatology 2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Ludvigsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden.,Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannes Hagström
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Center of Digestive Diseases, Division of Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Höijer
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Stephansson
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|