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Shimose S, Sugimoto R, Hiraoka A, Tanaka M, Iwamoto H, Tanaka Y, Tada F, Ohama H, Niizeki T, Shirono T, Moriyama E, Noda Y, Kamachi N, Nakano M, Kuromatsu R, Koga H, Kawaguchi T. Significance of ramucirumab following atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma using real-world data. Hepatol Res 2023; 53:116-126. [PMID: 36316794 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM Few studies have reported the efficacy and safety of ramucirumab (RAM) after atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atezo/Beva) treatment and the overall associated outcomes. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects and safety of RAM post-treatment with Atezo/Beva. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 46 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated with RAM. The patients were classified into the RAM administered following Atezo/Beva failure (n = 12) or RAM administered following other drug failure (n = 34) groups. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse event (AE) rates were assessed. RESULTS There were significant differences in the objective response rates and disease control rates between the RAM administered following Atezo/Beva and RAM administered following others groups (objective response rate 33.3%. vs. 0.0%, p = 0.001; disease control rate 83.3% vs. 32.3, p = 0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the OS rates, the median PFS rates in the RAM administered following Atezo/Beva group was significantly higher than in the RAM administered following others group (PFS 3.9 months. vs. 1.9 months, p = 0.047). The AE rates were comparable between the two groups; ascites was the most common AE (45.6%). Using decision tree analysis, the presence of splenomegaly and body mass index (BMI) < 19.8 were the first and second splitting variables for RAM-related ascites, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect of RAM increased in patients with Atezo/Beva failure. Patients with splenomegaly and low BMI should be monitored for ascites during RAM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Shimose
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Rie Sugimoto
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hiraoka
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Iwamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fujimasa Tada
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hideko Ohama
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Niizeki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomotake Shirono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Etsuko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yu Noda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamachi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masahito Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kuromatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Targeted Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and New Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164028. [PMID: 36011021 PMCID: PMC9406380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In terms of the advanced stages, systemic treatments have allowed patients to achieve clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies have been developed and clinically evaluated with interesting results. However, on the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primitive cancer of the liver, accounting for 90% of all recorded cases. HCC is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, with a 5-year survival rate of just 3%. In the advanced stages, systemic treatments allow doctors to obtain clinical benefits, although the prognosis remains very poor. In the past few decades, new molecular targeted therapies against receptor tyrosine kinases have been developed and clinically evaluated. Sorafenib was the first oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for the treatment of advanced HCC in 2007. Subsequently, other TKIs, including Cabozantinib, Regorafenib, Lenvatinib, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors such as Ramucirumab and VEGF inhibitors such as Bevacizumab have been approved as first- or second-line treatments. More recently, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGF inhibitors (Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab) have been analyzed and approved for the treatment of advanced HCC. On the basis of the poor prognoses and the meager benefits deriving from the available systemic therapies, research into new treatments is extremely necessary. In this review, we focus on the available systemic therapies for advanced HCC, with a look toward the future.
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Yasui Y, Kurosaki M, Tsuchiya K, Hayakawa Y, Hasebe C, Abe M, Ogawa C, Joko K, Ochi H, Tada T, Nakamura S, Furuta K, Kimura H, Tsuji K, Kojima Y, Akahane T, Tamada T, Uchida Y, Kondo M, Mitsuda A, Izumi N. Real-World Data on Ramucirumab Therapy including Patients Who Experienced Two or More Systemic Treatments: A Multicenter Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122975. [PMID: 35740647 PMCID: PMC9221496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ramucirumab has been shown to be effective as a second-line agent after sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients whose α-fetoprotein was ≥400 ng/mL. We performed a retrospective cohort study to investigate ramucirumab efficacy in a real-world setting. Progression-free survival (PFS) was consistent through treatment lines, modified albumin–bilirubin (mALBI) grade, Barcelona Clinic for Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, and α-fetoprotein (AFP) level. By contrast, ascites was more frequently seen in mALBI 2b/3 patients and, therefore, should be carefully monitored. Abstract Background: The present study aimed to clarify the efficacy and safety of ramucirumab in a real-world setting, including patients who experienced two or more systemic treatments or whose hepatic reserve was deteriorated. Methods: In total, 79 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from 14 institutes throughout Japan were retrospectively analyzed. The response was evaluated using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, and AEs were recorded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (CTCAE) version 5.0. Results: Median overall survival (OS) in the total cohort was 7.5 months (m). Median OS was 8.8 m in patients who were administered ramucirumab as a second-line treatment, while it was 7.3 m in third- or later-line treatment. Progression-free survival rates in the second- and third- or later-line therapies were 3.2 m and 3.2 m, respectively. The disease control rate (DCR) in the study was 43%. There were no statistically significant differences in DCR between the treatment courses. Regarding adverse events (AEs), the development of ascites was observed significantly more frequently in modified albumin–bilirubin (mALBI) 2b/3 patients than in mALBI 1/2a patients (54.5% vs. 25.0%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Ramucirumab is useful as a second-line therapy and feasible as a third- or later-line treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo 180-8610, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.K.); (K.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Masayuki Kurosaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo 180-8610, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.K.); (K.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kaoru Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo 180-8610, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.K.); (K.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuka Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo 180-8610, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.K.); (K.T.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chitomi Hasebe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, Asahikawa 070-8530, Japan; (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Masami Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, Asahikawa 070-8530, Japan; (C.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Chikara Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu 760-0017, Japan;
| | - Kouji Joko
- Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Disease, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan; (K.J.); (H.O.)
| | - Hironori Ochi
- Center for Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Disease, Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital, Matsuyama 790-8524, Japan; (K.J.); (H.O.)
| | - Toshifumi Tada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji 670-8540, Japan; (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Shinichiro Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital, Himeji 670-8540, Japan; (T.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Koichiro Furuta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Masuda Red Cross Hospital, Masuda 698-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan;
| | - Keiji Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima 730-8619, Japan;
| | - Yuji Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Japanese Red Cross Ise Hospital, Ise 516-8512, Japan;
| | - Takehiro Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki 986-8522, Japan;
| | - Takashi Tamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Takatsuki Red Cross Hospital, Takatsuki 569-1096, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Matsue 690-8506, Japan;
| | - Masahiko Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Otsu Red Cross Hospital, Otsu 520-8511, Japan;
| | - Akeri Mitsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Tottori Hospital, Tottori 680-8517, Japan;
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo 180-8610, Japan; (Y.Y.); (M.K.); (K.T.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Llovet JM, Singal AG, Villanueva A, Finn RS, Kudo M, Galle PR, Ikeda M, Callies S, McGrath LM, Wang C, Abada P, Widau RC, Gonzalez-Gugel E, Zhu AX. Prognostic and Predictive Factors in Patients with Advanced HCC and Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein Treated with Ramucirumab in Two Randomized Phase III Trials. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:2297-2305. [PMID: 35247922 PMCID: PMC9662930 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ramucirumab is an effective treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) and baseline alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥400 ng/mL. We aimed to identify prognostic and predictive factors of response to ramucirumab in patients with aHCC with AFP ≥400 ng/mL from the phase III REACH and REACH-2 randomized trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with aHCC, Child-Pugh class A with prior sorafenib treatment were randomized in REACH and REACH-2 (ramucirumab 8 mg/kg or placebo, biweekly). Meta-analysis of individual patient-level data (pooled population) from REACH (AFP ≥400 ng/mL) and REACH-2 was performed. A drug exposure analysis was conducted for those with evaluable pharmacokinetic data. To identify potential prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. To define predictors of ramucirumab benefit, subgroup-by-treatment interaction terms were evaluated. RESULTS Of 542 patients (316 ramucirumab, 226 placebo) analyzed, eight variables had independent prognostic value associated with poor outcome (geographical region, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score ≥1, AFP >1,000 ng/mL, Child-Pugh >A5, extrahepatic spread, high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, high alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase). Ramucirumab survival benefit was present across all subgroups, including patients with very aggressive HCC [above median AFP; HR: 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49-0.84] and nonviral aHCC (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.40-0.79). While no baseline factor was predictive of a differential OS benefit with ramucirumab, analyses demonstrated an association between high drug exposure, treatment-emergent hypertension (grade ≥3), and increased ramucirumab benefit. CONCLUSIONS Ramucirumab provided a survival benefit irrespective of baseline prognostic covariates, and this benefit was greatest in patients with high ramucirumab drug exposure and/or those with treatment-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana d'Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard S. Finn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Masafumi Ikeda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Abada
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Andrew X. Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Jiahui International Cancer Center, Jiahui Health, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Fan Y, Xue H, Zheng H. Systemic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Updates and Outlook. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:233-263. [PMID: 35388357 PMCID: PMC8977221 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s358082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged the culprit of cancer-related mortality worldwide with its dismal prognosis climbing. In recent years, ground-breaking progress has been made in systemic therapy for HCC. Targeted therapy based on specific signaling molecules, including sorafenib, lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab, has been widely used for advanced HCC (aHCC). Immunotherapies such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab greatly improve the survival of aHCC patients. More recently, synergistic combination therapy has boosted first-line (atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab) and second-line (ipilimumab in combination with nivolumab) therapeutic modalities for aHCC. This review aims to summarize recent updates of systemic therapy relying on the biological mechanisms of HCC, particularly highlighting the approved agents for aHCC. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, as well as a combination with locoregional therapies (LRTs), are also discussed. Additionally, we describe the promising effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as systemic therapy on HCC. In this setting, the challenges and future directions of systemic therapy for HCC are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Fan
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Huachuan Zheng, Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, 067000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-0314-2279458, Fax +86-0314-2279458, Email
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