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von der Thüsen J. Thymic epithelial tumours: histopathological classification and differential diagnosis. Histopathology 2024; 84:196-215. [PMID: 37994555 DOI: 10.1111/his.15097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial and lymphoid compartments of the thymus can give rise to a wide variety of tumours, including thymomas, thymic carcinomas, lymphoreticular proliferations, germ cell tumours, and sarcomas. While some of these have close similarity to their counterparts in other organs, both in terms of histology and immunohistochemistry, as well as molecular features, others are unique to the thymus. The epithelial tumours, which can develop in the thymus, will be discussed in this review, with a particular emphasis on resolving differential diagnosis by means of morphology, immunohistochemical profiles, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan von der Thüsen
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Bremmer F, Bohnenberger H, Findeisen P, Welter S, von Hammerstein-Equord A, Hinterthaner M, Müller D, Küffer S, Okada S, Marx A, Ströbel P. Proteomic analysis identifies argininosuccinate synthetase 1 and special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 as reliable markers for the immunohistochemical distinction between WHO types A and B3 thymomas. Histopathology 2023; 83:607-616. [PMID: 37308176 DOI: 10.1111/his.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The reliable classification of type A versus type B3 thymomas has prognostic and therapeutic relevance, but can be problematic due to considerably overlapping morphology. No immunohistochemical markers aiding in this distinction have been published so far. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified and quantified numerous differentially expressed proteins using an unbiased proteomic screen by mass spectrometry in pooled protein lysates from three type A and three type B3 thymomas. From these, candidates were validated in a larger series of paraffin-embedded type A and B3 thymomas. We identified argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) and special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) as highly discriminatory between 34 type A and 20 type B3 thymomas (94% sensitivity, 98% specificity and 96% accuracy). Although not the focus of this study, the same markers also proved helpful in the diagnosis of type AB (n = 14), B1 (n = 4) and B2 thymomas (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Mutually exclusive epithelial expression of ASS1 in 100% of type B3 thymomas and ectopic nuclear expression of SATB1 in 92% of type A thymomas support the distinction between type A and type B3 thymomas with 94% sensitivity, 98% specificity and 96% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Welter
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Lung Clinic Hemer, Hemer, Germany
| | | | - Marc Hinterthaner
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Denise Müller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Satoru Okada
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Gaiser T, Hirsch D, Porth I, Sahm F, Ströbel P, von Deimling A, Marx A. DNA-Methylation Analysis as a Tool for Thymoma Classification. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235876. [PMID: 36497358 PMCID: PMC9738683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymomas are malignant thymic epithelial tumors that are difficult to diagnose due to their rarity and complex diagnostic criteria. They represent a morphologically heterogeneous class of tumors mainly defined by "organo-typical" architectural features and cellular composition. The diagnosis of thymoma is burdened with a high level of inter-observer variability and the problem that some type-specific morphological alterations are more on the continuum than clear-cut. Methylation pattern-based classification may help to increase diagnostic precision, particularly in borderline cases. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied array-based DNA methylation analysis to a set of 113 thymomas with stringent histological annotation. Unsupervised clustering and t-SNE analysis of DNA methylation data clearly segregated thymoma samples mainly according to the current WHO classification into A, AB, B1, B2, B2/B3, B3, and micronodular thymoma with lymphoid stroma. However, methylation analyses separated the histological subgroups AB and B2 into two methylation classes: mono-/bi-phasic AB-thymomas and conventional/"B1-like" B2-thymomas. Copy number variation analysis demonstrated methylation class-specific patterns of chromosomal alterations. INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates that the current WHO classification is generally well reflected at the methylation level but suggests that B2- and AB-thymomas are (epi)genetically heterogeneous. Methylation-based classifications could help to refine diagnostic criteria for thymoma classification, improve reproducibility, and may affect treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-2876; Fax: +49-621-383-2005
| | - Daniela Hirsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabel Porth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Kawagishi S, Maniwa T, Watari H, Sakata R, Omura A, Tanaka R, Kimura T, Honma K, Okami J. Small-sized type A thymoma with pulmonary metastasis: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:15. [PMID: 35050421 PMCID: PMC8776973 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type A thymomas comprise a homogenous population of neoplastic epithelial cells that are characterized by a spindle/oval shape without nuclear atypia. They may be accompanied by few non-neoplastic lymphocytes. Most type A thymomas are detected in the earlier Masaoka stages. Compared to other thymoma subtypes, they rarely metastasize or recur. There have been some reports of patients with type A thymomas with pulmonary metastasis; however, these thymomas were 20 mm or more in size. Herein, we report the case of a patient who underwent surgical resection for a small-sized type A thymoma (12 mm) with pulmonary metastasis. Case presentation A 62-year-old patient presented with an abnormal shadow in the left lung on plain chest radiography during a medical checkup. Chest computed tomography revealed a 12-mm tumor in the anterior mediastinum and a 13-mm nodule in the left lower lobe. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography revealed uptake in the anterior mediastinal tumor, but did not show a significant uptake in the pulmonary nodule. The patient underwent surgical resection on two separate occasions, and was diagnosed with an atypical type A thymoma and pulmonary metastasis. The TNM classification was p-T1aN0M1b stage IVb, and it was stage IVb according to the Masaoka staging system. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up. Conclusions We report a case of the smallest type A thymoma with pulmonary metastasis. Pulmonary metastasis secondary to a type A thymoma should be considered even if the thymoma is small in size (< 20 mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Kawagishi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Maniwa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Watari
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Sakata
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Akiisa Omura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Honma
- Department of Pathology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Jiro Okami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, 1,3,4: 3-1-69, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
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Baram A. Thymomas: five-year outcomes of open surgery and a single centre experience. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:4940-4948. [PMID: 31510837 PMCID: PMC6833397 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519868339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To present and discuss the clinical course, management, recurrence and survival of patients with thymoma at a single centre. Methods This prospective observational study included patients with confirmed thymoma who were diagnosed and managed over a 10-year period. Results The study included 89 patients (mean ± SD age, 48.53 ± 11.60 years). There were 46 (51.7%) males and 43 (48.3%) females. The mean duration of follow-up was 60 months (range, 2 months to 8 years). Stage II was the most common stage (37 [41.6%]), followed by stage I with 30 (33.7%) patients, stage IIIA with 11 (12.4%) patients, stage IVA with six (6.7%) patients and stage IIIB with five (5.6%) patients. Overall (actuarial) 5-year survival was achieved by 84 of 89 patients (94.4%). Stage-specific survival was as follows: 100% in stage I (30 of 30 patients), 100% in stage II (37 of 37 patients), 54.5% in stage IIIA (six of 11 patients), 80.0% in stage IIIB (four of five patients) and 50.0% in stage IVA (three of six patients). Conclusion Complete surgical resection is the main modality used for the definitive diagnosis, staging and surgical cure of thymoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Baram
- Department of surgery/Unit of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Al Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan/Iraq
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Montecalvo J, Chang J, Rekhtman N, Antonescu CR, Bains MS, Fabbri N, Plodkowski AJ, Riely GJ, Travis WD, Sauter JL. Type A thymoma presenting with bone metastasis. Histopathology 2018; 73:701-703. [PMID: 29855070 DOI: 10.1111/his.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Montecalvo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manjit S Bains
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Plodkowski
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory J Riely
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William D Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sauter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Grajkowska W, Matyja E, Kunicki J, Szymanska S, Marx A, Weis CA, Langfort R, Szolkowska M. AB thymoma with atypical type A component with delayed multiple lung and brain metastases. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E808-E814. [PMID: 29221349 PMCID: PMC5708497 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.07.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An atypical type A thymoma is a newly added entity to the last World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification [2015] of uncertain prognosis. The conventional type A and AB thymomas are usually locally aggressive neoplasms that rarely metastasize with distant metastases to the central nervous system (CNS) occurring extremely exceptionally. We present a history of a woman with a mediastinal tumor originally considered to be a Masaoka-Koga stage II "mixed thymoma with well-differentiated thymic carcinoma component" according to the historic Müller-Hermelink nomenclature. By applying the criteria of the new WHO classification the tumor should be reclassified as an AB thymoma with an atypical A component. The patient developed metastases to the lung and brain 10 and 15 years after the original diagnosis, respectively. All metastases morphologically corresponded to an atypical A component of primary thymoma. Molecular study revealed GTF2I mutations in the primary and one of the metastatic tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a GTF2I mutation in AB thymoma with atypical A component and its metastases. The presented case highlights the necessity of an accurate microscopic search for atypical areas in A or AB thymomas because of their potentially negative impact on prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Matyja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kunicki
- Department of Neurosurgery, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Szymanska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cleo-Aron Weis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Renata Langfort
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Szolkowska
- Department of Pathology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Kawakita N, Kondo K, Toba H, Yoneda A, Takizawa H, Tangoku A. A case of atypical type A thymoma with vascular invasion and lung metastasis. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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