1
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Wang J, Li B, Luo M, Huang J, Zhang K, Zheng S, Zhang S, Zhou J. Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38570490 PMCID: PMC10991592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated cases, 25-60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in distinguishing between non-progressive and progressive DCIS, often resulting in over- or under-treatment in many cases. With increasing screen-detected DCIS in these years, the nature of DCIS has aroused worldwide attention. A deeper understanding of the biological nature of DCIS and the molecular journey of the DCIS-IDC transition is crucial for more effective clinical management. Here, we reviewed the key signaling pathways in breast cancer that may contribute to DCIS initiation and progression. We also explored the molecular features of DCIS and IDC, shedding light on the progression of DCIS through both inherent changes within tumor cells and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, valuable research tools utilized in studying DCIS including preclinical models and newer advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and artificial intelligence, have been systematically summarized. Further, we thoroughly discussed the clinical advancements in DCIS and IDC, including prognostic biomarkers and clinical managements, with the aim of facilitating more personalized treatment strategies in the future. Research on DCIS has already yielded significant insights into breast carcinogenesis and will continue to pave the way for practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baizhou Li
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Meng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Alkhayyat R, Abbas A, Quinn CM, Rakha EA. Tumour 63 protein (p63) in breast pathology: biology, immunohistochemistry, diagnostic applications, and pitfalls. Histopathology 2024; 84:723-741. [PMID: 38012539 DOI: 10.1111/his.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumour protein 63 (p63) is a transcription factor of the p53 gene family, encoded by the TP63 gene located at chromosome 3q28, which regulates the activity of genes involved in growth and development of the ectoderm and derived tissues. p63 protein is normally expressed in the nuclei of the basal cell layer of glandular organs, including breast, in squamous epithelium and in urothelium. p63 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining has several applications in diagnostic breast pathology. It is commonly used to demonstrate myoepithelial cells at the epithelial stromal interface to differentiate benign and in situ lesions from invasive carcinoma and to characterize and classify papillary lesions including the distinction of breast intraduct papilloma from skin hidradenoma. p63 IHC is also used to identify and profile lesions showing myoepithelial cell and/or squamous differentiation, e.g. adenomyoepithelioma, salivary gland-like tumours including adenoid cystic carcinoma, and metaplastic breast carcinoma including low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma. This article reviews the applications of p63 IHC in diagnostic breast pathology and outlines a practical approach to the diagnosis and characterization of breast lesions through the identification of normal and abnormal p63 protein expression. The biology of p63, the range of available antibodies with emphasis on staining specificity and sensitivity, and pitfalls in interpretation are also discussed. The TP63 gene in humans, which shows a specific genomic structure, resulting in either TAp63 (p63) isoform or ΔNp63 (p40) isoform. As illustrated in the figure, both isoforms contain a DNA-binding domain (Orange box) and an oligomerization domain (Grey box). TAp63 contains an N-terminal transactivation (TA) domain (Green box), while ΔNp63 has an alternative terminus (Yellow box). Antibodies against conventional pan-p63 (TP63) bind to the DNA binding domain common to both isoforms (TAp63 and p40) and does not distinguish between them. Antibodies against TAp63 bind to the N-terminal TA domain, while antibodies specific to ΔNp63 (p40) bind to the alternative terminus. Each isoform has variant isotypes (α, β, γ, δ, and ε).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Alkhayyat
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Areeg Abbas
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cecily M Quinn
- Irish National Breast Screening Program, Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
- Academic Unit for Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pathology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Laokulrath N, Lim SK, Lim HY, Gudi M, Tan PH. Case report: Metastatic ovarian mucinous carcinoma to the breast: diagnostic challenges and pitfalls. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1364011. [PMID: 38562166 PMCID: PMC10982378 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1364011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastases to the breast from extramammary sources are extremely rare, with the ovary, primarily high-grade serous carcinoma, being the most common origin. We report a case of breast metastases from advanced stage ovarian mucinous carcinoma in a 48-year-old female- a case hitherto unreported in the literature. The case is noteworthy for its atypical presentation marked by an areolar rash, clinically suggestive of Paget disease of the nipple. This unique clinical scenario, coupled with histopathological examination revealing in-situ-like carcinoma component, posed a diagnostic challenge in discerning the tumour origin. We emphasize the need for heightened awareness among pathologists to avoid misdiagnosing metastatic carcinomas as primary breast tumours, a potential pitfall with significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthawadee Laokulrath
- Department of Pathology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kandang Kerbau (KK) Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Kuan Lim
- Solis Breast Care and Surgery Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mihir Gudi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kandang Kerbau (KK) Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kandang Kerbau (KK) Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Luma Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Parkway Laboratory Services Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Wang L, Zhao W, Zhou J, Ge R. Case report: Fibroadenomas associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia and infiltrating epitheliosis mimicking invasive carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1354152. [PMID: 38525417 PMCID: PMC10957748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1354152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating epitheliosis (IE) is an uncommon type of complex sclerosing lesion in the breast. This condition is characterized by the infiltration of ducts into a scleroelastotic stroma, along with the presence of cells that display architectural and cytological patterns similar to those observed in usual ductal hyperplasia. We herein report a case of a 24-year-old woman who presented with bilateral breast nodules, which were initially identified as multiple fibroadenomas based on ultrasound findings. The patient underwent Mammotome system and regional mastectomy procedures, and subsequent pathological analysis confirmed the presence of multiple fibroadenomas with atypical ductal hyperplasia and infiltrating epitheliosis. This case discusses the challenges faced in diagnosing malignancy in a patient with multiple fibroadenomas accompanied by atypical ductal hyperplasia and infiltrating epitheliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rong Ge
- Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo, China
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5
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Ghannam SF, Rutland CS, Allegrucci C, Mongan NP, Rakha E. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the breast: does it have a native basement membrane? Histopathology 2023; 83:376-393. [PMID: 37232543 DOI: 10.1111/his.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encapsulated papillary carcinoma (EPC) is surrounded by a thick fibrous capsule-like structure, which is interpreted as a thickened basement membrane (BM). This study aimed to describe the geometric characteristics of the EPC capsule and to refine whether it is an expansion of the BM or a stromal reactive process. MATERIAL AND METHODS In all, 100 cases were divided into four groups: EPC, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), normal breast tissue and invasive tumours, with an additional encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma (EPTC) control group. Representative slides from each case were stained with picrosirius red (PSR) stain and examined using polarised microscopy. Images were analysed using ImageJ, CT-FIRE, and Curve align image analysis programmes. RESULTS Compared to the normal and DCIS BM, the EPC group showed a significant increase of collagen fibre width, straightness, and density, and a decrease of fibre length. The EPC capsule showed less alignment of fibres with a more perpendicular arrangement, and it was enriched with disorganised collagen type I (stromal collagen) fibres. Compared to other groups, the EPC capsule showed significant variation in the thickness, evenness, distribution of collagen fibres, and significant intracapsular heterogeneity. Compared to BM-like material in the invasive group, the EPC capsule showed a higher density of collagen fibres with longer, straighter, and more aligned fibres, but there was no difference in the distribution of both collagen types I and III. Conversely, compared to EPTC, there were no differences between both EPC and EPTC capsules except that the fibres in the EPC capsule were straighter. Although differences between normal ducts and lobules and DCIS BM collagen fibre density, straightness, orientation, and alignment were detected, both were significantly different from EPC capsule. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that the EPC capsule is a reactive process rather than a thickened native BM characteristic of normal and in situ lesions, which provides further evidence that EPC is an indolent invasive carcinoma based on capsule characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan F Ghannam
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emad Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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6
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Ghannam SF, Rutland CS, Allegrucci C, Mongan NP, Rakha E. Defining invasion in breast cancer: the role of basement membrane. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:11-18. [PMID: 36253088 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Basement membrane (BM) is an amorphous, sheet-like structure separating the epithelium from the stroma. BM is characterised by a complex structure comprising collagenous and non-collagenous proteoglycans and glycoproteins. In the breast, the thickness, density and composition of the BM around the ductal lobular system vary during differing development stages. In pathological conditions, the BM provides a physical barrier that separates proliferating intraductal epithelial cells from the surrounding stroma, and its absence or breach in malignant lesions is a hallmark of invasion and metastases. Currently, diagnostic services often use special stains and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the BM in order to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions. However, distinguishing BM on stained sections, and differentiating the native BM from the reactive capsule or BM-like material surrounding some invasive malignant breast tumours is challenging. Although diagnostic use of the BM is being replaced by myoepithelial cell IHC markers, BM is considered by many to be a useful marker to distinguish in situ from invasive lesions in ambiguous cases. In this review, the structure, function and biological and clinical significance of the BM are discussed in relation to the various breast lesions with emphasis on how to distinguish the native BM from alternative pathological tissue mimicking its histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan F Ghannam
- Division of cancer and stem cells, school of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Histology and Cell Biology, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emad Rakha
- Division of cancer and stem cells, school of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Histopathology,school of Medicine, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Foschini MP, Nishimura R, Fabbri VP, Varga Z, Kaya H, Cserni G. Breast lesions with myoepithelial phenotype. Histopathology 2023; 82:53-69. [PMID: 36482278 DOI: 10.1111/his.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells (MECs) constitute a continuous layer of cells surrounding the breast glands, localised between the epithelial cells (ECs) and the basal membrane. MECs play important roles in normal mammary gland as they produce basal membrane and stimulate secretion. During neoplastic transformation, MECs act as a barrier preventing stromal invasion. MECs themselves can undergo a great variety of changes, ranging from hyperplastic to metaplastic, to neoplastic, and giving rise to a wide spectrum of morphological pictures sometimes difficult to interpret on routine diagnoses. Several benign and malignant breast tumours can present features of MECs differentiation. As these latter tumours are quite infrequent, the purpose of the present study is to offer a review of the morphological spectrum of MECs lesions, with correlations to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Section of Anatomic Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rieko Nishimura
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Viscardo Paolo Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pathological Anatomy, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Handan Kaya
- Marmara University Pendik Training Hospital Department of Pathology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gábor Cserni
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, Bács-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemét, Hungary
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8
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Shams A. Re-evaluation of the myoepithelial cells roles in the breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:403. [PMID: 36510219 PMCID: PMC9746125 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, luminal epithelial cell lineage has gained considerable attraction as the functionally milk-secreting units and as the most fruitful acreage for breast cancer launching. Recognition of the effective involvement of the myoepithelial cells in mammary gland development and in hampering tumorigenesis has renewed the interest in investigating the biological roles of this second main mammary lineage. The human breast is made up of an extensively branching ductal system intervening by copious lobular units. The ductal system is coated by a chain of luminal epithelial cells (LECs) situated on a layer of myoepithelial cells (MECs) and encompassed by a distinguished basement membrane. Ductal contractility during lactation is a well-known function delivered by the MECs however this is not the only assignment mediated by these cellular populations. It has been well appreciated that the MECs exhibit a natural paracrine power in defeating cancer development and advancement. MECs were found to express numerous proteinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic factors, and tumour suppressors proteins. Additionally, MECs contributed effectively to maintaining the right luminal cells' polarization and further separating them from the adjacent stroma by making an integrated fence. Indeed, disruption of the MECs layer was reported to facilitate the invasion of the cancer cells to the surrounding stroma. Nonetheless, MECs were also found to exhibit cancer-promoting effects and provoke tumour invasion and dissemination by displaying distinct cancer chemokines. Herein in this review, we aimed to address the roles delivered by MECs in breast cancer progression and decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating proper MECs' physiology, integrity, and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shams
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. BOX 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
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9
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Zhang HJ, Ding PP, Zhang XS, Wang XC, Sun DW, Bu QA, Li XQ. MAC mediates mammary duct epithelial cell injury in plasma cell mastitis and granulomatous mastitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Xiong Y, Xu S, Fu B, Tang W, Zaky MY, Tian R, Yao R, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Nian W, Lin X, Wu H. Vitamin C-induced competitive binding of HIF-1α and p53 to ubiquitin E3 ligase CBL contributes to anti-breast cancer progression through p53 deacetylation. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113321. [PMID: 35931247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC), in regard to its effectiveness against tumors, has had a controversial history in cancer treatment. However, the anticancer mechanisms of VC are not fully understood. Here, we reported that VC exerted an anticancer effect on cancer cell and xenograft models via inhibiting HIF-1α-dependent cell proliferation and promoting p53-dependent cell apoptosis. To be specific, VC modulated the competitive binding of HIF-1α and p53 to their common E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis. Moreover, VC treatment activated SIRT1, resulting in p53 deacetylation and CBL-p53 complex dissociation, which in turn facilitated CBL recruitment of HIF-1α for ubiquitination in a proteasome-dependent manner. Altogether, our results provided a mechanistic rationale for exploring the therapeutic use of VC in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shiyao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wanyan Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Mohamed Y Zaky
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rong Tian
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Hygeia Hospital, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Hygeia Hospital, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shanfu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qingting Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Weiqi Nian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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11
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Pandi J, Arulprakasam A, Dhandapani R, Ramanathan S, Thangavelu S, Chinnappan J, Vidhya Rajalakshmi V, Alghamdi S, Shesha NT, Prasath S. Biomarkers for Breast Adenocarcinoma Using In Silico Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7825272. [PMID: 35280505 PMCID: PMC8913068 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7825272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This work elucidates the idea of finding probable critical genes linked to breast adenocarcinoma. In this study, the GEO database gene expression profile data set (GSE70951) was retrieved to look for genes that were expressed variably across breast adenocarcinoma samples and healthy tissue samples. The genes were confirmed to be part of the PPI network for breast cancer pathogenesis and prognosis. In Cytoscape, the CytoHubba module was used to discover the hub genes. For correlation analysis, the predictive biomarker of these hub genes, as well as GEPIA, was used. A total of 155 (85 upregulated genes and 70 downregulated genes) were identified. By integrating the PPI and CytoHubba data, the major key/hub genes were selected from the results. The KM plotter is employed to find the prognosis of those major pivot genes, and the outcome shows worse prognosis in breast adenocarcinoma patients. Further experimental validation will show the predicted expression levels of those hub genes. The overall result of our study gives the consequences for the identification of a critical gene to ease the molecular targeting therapy for breast adenocarcinoma. It could be used as a prognostic biomarker and could lead to therapy options for breast adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhansi Pandi
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Saikishore Ramanathan
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathiamoorthi Thangavelu
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - S. Prasath
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Mizan Tepi University, Ethiopia
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12
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Sangha GS, Hu B, Li G, Fox SE, Sholl AB, Brown JQ, Goergen CJ. Assessment of photoacoustic tomography contrast for breast tissue imaging using 3D correlative virtual histology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2532. [PMID: 35169198 PMCID: PMC8847353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current breast tumor margin detection methods are destructive, time-consuming, and result in significant reoperative rates. Dual-modality photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and ultrasound has the potential to enhance breast margin characterization by providing clinically relevant compositional information with high sensitivity and tissue penetration. However, quantitative methods that rigorously compare volumetric PAT and ultrasound images with gold-standard histology are lacking, thus limiting clinical validation and translation. Here, we present a quantitative multimodality workflow that uses inverted Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (iSPIM) to facilitate image co-registration between volumetric PAT-ultrasound datasets with histology in human invasive ductal carcinoma breast tissue samples. Our ultrasound-PAT system consisted of a tunable Nd:YAG laser coupled with a 40 MHz central frequency ultrasound transducer. A linear stepper motor was used to acquire volumetric PAT and ultrasound breast biopsy datasets using 1100 nm light to identify hemoglobin-rich regions and 1210 nm light to identify lipid-rich regions. Our iSPIM system used 488 nm and 647 nm laser excitation combined with Eosin and DRAQ5, a cell-permeant nucleic acid binding dye, to produce high-resolution volumetric datasets comparable to histology. Image thresholding was applied to PAT and iSPIM images to extract, quantify, and topologically visualize breast biopsy lipid, stroma, hemoglobin, and nuclei distribution. Our lipid-weighted PAT and iSPIM images suggest that low lipid regions strongly correlate with malignant breast tissue. Hemoglobin-weighted PAT images, however, correlated poorly with cancerous regions determined by histology and interpreted by a board-certified pathologist. Nuclei-weighted iSPIM images revealed similar cellular content in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, suggesting malignant cell migration from the breast ducts to the surrounding tissues. We demonstrate the utility of our nondestructive, volumetric, region-based quantitative method for comprehensive validation of 3D tomographic imaging methods suitable for bedside tumor margin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bihe Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 547 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 547 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Sharon E Fox
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 433 Bolivar St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System, 2400 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andrew B Sholl
- Delta Pathology Group, Touro Infirmary, 1401 Foucher St, New Orleans, LA, 70115, USA
| | - J Quincy Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 547 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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13
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Grabenstetter A, D’Alfonso TM, Wen HY, Murray M, Brogi E, Tan LK. Morphologic and immunohistochemical features of carcinoma involving microglandular adenosis of the breast following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1310-1319. [PMID: 33649459 PMCID: PMC8222073 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microglandular adenosis (MGA)-related lesions, including atypical MGA (AMGA) and carcinoma involving MGA (C-MGA), are characterized by epithelial atypia, negative hormone receptors, and HER2 status, and can mimic invasive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in core needle biopsies (CNB) resulting in selection for treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We identified 12 cases of AMGA and/or C-MGA in post-NAC excision specimens (EXC) and analyzed their morphologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) features. All CNBs were initially diagnosed as containing TNBC. Upon re-review, TNBC was confirmed in nine cases. In three CNBs AMGA and/or C-MGA had been interpreted as TNBC. AMGA was initially recognized in only one case but AMGA and/or C-MGA were present in an additional nine CNBs. At EXC, no residual TNBC was present in 5 of 9 EXCs and all 12 cases showed residual AMGA and/or C-MGA. Similar to conventional MGA, AMGA, and C-MGA were positive for S-100, laminin and collagen IV and negative for calponin and p63. Following NAC, these lesions retained their typical staining pattern despite acquiring treatment-related morphologic alterations, most notably of which were areas of single cell growth pattern seen in eight EXCs. This study is the first to report the effects of NAC on AMGA and C-MGA. Our data showed no response of the AMGA and/or C-MGA following NAC in contrast to the high response rate of conventional TNBC. In particular, the infiltrative single cell pattern of post-NAC MGA-related lesions closely mimicked residual TNBC. The persistence of AMGA and C-MGA following NAC supports the notion that these lesions are distinct from conventional TNBC. Our findings also highlight the challenges in recognizing AMGA and C-MGA in CNBs which may lead to unwarranted treatment with NAC in the absence of conventional TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grabenstetter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Coşkun Bilge A, Aydın H, Bostancı IE, Tanişman Ö, Saygılı Öz D. Comparison of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Paget's Disease of the Breast and Malignant Tumor Invasion of the Nipple-Areola Complex. Eur J Breast Health 2021; 17:265-273. [PMID: 34263155 DOI: 10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2021.6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate the distinction between Paget's disease of the breast (PDB) and malignant tumor invasion of nipple-areolar complex (MTION) with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings without the need for skin punch biopsy. Materials and Methods MRI findings of 16 patients with pathologically proven PDB and 11 patients with pathologically proven MTION were reviewed retrospectively. MRI images were assessed for nipple morphological changes; areolar-periareolar skin changes; thickness, classification, and kinetic characteristics of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) enhancement; morphological pattern, size, and pathological diagnosis of concomitant malignant lesions; kinetic characteristics of the concomitant malignant lesions enhancement; continuity of enhancement between the nipple and closest concomitant malignant lesion; similarity of enhancement kinetics of the NAC and concomitant malignant lesions; and nipple-to-malignant lesion distance in both patient groups. Results Areolar-periareolar skin thickening was statistically different between the patient groups. Enhancement kinetic pattern was classified as persistent in four patients with MTION and plateau in seven patients with PDB. Moreover, NAC enhancement kinetic characteristics were statistically different between the groups. Invasive ductal carcinoma was detected in three patients with PDB and five patients with MTION. A statistically significant difference in malignant lesion pathological types was detected between the patient groups. Conclusion The significant MRI findings in patients with MTION diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma were areolar-periareolar skin thickening and asymmetric NAC enhancement with persistent kinetics pattern. In patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ, a plateau pattern of asymmetric NAC enhancement without any areolar-periareolar skin changes on MRI may indicate PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almila Coşkun Bilge
- Department of Radiology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hale Aydın
- Department of Radiology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Işıl Esen Bostancı
- Department of Radiology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Tanişman
- Department of Radiology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Diba Saygılı Öz
- Department of Radiology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Rakha E, Tan PH, Ellis I, Quinn C. Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: a proposal for classification. Histopathology 2021; 79:465-479. [PMID: 33829532 DOI: 10.1111/his.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast lesions with a prominent myoepithelial cell component constitute a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant neoplastic proliferations. These lesions are often dual epithelial-myoepithelial, but may be purely myoepithelial cell in nature. Benign epithelial-myoepithelial lesions typically maintain the morphology and immunophenotype of the normal bilayer epithelial myoepithelial structures. However, the distinction between the two cell components is not always clear-cut in malignant lesions in which the histogenesis of myoepithelial cells remains uncertain. Neoplastic biphasic epithelial-myoepithelial lesions of the breast include adenomyoepithelioma (AME), pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Four histological patterns of classical AME have been described: tubular, lobulated, spindle-cell and adenosis variants. Overlapping patterns occur and some AMEs display an intraductal papillary pattern that may represent a fifth variant. AME can be benign or malignant. Classical AME may show atypical features, which are not sufficient for the diagnosis of malignancy (atypical AME). Atypical AME is recognised as a lesion of uncertain malignant potential with limited metastatic capability. Based on the histological features, we propose a classification of malignant AME (M-AME) into three variants: M-AME in situ, M-AME invasive and AME with invasive carcinoma. In this review, we provide an overview of myoepithelial lesions of the breast focusing on the classification of AME to improve not only the consistency of reporting but also help to guide further management decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Ellis
- Department of Histopathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cecily Quinn
- Department of Histopathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Smeland HYH, Askeland C, Wik E, Knutsvik G, Molven A, Edelmann RJ, Reed RK, Warren DJ, Gullberg D, Stuhr L, Akslen LA. Integrin α11β1 is expressed in breast cancer stroma and associates with aggressive tumor phenotypes. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019; 6:69-82. [PMID: 31605508 PMCID: PMC6966706 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts are essential modifiers of the tumor microenvironment. The collagen‐binding integrin α11β1 has been proposed to be upregulated in a pro‐tumorigenic subtype of cancer‐associated fibroblasts. Here, we analyzed the expression and clinical relevance of integrin α11β1 in a large breast cancer series using a novel antibody against the human integrin α11 chain. Several novel monoclonal antibodies against the integrin α11 subunit were tested for use on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues, and Ab 210F4B6A4 was eventually selected to investigate the immunohistochemical expression in 392 breast cancers using whole sections. mRNA data from METABRIC and co‐expression patterns of integrin α11 in relation to αSMA and cytokeratin‐14 were also investigated. Integrin α11 was expressed to varying degrees in spindle‐shaped cells in the stroma of 99% of invasive breast carcinomas. Integrin α11 co‐localized with αSMA in stromal cells, and with αSMA and cytokeratin‐14 in breast myoepithelium. High stromal integrin α11 expression (66% of cases) was associated with aggressive breast cancer features such as high histologic grade, increased tumor cell proliferation, ER negativity, HER2 positivity, and triple‐negative phenotype, but was not associated with breast cancer specific survival at protein or mRNA levels. In conclusion, high stromal integrin α11 expression was associated with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Ytre-Hauge Smeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Askeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gøril Knutsvik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reidunn J Edelmann
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K Reed
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Stuhr
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Dessources K, Sebastiao APM, Pareja F, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. How Did We Get There? The Progression from Ductal Carcinoma In Situ to Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-019-00318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Beca F, Schmitt FC. Ancillary Tests in Breast Cytology: A Practical Guide. Acta Cytol 2019; 63:302-313. [PMID: 31141801 DOI: 10.1159/000499697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytology for the diagnosis of diseases of the breast has been met with both excitement and uncertainty during the last couple of decades. Presently, FNAB for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic breast lesions is on the rise again. This is probably due to its fast turnaround time, cost efficiency, and minimal invasiveness, characteristics of this sampling modality which are particularly crucial for patients requiring frequent repeat biopsy in the setting of metastatic lesions. In this article, we will briefly review the main modern applications of FNAB of the breast when coupled with contemporary ancillary techniques. Such contemporary ancillary techniques range from classic immunocytochemistry (ICC) to the most modern molecular techniques, particularly next-generation sequencing. Coupled with contemporary ICC and molecular methods, FNAB of the breast can be used for several applications. The applications reviewed in this article include the primary diagnosis of a breast lesion, the identification of the breast as a primary source of a metastatic lesion, the evaluation of breast prognostic/predictive markers, and the tracking of tumor evolution. In our opinion, FNAB of the breast is an ideal sampling method, sharing many of the advantages of truly liquid and of tissue biopsies. Ultimately, we aim at demystifying the complexity of many of the challenges traditionally associated with the application of ancillary techniques to FNAB of the breast and provide insights into some of the most cutting-edge and clinically useful application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Beca
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Schmitt
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)/I3S, Porto, Portugal,
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,
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19
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Nelson AC, Machado HL, Schwertfeger KL. Breaking through to the Other Side: Microenvironment Contributions to DCIS Initiation and Progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:207-221. [PMID: 30168075 PMCID: PMC6237657 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Refinements in early detection, surgical and radiation therapy, and hormone receptor-targeted treatments have improved the survival rates for breast cancer patients. However, the ability to reliably identify which non-invasive lesions and localized tumors have the ability to progress and/or metastasize remains a major unmet need in the field. The current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies focus on intrinsic alterations within carcinoma cells that are closely associated with proliferation. However, substantial accumulating evidence has indicated that permissive changes in the stromal tissues surrounding the carcinoma play an integral role in breast cancer tumor initiation and progression. Numerous studies have suggested that the stromal environment surrounding ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions actively contributes to enhancing tumor cell invasion and immune escape. This review will describe the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms through which the microenvironment interacts with DCIS lesions focusing on recent studies that describe the contributions of myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells to invasion and subsequent progression. These mechanisms will be considered in the context of developing biomarkers for identifying lesions that will progress to invasive carcinoma and/or developing approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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20
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Wang Y, Day ML, Simeone DM, Palmbos PL. 3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30272657 DOI: 10.3791/58345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a significant health problem. It is estimated that more than 16,000 people will die this year in the United States from bladder cancer. While 75% of bladder cancers are non-invasive and unlikely to metastasize, about 25% progress to an invasive growth pattern. Up to half of the patients with invasive cancers will develop lethal metastatic relapse. Thus, understanding the mechanism of invasive progression in bladder cancer is crucial to predict patient outcomes and prevent lethal metastases. In this article, we present a three-dimensional cancer invasion model which allows incorporation of tumor cells and stromal components to mimic in vivo conditions occurring in the bladder tumor microenvironment. This model provides the opportunity to observe the invasive process in real time using time-lapse imaging, interrogate the molecular pathways involved using confocal immunofluorescent imaging and screen compounds with the potential to block invasion. While this protocol focuses on bladder cancer, it is likely that similar methods could be used to examine invasion and motility in other tumor types as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical Center
| | - Mark L Day
- Department of Urology, Division of GU Oncology, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical Center
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health
| | - Phillip L Palmbos
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical Center;
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