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Upadhyay PR, Swope VB, Starner RJ, Koikov L, Abdel-Malek ZA. Journey through the spectacular landscape of melanocortin 1 receptor. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024. [PMID: 38857302 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The physiological role of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone in regulating integumental pigmentation of many vertebrate species has been recognized since the 1960's. However, its physiological significance for human pigmentation remained enigmatic until the 1990's. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone and related melanocortins are synthesized locally in the skin, primarily by keratinocytes, in addition to the pituitary gland, and therefore act as paracrine factors for melanocytes. Human melanocytes express the melanocortin 1 receptor, which recognizes α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and the related adrenocorticotropic hormone as agonists. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the pleotropic effects of the activated melanocortin 1 receptor that maintain human melanocyte homeostasis by regulating melanogenesis and the response to environmental stressors, mainly solar radiation. Certain allelic variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene are associated with specific pigmentary phenotypes in various human populations. Variants associated with red hair phenotype compromise the function of the encoded receptor. Activation of the human melanocortin 1 receptor regulates eumelanin synthesis and enhances DNA damage response of melanocytes to solar radiation and oxidative stressors. We describe how synthetic selective melanocortin 1 receptor agonists can be efficacious as sunless tanning agents, for treatment of vitiligo and photosensitivity disorders, and for prevention of skin cancer, including melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Upadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - V B Swope
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - R J Starner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - L Koikov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Z A Abdel-Malek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Demir B, Cicek D, Orhan C, Er B, Erten F, Tuzcu M, Ozercan IH, Sahin N, Komorowski J, Ojalvo SP, Sylla S, Sahin K. Effects of a Combination of Arginine Silicate Inositol Complex and a Novel Form of Biotin on Hair and Nail Growth in a Rodent Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:751-765. [PMID: 35226275 PMCID: PMC8883010 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a combination of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate complex (ASI) and magnesium biotinate (MgB) on hair and nail growth in an animal model. Twenty-eight female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were randomized into one of the following groups: (i) group (control), shaved; (ii) group (ASI), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day); (iii) group (ASI + MgB I), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (48.7 μg/rat/day); and (iv) group (ASI + MgB II), shaved + ASI (4.14 mg/rat/day) + MgB (325 μg/rat/day). On day 42, compared with the control group, while hair density (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.0001, respectively) and anagen ratio (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001) increased in the ASI, ASI + MgB I, and ASI + MgB II groups, telogen ratio decreased (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). In the molecular analysis, VEGF, HGF, and KGF-2 increased in the ASI (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.05, respectively), ASI + MgB I (p < 0.0001 for all), and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001 for all) groups when compared to the control group. FGF-2 (p < 0.01) and IGF-1 (p < 0.001) were found to be increased in the ASI + MgB I and ASI + MgB II groups. SIRT-1 and β-catenin increased in the ASI (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), ASI + MgB I (p < 0.001 for both), and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001 for both) groups. Wnt-1 increased in the ASI + MgB I (p < 0.001) and ASI + MgB II (p < 0.0001) groups. In conclusion, the combination of ASI and MgB could promote hair growth by regulating IGF-1, FGF, KGF, HGF, VEGF, SIRT-1, Wnt, and β-catenin signal pathways. It was also established that ASI did not affect nail growth, whereas the MgB combination was effective using a higher dose of biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Demir
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Demet Cicek
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Besir Er
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Fusun Erten
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pertek Sakine Genc Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - James Komorowski
- Research and Development, JDS Therapeutics, LLC, Harrison, NY 10577 USA
| | - Sara Perez Ojalvo
- Research and Development, JDS Therapeutics, LLC, Harrison, NY 10577 USA
| | - Sarah Sylla
- Research and Development, JDS Therapeutics, LLC, Harrison, NY 10577 USA
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Chavan D. Reversal of Premature Hair Graying Treated with a Topical Formulation Containing α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Agonist (Greyverse Solution 2%). Int J Trichology 2022; 14:207-209. [PMID: 37034550 PMCID: PMC10075347 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_85_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, hair graying is a common sign resulting from complex regulation of melanogenesis. Multiple factors control the stimulation of melanogenesis at the level of the hair follicle, including melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone, endothelin-1, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, neutrophils, fibroblast growth factor, nitric oxide, catecholamines, Vitamins, and minerals. Premature hair graying (PHG) has a major impact on the cosmesis, self-credibility, and social life of the affected individual. Currently, there is no medical treatment available for PHG. We present a case of a 25-year-old female with a history of graying of hair on the scalp. Clinical diagnosis revealed it as a case of premature graying/canities. She was prescribed a topical formulation (Greyverse solution) containing palmitoyl tetrapeptide 20, a biomimetic biopeptide of α-MSH for treating her PHG. The formulation was applied 1 mL twice daily directly on the affected part of the scalp. Hair supplements containing a combination of biotin and calcium pantothenate once daily orally were also prescribed. After 3 months, the patient showed some improvement, and the dose of the topical solution was reduced to 1 mL once daily. After 5 months, the patient achieved >90% conversion of gray hair to black hair.
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Ji RL, Tao YX. Melanocortin-1 receptor mutations and pigmentation: Insights from large animals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:179-213. [PMID: 35595349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in cutaneous and hair follicle melanocytes, and plays a central role in coat color determination in vertebrates. Numerous MC1R variants have been identified in diverse species. Some of these variants have been associated with specific hair and skin color phenotypes in humans as well as coat color in animals. Gain-of-function mutations of the MC1R gene cause dominant or partially dominant black/dark coat color, and loss-of-function mutations of the MC1R gene cause recessive or partially recessive red/yellow/pale coat color phenotypes. These have been well documented in a large number of mammals, including human, dog, cattle, horse, sheep, pig, and fox. Higher similarities between large mammals and humans makes them better models to understand pathogenesis of human diseases caused by MC1R mutations. High identities in MC1Rs and similar variants identified in both humans and large mammals also provide an opportunity for receptor structure and function study. In this review, we aim to summarize the naturally occurring mutations of MC1R in humans and large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
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Guida S, Guida G, Goding CR. MC1R Functions, Expression, and Implications for Targeted Therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:293-302.e1. [PMID: 34362555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled MC1R is expressed in melanocytes and has a pivotal role in human skin pigmentation, with reduced function in human genetic variants exhibiting a red hair phenotype and increased melanoma predisposition. Beyond its role in pigmentation, MC1R is increasingly recognized as promoting UV-induced DNA damage repair. Consequently, there is mounting interest in targeting MC1R for therapeutic benefit. However, whether MC1R expression is restricted to melanocytes or is more widely expressed remains a matter of debate. In this paper, we review MC1R function and highlight that unbiased analysis suggests that its expression is restricted to melanocytes, granulocytes, and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Colin Ronald Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Koikov L, Starner RJ, Swope VB, Upadhyay P, Hashimoto Y, Freeman KT, Knittel JJ, Haskell-Luevano C, Abdel-Malek ZA. Development of hMC1R Selective Small Agonists for Sunless Tanning and Prevention of Genotoxicity of UV in Melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:1819-1829. [PMID: 33609553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the human melanocortin 1 receptor (hMC1R) expressed on melanocytes by α-melanocortin plays a central role in regulating human pigmentation and reducing the genotoxicity of UV by activating DNA repair and antioxidant defenses. For the development of a hMC1R-targeted photoprotection strategy, we designed tetra- and tripeptide agonists with modifications that provide the necessary lipophilicity and hMC1R selectivity to be effective drugs. These peptides proved to be superior to most of the existing analogs of the physiological tridecapeptide α-melanocortin because of their small size and high hMC1R selectivity. Testing on primary cultures of human melanocytes showed that these peptides are highly potent with prolonged stimulation of melanogenesis, enhanced repair of UV-induced DNA photoproducts, and reduced apoptosis. One of the tripeptides, designated as LK-514 (5), with a molecular weight of 660 Da, has unprecedented (>100,000) hMC1R selectivity when compared with the other melanocortin receptors hMC3R, hMC4R, and hMC5R, and increases pigmentation (sunless tanning) in a cultured, three-dimensional skin model. These new analogs should be efficacious in preventing skin cancer, including melanoma, and treatment of skin disorders, such as vitiligo and polymorphic light eruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Koikov
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Renny J Starner
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Viki B Swope
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Parth Upadhyay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuki Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katie T Freeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James J Knittel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
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Ramot Y, Böhm M, Paus R. Translational Neuroendocrinology of Human Skin: Concepts and Perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:60-74. [PMID: 32981840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human skin responds to numerous neurohormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters that reach it via the vasculature or skin nerves, and/or are generated intracutaneously, thus acting in a para- and autocrine manner. This review focuses on how neurohormones impact on human skin physiology and pathology. We highlight basic concepts, major open questions, and translational research perspectives in cutaneous neuroendocrinology and argue that greater emphasis on neuroendocrine human skin research will foster the development of novel dermatological therapies. Furthermore, human skin and its appendages can be used as highly accessible and clinically relevant model systems for probing nonclassical, ancestral neurohormone functions. This calls for close interdisciplinary collaboration between dermatologists, skin biologists, neuroendocrinologists, and neuropharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Mahendiratta S, Sarma P, Kaur H, Kaur S, Kaur H, Bansal S, Prasad D, Prajapat M, Upadhay S, Kumar S, Kumar H, Singh R, Singh A, Mishra A, Prakash A, Medhi B. Premature graying of hair: Risk factors, co-morbid conditions, pharmacotherapy and reversal-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13990. [PMID: 32654282 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Premature graying of hair (PGH) being a very common entity for which pharmacotherapy and reversibility are not properly addressed. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to address these issues. For this relevant study were selected from various databases including PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Web of science, Scopus, and Google Scholar till January 20, 2019. Studies which reported risk factors, co-morbid conditions associated with PGH, its pharmacotherapy and reversal were included in the study. Although many risk factors are reported in literature, smoking, vitamin deficiency (B12, folic acid, and B7), mineral deficiency (low serum calcium and serum ferritin) are found to be associated with PGH. Other important risk factors are family history of PGH, obesity, high B.P, lack of exercise, drugs, genetic syndromes, dyslipidemia, thyroid disorders, hyperuricemia, and alteration in liver function. PGH is found to be an important marker of CAD, more so in case of smoker. Among different pharmacotherapeutic management options, low grade recommendation (2A) is given to calcium pantothenate, PABA, calcium pantothenate + PABA combination. Anu-tailam is the only herbal agent evaluated in clinical research settings. Finally, treating the accompanying pathologies led to the reversal of the disease in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Mahendiratta
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Harpinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER, Mohali, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Davinder Prasad
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manisha Prajapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujata Upadhay
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Yale K, Juhasz M, Atanaskova Mesinkovska N. Medication-Induced Repigmentation of Gray Hair: A Systematic Review. Skin Appendage Disord 2019; 6:1-10. [PMID: 32021854 DOI: 10.1159/000504414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair graying is a common sign of aging resulting from complex regulation of melanogenesis. Currently, there is no medical treatment available for hair repigmentation. In this article we review the literature on medication-induced hair repigmentation, discuss the potential mechanisms of action, and review the quality of the literary data. To date, there have been 27 studies discussing medication-induced gray hair repigmentation, including 6 articles on gray hair repigmentation as a primary objective, notably with psoralen treatment or vitamin supplementation, and 21 reports on medication-induced gray hair repigmentation as an incidental finding. Medications noted in the literature include anti-inflammatory medications (thalidomide, lenalidomide, adalimumab, acitretin, etretinate, prednisone, cyclosporin, cisplatinum, interferon-α, and psoralen), stimulators of melanogenesis (latanoprost, erlotinib, imatinib, tamoxifen, and levodopa), vitamins (calcium pantothenate and para-amino benzoic acid), a medication that accumulates in tissues (clofazimine), and a medication with an undetermined mechanism (captopril). Diffuse repigmentation of gray hair can be induced by certain medications that inhibit inflammation or stimulate melanogenesis. There is also low-quality evidence that some vitamin B complex supplementation can promote gray hair darkening. While these compounds are not currently indicated for the treatment of gray hair, their mechanisms shed light on targets for future medications for hair repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Yale
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Margit Juhasz
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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