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Yadav PR, Das DB, Pattanayek SK. Coupled Diffusion-Binding-Deformation Modelling for Phase-Transition Microneedles-Based Drug Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1108-1118. [PMID: 36528111 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phase-transition microneedles (PTMNs)-based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is gaining popularity due to its non-invasiveness and ability to deliver a wide range of drugs. PTMNs absorb interstitial skin fluid (ISF) and transport drugs from microneedle (MNs) domain to the skin without polymer dissolution. To establish PTMNs for practical use, one needs to understand and optimise the key parameters governing drug transport mechanisms to achieve controlled drug delivery. In addressing this point, we have developed a coupled diffusion-binding-deformation model to understand the effect of physicochemical parameters (e.g., swelling capacity, drug binding) of MN and skin mechanical properties on overall drug transport behaviour. The contact mechanics at the MN and skin interface is introduced to account for the resistive force exerted by the deformed skin to MN swelling. The model is validated with the reported data of in vitro insulin delivery using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) MN. The drug binding parameters are estimated from the fitting of the cumulative release of insulin within 6 hours of MN insertion. To predict the in vivo data of insulin delivery using the PVA MN, one-compartment model of drug pharmacokinetics is incorporated. It is shown in the paper that the model is able to predict the final insulin concentration in blood and in good agreement with the reported experimental data. The proposed model is concluded to be a tool for the predictive design and development of PTMNs-based TDD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Ranjan Yadav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Diganta Bhusan Das
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sudip K Pattanayek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Ranjan Yadav P, Iqbal Nasiri M, Vora LK, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF, Pattanayek SK, Bhusan Das D. Super-swelling Hydrogel-forming Microneedle based Transdermal Drug Delivery: Mathematical Modelling, Simulation and Experimental Validation. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121835. [PMID: 35597393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Super-swelling hydrogel-forming microneedles (HFMNs) based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is gaining significant interest due to their non-invasiveness and ability to deliver a wide range of drugs. The HFMNs swell by imbibing interstitial skin fluid (ISF), and they facilitate drug transport from the reservoir attached at the base into the skin without polymer dissolution. To develop HFMNs for practical applications, a complete understanding of the drug transport mechanism is required, allowing for controlled TDD and geometrical optimisation. A three-phase system consisting of a reservoir, microneedle, and skin is considered. A mathematical model is developed to incorporate the drug binding within the matrix of the compartment, which was not considered earlier. Super-swelling nature of the HFMNs is incorporated through the swelling ratio obtained experimentally for a polymer. The results are validated with in vitro diffusion studies of ibuprofen sodium (IBU) across excised porcine skin, showing that around 20% of the loaded IBU in lyophilised wafer was delivered in 24 hours. It was observed that increasing IBU solubility in reservoir can achieve high drug transport across the skin. The developed model is shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is concluded that the proposed model can be considered a tool with predictive design and development of super-swelling HFMNs based TDD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Ranjan Yadav
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Nasiri
- Hamdard Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hamdard University, Islamabad Campus, 44000 Pakistan; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sudip K Pattanayek
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Diganta Bhusan Das
- Chemical Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
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3
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Park S. Biochemical, structural and physical changes in aging human skin, and their relationship. Biogerontology 2022; 23:275-288. [PMID: 35292918 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, having the purpose of regulating temperature, protecting us from microbes or mechanical shocks, and allowing the sensations from touch. It is generally accepted that aging induces profound changes in the skin's biochemical, structural and physical properties, which can lead to impaired biological functions and/or diverse diseases. So far, the effects of aging on these skin properties have been well documented. However, very few studies have focused exclusively on the relationship among these critical properties in the aging process, which is this review's primary focus. Many in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro techniques have been previously used to characterize these properties of the skin. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the effects of aging on the changes in biochemical, structural, and physical properties, and explore the potential mechanisms of skin with the relation between these properties. First, we review different or contradictory results of aging-related changes in representative parameters of each property, including the interpretations of the findings. Next, we discuss the need for a standardized method to characterize aging-related changes in these properties, to improve the way of defining age-property relationship. Moreover, potential mechanisms based on the previous results are explored by linking the biochemical, structural, and physical properties. Finally, the need to study changes of various functional properties in the separate skin layers is addressed. This review can help understand the underlying mechanism of aging-related alterations, to improve the evaluation of the aging process and guide effective treatment strategies for aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungman Park
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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4
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Choi C, Ma Y, Li X, Chatterjee S, Sequeira S, Friesen RF, Felts JR, Hipwell MC. Surface haptic rendering of virtual shapes through change in surface temperature. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabl4543. [PMID: 35196072 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abl4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Compared to relatively mature audio and video human-machine interfaces, providing accurate and immersive touch sensation remains a challenge owing to the substantial mechanical and neurophysical complexity of touch. Touch sensations during relative lateral motion between a skin-screen interface are largely dictated by interfacial friction, so controlling interfacial friction has the potential for realistic mimicry of surface texture, shape, and material composition. In this work, we show a large modulation of finger friction by locally changing surface temperature. Experiments showed that finger friction can be increased by ~50% with a surface temperature increase from 23° to 42°C, which was attributed to the temperature dependence of the viscoelasticity and the moisture level of human skin. Rendering virtual features, including zoning and bump(s), without thermal perception was further demonstrated with surface temperature modulation. This method of modulating finger friction has potential applications in gaming, virtual and augmented reality, and touchscreen human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sitangshu Chatterjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sneha Sequeira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rebecca F Friesen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jonathan R Felts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - M Cynthia Hipwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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5
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Swellable microneedles based transdermal drug delivery: Mathematical model development and numerical experiments. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Mostafavi Yazdi SJ, Baqersad J. Mechanical modeling and characterization of human skin: A review. J Biomech 2021; 130:110864. [PMID: 34844034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the advances made in recent years on modeling approaches and experimental techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of human skin. The skin is the largest organ of the human body that has a complex multi-layered structure with different mechanical behaviors. The mechanical properties of human skin play an important role in distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy skin. Furthermore, knowing these mechanical properties enables computer simulation, skin research, clinical studies, as well as diagnosis and treatment monitoring of skin diseases. This paper reviews the recent efforts on modeling skin using linear, nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic materials. The work also focuses on aging effects, microstructure analysis, and non-invasive methods for skin testing. A detailed explanation of the skin structure and numerical models, such as finite element models, are discussed in this work. This work also compares different experimental methods that measure the mechanical properties of human skin. The work reviews the experimental results in the literature and shows how the mechanical properties of human skin vary with the skin sites, the layers, and the structure of human skin. The paper also discusses how state-of-the-art technology can advance skin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jamaleddin Mostafavi Yazdi
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA.
| | - Javad Baqersad
- NVH and Experimental Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kettering University, 1700 University Ave, Flint, MI 48504, USA
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7
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Chavoshnejad P, Foroughi AH, Dhandapani N, German GK, Razavi MJ. Effect of collagen degradation on the mechanical behavior and wrinkling of skin. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:034406. [PMID: 34654184 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.034406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronological skin aging is a complex process that is controlled by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. One major factor is the gradual degradation of the dermal collagen fiber network. As a step toward understanding the mechanistic importance of dermal tissue in the process of aging, this study employs analytical and multiscale computational models to elucidate the effect of collagen fiber bundle disintegration on the mechanical properties and topography of skin. Here, human skin is modeled as a soft composite with an anisotropic dermal layer. The anisotropy of the tissue is governed by collagen fiber bundles with varying densities, average fiber alignments, and normalized alignment distributions. In all finite element models examined, collagen fiber bundle degradation results in progressive decreases in dermal and full-thickness composite stiffness. This reduction is more profound when collagen bundles align with the compression axis. Aged skin models with low collagen fiber bundle densities under compression exhibit notably smaller critical wrinkling strains and larger critical wavelengths than younger skin models, in agreement with in vivo wrinkling behavior with age. The propensity for skin wrinkling can be directly attributable to the degradation of collagen fiber bundles, a relationship that has previously been assumed but unsubstantiated. While linear-elastic analytical models fail to capture the postbuckling behavior in skin, nonlinear finite element models can predict the complex bifurcations of the compressed skin with different densities of collagen bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorya Chavoshnejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York 13902, USA
| | - Ali H Foroughi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York 13902, USA
| | - Niranjana Dhandapani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Guy K German
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Mir Jalil Razavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York 13902, USA
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8
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Jo G, Yang TH, Koo JH, Jun MH, Kim YM. A Transfer Function Model Development for Reconstructing Radial Pulse Pressure Waveforms Using Non-Invasively Measured Pulses by a Robotic Tonometry System. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206837. [PMID: 34696048 PMCID: PMC8540787 DOI: 10.3390/s21206837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of this study is to develop a mathematical model that can establish a transfer function relationship between the “external” pulse pressures measured by a tonometer and the “internal” pulse pressure in the artery. The purpose of the model is to accurately estimate and rebuild the internal pulse pressure waveforms using arterial tonometry measurements. To develop and validate a model without human subjects and operators for consistency, this study employs a radial pulse generation system, a robotic tonometry system, and a write model with an artificial skin and vessel. A transfer function model is developed using the results of the pulse testing and the mechanical characterization testing of the skin and vessel. To evaluate the model, the pulse waveforms are first reconstructed for various reference pulses using the model with tonometry data. They are then compared with pulse waveforms acquired by internal measurement (by the built-in pressure sensor in the vessel) the external measurement (the on-skin measurement by the robotic tonometry system). The results show that the model-produced pulse waveforms coinciding well with the internal pulse waveforms with small relative errors, indicating the effectiveness of the model in reproducing the actual pulse pressures inside the vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwanghyun Jo
- Department of Mathematics, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan-si 54150, Korea;
| | - Tae-Heon Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju-si 27469, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.-H.Y.); (Y.-M.K.)
| | - Jeong-Hoi Koo
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45242, USA;
| | - Min-Ho Jun
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.-H.Y.); (Y.-M.K.)
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9
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Sunkle S, Jain D, Saxena K, Patil A, Singh T, Rai B, Kulkarni V. Integrated “Generate, Make, and Test” for Formulated
Products using Knowledge Graphs. DATA INTELLIGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1162/dint_a_00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the multi-billion dollar formulated product industry, state of the art continues to rely heavily on experts during the “generate, make and test” steps of formulation design. We propose automation aids to each step with a knowledge graph of relevant information as the central artifact. The generate step usually focuses on coming up with new recipes for intended formulation. We propose to aid the experts who generally carry out this step manually by providing a recommendation system and a templating system on top of the knowledge graph. Using the former, the expert can create a recipe from scratch using historical formulations and related data. With the latter, the expert starts with a recipe template created by our system and substitutes the requisite constituents to form a recipe. In the current state of practice, the three steps mentioned above operate in a fragmented manner wherein observations from one step do not aid other steps in a streamlined manner. Instead of manually operated labs for the make and test steps, we assume automated or robotic labs and in-silico testing, respectively. Using two formulations, namely face cream and an exterior coating, we show how the knowledge graph may help integrate and streamline the communication between the generate, the make, and the test steps. Our initial exploration shows considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Sunkle
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Jain
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Krati Saxena
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Ashwini Patil
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Tushita Singh
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Beena Rai
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Kulkarni
- Tata Consultancy Services Research Pune, Maharashtra 400001, Mumbai, India
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10
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Mechanical Intermittent Compression Affects the Progression Rate of Malignant Melanoma Cells in a Cycle Period-Dependent Manner. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061112. [PMID: 34207144 PMCID: PMC8234529 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Static mechanical compression is a biomechanical factor that affects the progression of melanoma cells. However, little is known about how dynamic mechanical compression affects the progression of melanoma cells. In the present study, we show that mechanical intermittent compression affects the progression rate of malignant melanoma cells in a cycle period-dependent manner. Our results suggest that intermittent compression with a cycle of 2 h on/2 h off could suppress the progression rate of melanoma cells by suppressing the elongation of F-actin filaments and mRNA expression levels related to collagen degradation. In contrast, intermittent compression with a cycle of 4 h on/4 h off could promote the progression rate of melanoma cells by promoting cell proliferation and mRNA expression levels related to collagen degradation. Mechanical intermittent compression could therefore affect the progression rate of malignant melanoma cells in a cycle period-dependent manner. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the physiological responses of melanoma cells to dynamic mechanical compression.
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11
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Vulnerability of the skin barrier to mechanical rubbing. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119708. [PMID: 32739393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin barrier function is the battlefront for preventing permeation of harmful substances and infectious diseases. However, it can be destroyed by mechanical forces, as shown in many studies. Excess rubbing may increase the permeability of the skin to aqueous material. Although the skin barrier plays an important physiological role in humans, the vulnerability of skin to mechanical rubbing is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of rubbing on the skin in vitro; skin damage was quantified by laser-induced fluorescence. Microscopic observation showed that keratinocytes in the stratum corneum sustained traumatic damage, which reduced the barrier function in that region. The permeability of the skin to an aqueous solution increased with rubbing frequency and load, and rubbing markedly reduced the barrier function of the stratum corneum. To understand the mechanisms underlying the skin damage, we developed a simple mathematical model assuming that the skin is a viscoelastic material. We hypothesized that the increased skin permeability was caused by the damage sustained by keratinocytes in the stratum corneum, and that the permeability was proportional to the time-averaged strain. Our theoretical results showed quantitative agreement with the experimental results and illustrated that rubbing and strain relaxation play key roles in rubbing-induced permeation.
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