1
|
Addor FAS, Barcaui CB, Gomes EE, Lupi O, Marçon CR, Miot HA. Sunscreen lotions in the dermatological prescription: review of concepts and controversies. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:204-222. [PMID: 35039207 PMCID: PMC9073257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is regularly exposed to several environmental aggressions, including solar radiation, whose biological effects can induce sunburn, dyschromia, skin aging and cancer. Among the photoprotection measures, sunscreens comprise a relevant part of the strategy aimed to prevent solar radiation damage and, for effective action, the patient must adhere to the product use and the latter, in turn, must follow technical parameters to promote adequate protection. This review article brings together the most current and relevant concepts about photoprotection for dermatological use, including the challenges for their formulation, the risks of certain photoprotective active substances for individual and environmental safety and the importance of stringency in determining the product efficacy, considering the regulatory aspects, highlighting relevant differences between Brazil and other countries. Thus, when assessing a sunscreen, not only the visual aspects and sensory perception will be immediately evaluated, but also the quality and suitability of the vehicle, the chemical composition of the formulation, the environmental risks, the photostability of the screening system, and the measurement of its protection spectrum. Technical knowledge of sunscreens can help dermatologists in this important role of educating patients about the best photoprotective strategies in each situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Baptista Barcaui
- Dermatology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Dermatology, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elimar Elias Gomes
- Cancer Center, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Omar Lupi
- Dermatology Service, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Policlínica Geral do Rio de Janeiro (PGRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Clinical Immunology Service, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Hélio Amante Miot
- Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andrews DQ, Rauhe K, Burns C, Spilman E, Temkin AM, Perrone-Gray S, Naidenko OV, Leiba N. Laboratory testing of sunscreens on the US market finds lower in vitro SPF values than on labels and even less UVA protection. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 38:224-232. [PMID: 34601762 PMCID: PMC9298345 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background New research has attributed increased significance to the causal link between ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation and immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. In the United States, sunscreens are labeled with only their sun protection factor (SPF) and an imprecise term “broad‐spectrum protection.” Sunscreen marketing and efficacy evaluations continue to be based primarily on skin redness (sunburn) or erythema. We sought to evaluate the ultraviolet (UV) protection offered by common sunscreen products on the US market using laboratory‐measured UV‐absorption testing and comparing with computer‐modeled protection and the labeled SPF values. This approach enables an investigation of the relationship between the labeled SPF and measured UVA protection, a factor that is ignored in current regulations. Methods Fifty‐one sunscreen products for sale in the United States with SPF values from 15 to 110 and labeled as providing broad‐spectrum protection were tested using a commercial laboratory. All products were evaluated using the ISO 24443:2012 method for sunscreen effectiveness. The final absorbance spectra were used for analysis of in vitro UV protection. Results In vitro SPF values from laboratory‐measured UV absorption and computer modeling were on average just 59 and 42 percent of the labeled SPF. The majority of products provided significantly lower UVA protection with the average unweighted UVA protection factor just 24 percent of the labeled SPF. Conclusion Regulations and marketplace forces promote sunscreens that reduce sunburn instead of products that provide better, more broad‐spectrum UV protection. The production and use of products with broad spectrum UV protection should be incentivized, removing the emphasis on sunburn protection and ending testing on people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kali Rauhe
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Carla Burns
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nneka Leiba
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C., USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dahabra L, Broadberry G, Le Gresley A, Najlah M, Khoder M. Sunscreens Containing Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Enhanced Efficiency: A Strategy for Skin Cancer Prevention. Molecules 2021; 26:1698. [PMID: 33803643 PMCID: PMC8003006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may damage the DNA of skin cells and can lead to skin cancer. Sunscreens are topical formulations used to protect skin against UVR. The active ingredients of sunscreens are UV filters that absorb, scatter, and/or reflect UVR. Preventing the formation of free radicals and repairing DNA damages, natural antioxidants are also added to sunscreens as a second fold of protection against UVR. Antioxidants can help stabilise these formulations during the manufacturing process and upon application on skin. However, UV filters and antioxidants are both susceptible to degradation upon exposure to sunlight and oxygen. Additionally, due to their poor water solubility, natural antioxidants are challenging to formulate and exhibit limited penetration and bioavailability in the site of action (i.e., deeper skin layers). Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that are capable of forming inclusion complexes with poorly soluble drugs, such as antioxidants. In this review, we discuss the use of CDs inclusion complexes to enhance the aqueous solubility of antioxidants and chemical UV filters and provide a protective shield against degradative factors. The role of CDs in providing a controlled drug release profile from sunscreens is also discussed. Finally, incorporating CDs inclusion complexes into sunscreens has the potential to increase their efficiency and hence improve their skin cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layan Dahabra
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (L.D.); (G.B.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Grace Broadberry
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (L.D.); (G.B.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Adam Le Gresley
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (L.D.); (G.B.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Mohammad Najlah
- Pharmaceutical Research Group, School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishops Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK;
| | - Mouhamad Khoder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (L.D.); (G.B.); (A.L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hübner AA, Sarruf FD, Oliveira CA, Neto AV, Fischer DCH, Kato ETM, Lourenço FR, Baby AR, Bacchi EM. Safety and Photoprotective Efficacy of a Sunscreen System Based on Grape Pomace ( Vitis vinifera L.) Phenolics from Winemaking. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1148. [PMID: 33260841 PMCID: PMC7761385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Hübner
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Fernanda D. Sarruf
- IPclin—Institute of Integrated Clinical Research, Jundiai 13200-000, Brazil;
| | - Camila A. Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Alberto V. Neto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Dominique C. H. Fischer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Edna T. M. Kato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Felipe R. Lourenço
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - André Rolim Baby
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Elfriede M. Bacchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (A.A.H.); (C.A.O.); (A.V.N.); (D.C.H.F.); (E.T.M.K.); (F.R.L.); (E.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Choksi J, Vora J, Shrivastava N. Bioactive Pigments from Isolated Bacteria and Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Sun Protective Application Useful for Cosmetic Products. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:379-382. [PMID: 32647396 PMCID: PMC7329960 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pigments are the unique and sustainable source of bioactive colour compounds used in cosmetics, food, textiles, printing and pharmaceutical products. Here, we report the pigment-producing isolates and their biological activities that could be benefited for different industries including cosmeceuticals. In this study, a total of 19 pigment-producing bacteria were isolated and purified from collected soil and water samples. The colour production ability of purified bacteria was observed up to 5 transfers. Of the 19 isolates, two isolates lost colour production ability in subsequent transfers. Crude pigments extracted from the remaining 17 isolates showed sunscreen activity in the range of 0.4-8.34. However, only 6 of them showed significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities. In the media optimization experiment, these 6 bacteria showed optimum growth in neutral to alkaline pH, while optimum temperatures for growth were different for different bacteria. One isolate produces the promising pigment, out of all six potential pigments. It is stable up to 5 transfers, having antioxidant and antibacterial activity with Sun protective activity; the strain was identified using 16srRNA gene sequencing and obtained accession number as MK770403 (probable strain is Staphylococcus xylosus) from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The results of this study suggested that these bioactive pigments can further be developed and used as antibacterial, antioxidant and sun-protective ingredients in cosmeceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janki Choksi
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat, Gujarat India
| | - Jaykant Vora
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
- Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Neeta Shrivastava
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paul SP. Ensuring the Safety of Sunscreens, and Their Efficacy in Preventing Skin Cancers: Challenges and Controversies for Clinicians, Formulators, and Regulators. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:195. [PMID: 31552252 PMCID: PMC6736991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When people think about sun-protection or prevention of skin cancer, sunscreens readily come to mind. Sunscreen effectiveness is tested in vivo by the ability to prevent erythema of skin, yet testing methods vary between markets, and many sunscreens fail to achieve their claims. This article discusses the mechanism of action of sunscreens, Sun Protection Factor (SPF), safety concerns and the challenges for regulators. Many sunscreens that prevent erythema do not provide adequate protection as they contain anti-inflammatory agents; others have ingredients whose risks have not been fully evaluated. This article reviews the imperfect science behind sunscreens and points out the gaps in knowledge regarding safety, efficacy, public knowledge, and perception. Regulations vary between countries and only adds to the confusion. To truly prevent skin cancer, clinicians, formulators and regulators need to come together to research more and improve public education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharad P. Paul
- Faculty of Design and Creative Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|