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Djoric J, Djinic Krasavcevic A, Barac M, Kuzmanovic Pficer J, Brkovic B, Nikolic-Jakoba N. Patient discomfort and intensity of intraseptal anesthesia of computer-controlled articaine/epinephrine delivery for scaling and root planing. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6221-6234. [PMID: 37644233 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim was to assess the pain during intraseptal anesthesia (ISA) administration, as well as during and after scaling and root planing (SRP). The secondary aims pertained to comparing the pain in different jaw regions and evaluating the factors affecting pain during ISA administration, during and after SRP. MATERIAL AND METHODS ISA was obtained with three different doses of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (4%Ar + Ep) in 360 patients. The pain levels were measured using the visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain intensity during ISA administration (VASa), during SRP (VASi), and after SRP (VASp). These findings were then correlated with periodontal parameters. Regression analysis was performed for pain during ISA, during and after SRP. RESULTS Anesthesia administration was painful in 80.8% of cases. VASa negatively correlated with pocket depth (PPD). VASi showed no dose-dependency, except in mandibular premolars. VASi negatively correlated with the clinical attachment level (CAL). VASp positively correlated with PPD and CAL. Positive bleeding on probing reduced the chance of pain during ISA administration. Longer anesthesia duration and wider anesthetic field (orally) increased the prospects of painless SRP. CONCLUSIONS No dose-dependent differences were found regarding patient discomfort and pain intensity of ISA delivery of 4%Ar + Ep for SRP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The pain during ISA administration was mild and well tolerated regardless of the anesthetic dose. A lower intensity of pain during SRP can be expected in patients with greater CAL. Post-treatment pain can be anticipated after SRP in the regions with greater PPD and CAL. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04392804 (May 9th, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Djoric
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ana Djinic Krasavcevic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Barac
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kuzmanovic Pficer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bozidar Brkovic
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Nikolic-Jakoba
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, Belgrade, Serbia
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Govas P, Ketchum A, Kazi R, Gordon BR, Carroll BT. Pain Intensity Assessment Scales for Dermatologic Surgery Patients: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:232-238. [PMID: 34923536 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain assessment plays an important role in dermatologic surgery. The numeric rating scale (NRS), visual analog scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS), and Faces Pain Scale (FPS) are commonly used scales for pain measurement. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the use of each. Prompt pain recognition and treatment during procedures result in higher patient satisfaction. OBJECTIVE Determine the most applicable scale for acute pain measurement in dermatologic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA-Supplemental Digital Content 4, http://links.lww.com/DSS/A976 (PROSPERO; CRD42018091058). PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched between April 24, 2018, and May 06, 2018. The search query consisted of pain, pain measurement (NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS), and assessment/comparison. The inclusion criteria included English language literature with primary/secondary outcome objectives directly comparing ≥2 pain scales in acute pain (age: 13+). Study end points included interscale correlations, patient preferences, provider preferences, study author recommendations, and failure rates. RESULTS Eight hundred seven studies were retrieved: A total of 42 studies were included. The visual analog scale (n = 42) was most studied, followed by NRS (n = 29), VRS (n = 27), and FPS (n = 11). 93.1% studies showed a high statistical correlation between VAS and NRS. Patients preferred NRS (n = 8/11), followed by FPS (n = 3/11), VRS (n = 2/11), and VAS (n = 1/11). Study authors recommended NRS/VAS (n = 8/19), VRS (n = 6/19), and FPS (n = 1/19). Providers preferred NRS (n = 2/3) and VRS (n = 1/3). The visual analog scale had the highest failure rate (n = 11/12). CONCLUSION The numeric rating scale is most applicable for dermatologic surgery because of reported patient and provider preferences, lowest failure rates, and most frequent study author recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiota Govas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Ketchum
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashek Kazi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Beth R Gordon
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan T Carroll
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Derman SHM, Lantwin EM, Barbe AG, Noack MJ. Does a pretreatment with a dentine hypersensitivity mouth-rinse compensate the pain caused by professional mechanical plaque removal? A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3151-3160. [PMID: 33094406 PMCID: PMC8060178 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Pain is affecting acceptance of supportive periodontal therapy and primary periodontitis prevention. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a 1-week pre-treatment use of dentinal-hypersensitivity-reducing mouth-rinses (DHM) in periodontal maintenance (SPT) or dental prophylaxis patients. Material and methods One hundred fifty-five participants attending for professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) were randomly assigned to use a mouth-rinse twice daily for 1 week prior to their next PMPR. Rinses were containing either potassium oxalate (n = 52), arginine (n = 52), or herbal extracts (n = 51). At baseline and reassessment, procedural pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS). Self-reported efficacy was documented. Results No inter-group differences were estimated between both test groups and the control for baseline and reassessment means (VAS, VRS). In the SPT group, VAS reduction and self-reported efficacy were found (p < 0.05). Conclusion The 1-week use of DHM failed to show a predictable effect on discomfort during PMPR overall. Around 20% of the patients showed a quantifiable benefit from both test mouth-rinses, whereas more than 50% reported a subjective pain reduction. Focusing patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy, quantifiable effects were found for both test groups. From a patient’s point of view, DHM might be a suitable adjunct to enhance procedural comfort, especially in patients with a history of periodontitis. Clinical relevance The 1-week use of the dentinal-hypersensitivity-reducing mouth-rinses prior to professional-mechanical-plaque-removal showed to be a suitable adjunct to enhance procedural comfort during instrumentation, especially in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy. Registration number: DRKS00010811 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03643-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja H M Derman
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 32, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Lantwin
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 32, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Greta Barbe
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 32, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 32, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Shi SW, Jiao J, Zhang L, Lu RF, Meng HX, Cao ZQ, Shi D, Song Y. Influence of local anesthesia on the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal treatment. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1908-1914. [PMID: 32826453 PMCID: PMC7462207 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited evidence of the effects of local anesthesia (LA) on outcomes of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT), in particular among the Chinese. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the effects of LA on short-term treatment outcomes of NSPT and to determine under what circumstances LA should be prescribed to improve these outcomes. METHODS Data from periodontal examinations of 3980 patients were used. The data were from 3-month re-evaluation records of an electronic periodontal charting record system in the Department of Periodontology of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from June 2008 to January 2015. Descriptive analyses included changes in probing depth (PD) and the Mazza bleeding index (BI). Two-level (patient and tooth) logistic regression models and three-level (patient, tooth, and site) linear regression models were constructed to analyze the influence of LA on PD for all teeth/sites and teeth/sites with an initial PD ≥ 5 mm. Decreases in PD and BI at sites under LA using the initial PD were also compared. RESULTS A significantly higher mean decrease in PD after NSPT was found in the LA group than in the no local anesthesia (NLA) group (0.98 vs. 0.54 mm, t = 24.12, P < 0.001). A significantly higher probability of decreases was found in the LA group in BI (percentages of teeth with BI > 1 and BI > 2) for all teeth (16.7% vs. 13.8%, t = 3.75, P < 0.001; 34.7% vs. 28.1%, t = 6.73, P < 0.001) and PD for teeth with PD ≥ 5 mm (32.3% vs. 17.3%, t = 28.48, P < 0.001). The difference in PD between the LA and NLA groups increased as the initial PD increased. The difference between the two groups was 0.12 to 0.22 mm for sites with a baseline PD < 7 mm; however, it increased to 0.41 to 1.37 mm for sites with a baseline PD ≥ 7 mm. CONCLUSIONS LA improved the decrease in PD after NSPT. Root debridement at sites with initial PD ≥ 7 mm should be performed under routine LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Shi
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University Hospital of Stomatology First Clinic Division, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rui-Fang Lu
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huan-Xin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhan-Qiang Cao
- Information Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dong Shi
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmö 20213, Sweden
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Moraes GS, Santos IBD, Pinto SCS, Pochapski MT, Farago PV, Pilatti GL, Santos FA. Liposomal anesthetic gel for pain control during periodontal therapy in adults: a placebo-controlled RCT. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 28:e20190025. [PMID: 31778442 PMCID: PMC6882661 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal therapy usually requires local anesthesia. If effective, a non-invasive, liposomal anesthetic gel could increase the levels of acceptance of patients in relation to periodontal therapy. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the efficacy of liposomal anesthetic gel for pain control during periodontal therapy. METHODOLOGY Forty volunteers with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were recruited, of which at least three sextants required periodontal therapy. At least one of the selected teeth had one site with a probing depth of ≥4 mm. The volunteers received the following three gels: a placebo, lidocaine/prilocaine (Oraqix®), or a liposomal lidocaine/prilocaine, which were applied to different sextants. Pain frequency was registered during treatment and the volunteers received a digital counter to register any painful or uncomfortable experiences. At the end of each session, the volunteers indicated their pain intensity using rating scales (NRS-101 and VRS-4). The volunteers had their hemodynamic parameters measured by a non-invasive digital monitor. RESULTS Pain frequency/intensity did not show statistical difference between intervention groups. The tested gels did not interfere with the hemodynamic indices. Dental anxiety, suppuration and probing depth could influence pain during periodontal therapy. CONCLUSION Our results suggest limited indications for the use of non-invasive anesthesia when used for scaling and root planing. Intra-pocket anesthetic gel could be a good option for anxious patients, or those who have a fear of needles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Simao Moraes
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcia Thais Pochapski
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Gibson Luiz Pilatti
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Fabio Andre Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
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Marconcini S, Goulding M, Oldoini G, Attanasio C, Giammarinaro E, Genovesi A. Clinical and patient-centered outcomes post non-surgical periodontal therapy with the use of a non-injectable anesthetic product: A randomized clinical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12446. [PMID: 31353819 PMCID: PMC6899940 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to determine the impact of different full‐mouth decontamination (FMD) protocols on the effectiveness of an intrapocket anesthetic gel in periodontal maintenance patients. Methods Patients undergoing the periodontal maintenance program and with the need for FMD participated in this study. Patients were randomly allocated to non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) with either a preparatory 15‐day decontamination phase, including chlorhexidine mouth rinse and domiciliary hygiene instructions (modified FMD: test group), or without it (FMD: control group). In both groups, NSPT was performed with the aid of a non‐injectable anesthetic gel. Clinical and patient‐related outcomes were recorded during a 6‐month follow‐up period. Results Sixty patients completed the 6‐month study. Both groups experienced relevant clinical improvements after NSPT, but the test group showed a significant change in periodontal parameters already after the initial 15‐day preparatory period, and overall significantly better results in periodontal outcomes when compared with the control group at the last 6‐month follow up: the gingival index was 2.07 ± 1.25 in the control group and 1.13 ± 0.51 in the test group. Less pain and dental‐related anxiety were perceived by patients in the test group showing a 6‐month mean visual analog scale of 2.13 ± 1.25 in the control group and 1.13 ± 0.83 in the test group. Conclusion The present study suggested that the modification of the standard FMD could improve the clinical efficacy of non‐injectable anesthetic, along with patients’ short‐ and mid‐term appreciation and compliance.
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Petersilka GJ, Arweiler NB, Otto J, Wittig T. Non-interventional study to collect data for the application of lidocaine gel 2% during scaling and root planing and professional mechanical plaque removal. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:551-558. [PMID: 29717361 PMCID: PMC7735999 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a topical lidocaine gel 2% (LG) during scaling and root planing (SRP) and professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR). MATERIALS AND METHODS The anesthetic effects as well as unwanted effects of LG prior to or during SRP and PMPR were evaluated in an observational, non-randomized, non-interventional study design. A total of 385 treatments were recorded in 68 study centers all over Germany. Rating of the anesthetic effect of LG by treating personnel and patients using a four-item verbal rating scale (VRS), tolerability, safety (adverse effects), and need for additional local injection anesthesia (ALI). RESULTS In SRP as well as in PMPR, application of LG allowed a sufficiently pain-free therapy in more than 90% of the patients as stated on the VRS (SRP: 97.8%, PMPR: 93.75%). Overall, ALI was needed in only 4.23% of the patients treated (SRP: 5.3%, PMPR: 2.62%). One adverse effect occurred within the observation. CONCLUSIONS Application of LG may offer a safe and effective way to achieve pain-free therapy in periodontal patients. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Patient compliance is key to the success of periodontal maintenance therapy. Effective and safe pain control during various kinds of periodontal therapy might increase patient compliance and therefore contribute to the long-term treatment success, among other factors. With regard to the patients observed in this study, 47% had previously received periodontal maintenance therapy and were therefore familiar with the treatment and the associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor J Petersilka
- Private Practice, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicole B Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Otto
- Medical-Scientific Department, Chemische Fabrik Kreussler & Co. GmbH, Rheingaustrasse 87-93, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Tobias Wittig
- Medical-Scientific Department, Chemische Fabrik Kreussler & Co. GmbH, Rheingaustrasse 87-93, 65203, Wiesbaden, Germany.
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Derman SHM. Intrapocket and/or Topical Anesthetic Options Offer an Alternative to Injected Anesthesia During Scaling and Root Planing in Patients With Shallow to Moderate Periodontal Pockets. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2018; 18:240-242. [PMID: 30077376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Intrapocket topical anesthetic versus injected anesthetic for pain control during scaling and root planing in adult patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Wambier LM, de Geus JL, Boing TF, Chibinski ACR, Wambier DS, Rego RO, Loguercio AD, Reis A. J Am Dent Assoc 2017;148(11):814-24.e812. SOURCE OF FUNDING Institutional, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
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Wambier LM, de Geus JL, Boing TF, Chibinski ACR, Wambier DS, Rego RO, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Intrapocket topical anesthetic versus injected anesthetic for pain control during scaling and root planing in adult patients. J Am Dent Assoc 2017; 148:814-824.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Antoniazzi RP, Cargnelutti B, Freitas DN, Guimarães MB, Zanatta FB, Feldens CA. Topical intrapocket anesthesia during scaling and root planing: a randomized clinical trial. Braz Dent J 2016; 26:26-32. [PMID: 25672380 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the use of injectable anesthesia prior to subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) reduces pain, many patients report fear and prolonged numbness of adjacent tissues. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a eutectic mixture containing 25 mg/g of lidocaine and 25 mg/g of prilocaine, injectable 2% lidocaine, topical 2% benzocaine and a placebo substance on reducing pain during SRP. In this randomized, split-mouth, masked clinical trial, thirty-two patients presenting more than two teeth with probing depth and clinical attachment level ≥ 5 mm in at least 4 sextants were randomly allocated to four groups: EMLA(r); injectable 2% lidocaine; topical 2% benzocaine and placebo. Pain and discomfort were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal scale (VS). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Poisson regression were used for analysis. Patient satisfaction with the anesthesia was determined at the end of each treatment session. VAS and VS scores did not differ between injectable 2% lidocaine and EMLA (p > 0.05) and both substances showed significantly better pain control compared to 2% benzocaine and placebo (p < 0.05). 93.7% and 81.2% of the individuals were satisfied with the injectable anesthetic and EMLA, respectively (p = 0.158). Dissatisfaction with benzocaine and placebo was approximately 10 times greater than injectable anesthesia (p = 0.001). In conclusion, EMLA showed an equivalent effect on pain control when compared to the injectable anesthesia and performed better than 2% benzocaine in SRP. Thus, EMLA is a viable anesthetic option during scaling and root planning, despite the frequent need for second application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Cargnelutti
- Dental School, Franciscan University Center, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Napoleão Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Batistin Zanatta
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, UFSM - Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Feldens
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, ULBRA - Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Daneshkazemi A, Abrisham SM, Daneshkazemi P, Davoudi A. The efficacy of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics as a topical anesthetic agent used for dental procedures: A brief review. Anesth Essays Res 2016; 10:383-387. [PMID: 27746520 PMCID: PMC5062240 DOI: 10.4103/0259-1162.172342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pain management is one of the most critical aspects of modern dentistry which might affect patient's quality of life. Several methods are suggested to provide a painless situation for patients. Desensitization of the oral site using topical anesthetics is one of those methods. The improvements of topical anesthetic agents are probably one of the most important advances in dental science in the past 100 years. Most of them are safe and can be applied on oral mucosa with minimal irritation and allergic reactions. At present, these agents are various with different potent and indications. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) (lidocaine + prilocaine) is a commercial anesthetic agent which has got acceptance among dental clinicians. This article provides a brief review about the efficacy of EMLA as a topical anesthetic agent when used during dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Daneshkazemi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Social Determinant of Oral Health Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Abrisham
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yazd Dental School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Pedram Daneshkazemi
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Davoudi
- Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wambier LM, de Geus JL, Chibinski ACR, Wambier DS, Rego RO, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Intra-pocket anaesthesia and pain during probing, scaling and root planing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:754-66. [PMID: 27097588 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM A systematic review/meta-analysis was performed to evaluate pain during probing, scaling and root planing using intra-pocket anaesthesia versus placebo in adult patients. METHODS A search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database, Brazilian Library in Dentistry, Cochrane Library and Grey literature. IADR abstracts, unpublished trials registries, dissertations and theses were also searched for randomized clinical trials comparing the clinical effectiveness of intra-pocket anaesthesia and placebo. Risk/intensity of pain was the primary outcome. The risk of bias tool from the Cochrane Collaboration was used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed on studies considered at low risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 1740 articles were identified. Eleven remained in the qualitative synthesis, and nine studies were considered at "low" risk of bias for meta-analysis. Standardized Hedge's g mean difference for pain intensity using visual analogue scale and Heft-Parker pain scales was -0.576 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.94 to -0.22; p = 0.002) and for verbal rating scale pain scale it was -1.814 (95% CI -3.38 to -0.245; p = 0.023). The odds ratio for the risk of pain was 0.025 (95% CI 0.003 to 0.25; p = 0.002) and the odds ratio for the need for rescue anaesthesia it was 0.358 (95% CI 0.174 to 0.736; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The anaesthetic gel decreases the risk and intensity of pain during probing/SRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M Wambier
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana L de Geus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana C R Chibinski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Denise S Wambier
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O Rego
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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Derman SHM, Lowden CE, Hellmich M, Noack MJ. Influence of intra-pocket anesthesia gel on treatment outcome in periodontal patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:481-8. [PMID: 24628437 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Compare the treatment outcome after scaling and root-planing using local anesthesia gel or injected local anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHOD Thirty-eight patients with periodontitis and good general health were included in a randomized, single-blind, split-mouth clinical trial. Probing depths and clinical attachment levels were recorded at baseline and 6 weeks after treatment. Performed treatment procedures were scaling and root planing using two types of local anesthesia for separate treatment appointments. Anesthetics used were intra-pocket lidocaine and prilocaine gel (2.5% each) and injected articaine (1:100,000 adrenaline). Type of anesthesia for first appointment was randomized and switched for second appointment. Patients' pain perception and anesthesia acceptance were recorded on questionnaires. RESULTS No influence of applied type of anesthesia could be detected for change of probing pocket depths and clinical attachment level (p > 0.05). These findings are valid even for deeper pockets. Gel-group had significant higher intra-operative pain perception. In retrospect 69% of patients favored gel. CONCLUSION Treatment outcome is not compromised by use of anesthesia gel in comparison to injected anesthesia. The same beneficial results for probing pocket depths and clinical attachment gain could be detected. The majority of patients prefer local anesthesia gel despite a slightly greater procedural discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja H M Derman
- Center of Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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