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Glenny AM, Walsh T, Iwasaki M, Kateeb E, Braga MM, Riley P, Melo P. Development of Tooth Brushing Recommendations Through Professional Consensus. Int Dent J 2024; 74:526-535. [PMID: 38052700 PMCID: PMC11123540 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite being a largely preventable disease, untreated caries of permanent teeth is estimated to affect almost 2 billion people worldwide, which is followed by severe periodontal disease. The aim of this work was to provide a professional consensus on tooth brushing methods and associated oral hygiene behaviours and develop evidence-informed recommendations. METHODS An initial scoping search was undertaken to identify systematic reviews of relevance and key questions. This was followed by comprehensive evidence mapping of the literature focussing on systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. Electronic searches of several databases including MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Ovid), Epistemonikos, and The Cochrane Library were undertaken from 2000 to May 2022, alongside a guideline repository search. Considered Judgement Forms were developed detailing the underpinning evidence, balance between benefits and harms, potential impact on the population, and feasibility of implementation. An online survey comprising 22 draft recommendations was distributed to international members of all FDI committees, including the FDI Council. Participants were asked to indicate to what level they agreed or disagreed with for each recommendation and to provide feedback. The Considered Judgement Forms were provided for reference. RESULTS Three hundred ten records were identified and mapped to different aspects of tooth brushing methods and associated behaviours. Research literature informed 7 Considered Judgement Forms comprising 12 questions with draft recommendations. Twenty-five participants from Asia, Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Australia provided feedback on the recommendations. More than 70% of respondents showed agreement with 21 of the 22 draft recommendations. Final recommendations were drafted with associated strength of recommendation. CONCLUSION Using a robust methodology and an international professional consensus, a set of evidence-informed recommendations was developed. These recommendations provide clinicians with practical guidance to facilitate communications with patients that may help to reinforce individual-level preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Glenny
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Tanya Walsh
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Elham Kateeb
- Oral Health Research and Promotion Unit, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, State of Palestine
| | | | - Philip Riley
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Paulo Melo
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Portugal
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Gaugeler BS, van der Stouwe JG, Templin C, Schmied CM, Lanzer M, Niederseer D. Dental Health Benefits of Swimming in Chlorinated Water. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:87. [PMID: 38667999 PMCID: PMC11049663 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor oral health is an important concern for athletes, as it can affect both general health and athletic performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of activity in chlorinated water on oral health in elite swimmers compared to non-swimming athletes. This cross-sectional study included 101 swimmers and 100 other athletes aged 13-26 years with a minimum training intensity of five hours per week (for at least the preceding two years). Oral health was assessed using the approximal plaque index (API) and the decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index. A DIAGNOcam was used to detect caries. Results show that swimmers were younger (15 years vs. 18 years), were more likely to be female (54% vs. 17%), and had a lower body mass index (20.1 kg/m2 vs. 21.9 kg/m2) and a lower juice consumption (9% vs. 24%). Non-swimmers had significantly more decayed, missing, or filled teeth due to caries and plaque. In conclusion, by comparing elite swimmers and athletes competing in different sports, we have shown that competitive swimmers have a lower incidence of dental caries and plaque. Further research is needed to test our findings and to understand this relationship in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Templin
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian M. Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lanzer
- Clinic of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Hochgebirgsklinik, Medicine Campus Davos, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Medicine Campus Davos, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
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Van der Weijden GAF, van Loveren C. Mechanical plaque removal in step-1 of care. Periodontol 2000 2023. [PMID: 38148481 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a regular oral hygiene routine is essential for taking care of our mouths, ensuring healthy teeth, and achieving fresh breath. Patient education on oral hygiene is an important component of their overall treatment. Firstly, patients should be informed about the direct connection between bacteria in dental plaque and oral diseases. It is important for patients to understand that these conditions can be treated, but the success of treatment greatly depends on their level of oral hygiene. This journey begins by selecting the appropriate toothbrush and mastering the correct brushing technique to effectively remove dental plaque while avoiding any potential damage to the gums. In addition to toothbrushes, there are other devices available for comprehensive dental cleaning, such as floss, interdental sticks, interdental brushes, and oral irrigators. These aids are particularly beneficial for eliminating dental plaque from hard-to-reach areas. Moreover, tongue brushing or tongue scraping can effectively reduce breath odor and tongue coating. Currently, self-care recommendations for dental implants are primarily based on existing knowledge regarding natural teeth cleaning. Evidence-based recommendations are derived from comprehensive systematic evaluation of various oral hygiene aids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Fridus Van der Weijden
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), A Joint Venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinic for Periodontology Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor van Loveren
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), A Joint Venture between the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Amsterdam and the Faculty of Dentistry of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Monterubbianesi R, Sparabombe S, Tosco V, Profili F, Mascitti M, Hosein A, Putignano A, Orsini G. Can Desensitizing Toothpastes Also Have an Effect on Gingival Inflammation? A Double-Blind, Three-Treatment Crossover Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238927. [PMID: 33271745 PMCID: PMC7729918 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Many desensitizing toothpastes exist commercially; however, few clinical trials have investigated their anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect and patient appreciation of two toothpastes containing desensitizing agents: (1) a zinc-carbonate-hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (CHA) and (2) a calcium sodium phosphosilicate bioactive glass (CSPS). Methods: CHA and CSPS were compared with an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial herbal based toothpaste (HB). The aims were accomplished by comparing the following outcomes: (1) the reduction in plaque and bleeding score (Full Mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) and Full Mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS), respectively); (2) the antibacterial activity (AbA) of the toothpaste by saliva samples; (3) the patient appreciation score (Visual Analogue Scale; VAS). Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and 14 days post-treatment. Results: The final sample consisted of 25 subjects, aged between 20 and 58 years. Although no differences in FMPS were reported (p > 0.05), both desensitizing toothpastes showed an improvement in FMBS. CSPS and HB recorded more AbA compared to CHA (p < 0.05). Moreover, HB resulted in a higher VAS score than both desensitizing toothpastes (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, only CSPS displayed a similar anti-inflammatory effect compared to HB. Despite the low VAS score, CSPS could be considered as a valid and effective toothpaste in subjects with both dentin hypersensitivity and inflamed gums, highlighting its utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Monterubbianesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Scilla Sparabombe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Tosco
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Fabia Profili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrell Hosein
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (R.M.); (S.S.); (V.T.); (F.P.); (M.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Valkenburg C, Van der Weijden FA, Slot DE. Plaque control and reduction of gingivitis: The evidence for dentifrices. Periodontol 2000 2019; 79:221-232. [PMID: 30892760 PMCID: PMC7328759 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on plaque control and the management of gingivitis in adults and summarizes the evidence of commercially available dentifrices as gathered from existing systematic reviews. Three internet sources were used to search for appropriate papers (up to and including February 2017). The search strategy was designed to include any systematic review published on dentifrices that also included an evaluation of plaque and gingivitis scores. Characteristics of the individual reviews, such as methodological aspects, quantitative data and conclusions, were extracted. The potential risk of bias was estimated and the acquired evidence was graded. Independent screening of 205 unique reviews resulted in 10 published and eligible systematic reviews. One publication evaluated the mechanical contribution of dentifrice to plaque removal. Eight papers were identified that evaluated the efficacy of a proposed single active ingredients, of which two reviewed more than one potentially active ingredient. One study compared two active ingredients. This meta-review appraised the current state of evidence and found that toothbrushing with a standard fluoride dentifrice does not provide an added effect for the mechanical removal of dental plaque. Evidence suggests that compared with a standard dentifrice, those containing triclosan or stannous fluoride have benefits with respect to gingival health and control of dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Valkenburg
- Department of PeriodontologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fridus A. Van der Weijden
- Department of PeriodontologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dagmar E. Slot
- Department of PeriodontologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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van der Sluijs E, Slot DE, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, van der Weijden GA. Dry brushing: Does it improve plaque removal? A secondary analysis. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:519-526. [PMID: 30047211 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article is a secondary analysis comparing the effects on plaque removal of brushing with a dry toothbrush and brushing with a prewetted toothbrush. METHODS The participants had been included in two previous experiments involving single-brushing exercises. The 46 non-dental participants were systemically healthy and ≥18 years of age. In the first experiment, the control intervention was brushing with a prewetted toothbrush, while during the second experiment it was brushing with a dry toothbrush. Both experiments scored plaque before and after the brushing exercises and assessed participants' perception. The data of these two previous experiments were compared in this secondary analysis. RESULTS Plaque score reduction following brushing with a dry toothbrush was 58%, while with a prewetted toothbrush, it was 57%. The mean plaque index score reduction of 0.08 between a dry and a prewetted toothbrush was not significant (P = .096). Prewetting the participants' toothbrush had no influence on the perception of toothbrush filament stiffness (P = .410) nor on the perception of cleaning capability (P = .449). In both experiments, brushing without dentifrice was judged to be unpleasant. CONCLUSION On average, following a 2-minute brushing exercise, plaque scored were reduced by 57% or more. Dry brushing did not contribute significantly to toothbrush efficacy. The participants did not find that prewetting a toothbrush influenced the cleaning capability and filament stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Van der Sluijs E, Slot DE, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Van der Weijden GA. A specific brushing sequence and plaque removal efficacy: a randomized split-mouth design. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 16:85-91. [PMID: 27990769 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been propagated by the dental care professionals to start toothbrushing the lingual aspect of teeth first. In general, it is assumed that these surfaces of teeth are more difficult to clean. The evidence to support this recommendation is sparse. METHOD In this randomized controlled clinical trial using a split-mouth design, 46 students were included. Before the visit, the participants were requested to refrain from any oral hygiene procedure for 48 h. First, the plaque index (PI) score was assessed full mouth. Two randomly chosen contra-lateral quadrants were used to start brushing from the lingual aspect first. The opposing two quadrants were used to start brushing from the buccal aspect. After the brushing exercise was completed, full-mouth PI was scored again. Subanalyses were performed for the buccal, lingual and approximal surfaces. RESULTS At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the two sets of contra-lateral quadrants (P = 0.770). Starting at the lingual aspect of the lower jaw resulted in a 55% reduction of plaque scores in comparison with 58% when the brushing exercise was started buccally. [Correction added on 16 January 2017, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, the percentage reduction of plaque scores when the brushing exercise was started buccally, was previously wrong and has been corrected to 58% throughout this article.] The difference in mean plaque scores between brushing orders was 0.04, which was not significant (P = 0.219). None of the subanalyses revealed any significant differences for the isolated surfaces. CONCLUSION Using a manual toothbrush reduced the plaque scores between 55 and 58% with no difference between brushing from either the lingual or buccal aspect first. Within the limitations of this study, a recommendation to start toothbrushing the lingual aspect is not supported by the outcome in this young student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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