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Emerenciano NG, Delbem ACB, Gonçalves FMC, de Camargo ER, de Souza Neto FN, Gorup LF, Silva-Sousa YTC, Danelon M. Effect of nanometric β-calcium glycerophosphate supplementation in conventional toothpaste on enamel demineralization: An in vitro study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 151:106354. [PMID: 38232670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing toothpastes containing 1100 ppm F with micrometric or nanometric [beta]-calcium glycerophosphate (β-CaGPm/β-CaGPn) on artificial enamel demineralization, using a pH cycling model. Bovine enamel blocks (4 mm × 4 mm, n = 120) selected using initial surface hardness were randomly allocated to ten toothpaste groups (n = 12): without fluoride or β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn (Negative control), 1100 ppm F (1100 F), and 1100 ppm F plus 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% of β-CaGPm or β-CaGPn. Blocks were treated two times per day with toothpaste slurry and subjected to five pH cycles (demineralizing and remineralizing solutions) at 37 °C. The final surface hardness, percentage of surface hardness loss (%SH), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), and profile analysis and lesion depth subsurface were analysed using polarized light microscopy (PLM). Fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) concentrations were also measured. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls tests ([alpha] = 0.001). Blocks treated with 1100 F toothpaste containing 0.5%β-CaGPm or 0.25%β-CaGPn showed with reduced %SH values when compared with those treated with 1100 F alone (p < 0.001). Reduced lesion depths (ΔKHN and PLM) were observed for the slurry made up of 1100 F and 0.25%β-CaGPn (p < 0.001). The addition of β-CaGPm and β-CaGPn did not influence the enamel F concentration, with the 1100 F/0.25%β-CaGPn group exhibiting the highest Ca and P enamel concentrations (p < 0.001). Based on the findings of this in vitro study, we can conclude that the fluoride toothpaste produced a superior effect when combined at an appropriate β-CaGP molar ratio. This effect was achieved with a lower proportion of β-CaGP in the form of nanometric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Gonçalves Emerenciano
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio 1193 Araçatuba, SP - Cep 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio 1193 Araçatuba, SP - Cep 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Francyenne Maira Castro Gonçalves
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio 1193 Araçatuba, SP - Cep 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Emerson Rodrigues de Camargo
- LIEC-Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Nunes de Souza Neto
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio 1193 Araçatuba, SP - Cep 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Gorup
- School of Chemistry and Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Italia km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil; Materials Engineering, Campus Porto, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS 96010-610, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelle Danelon
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Rua José Bonifácio 1193 Araçatuba, SP - Cep 16015-050, Brazil; School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Cep 14096-900, Brazil.
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Miyayoshi Y, Hamba H, Nakamura K, Ishizuka H, Muramatsu T. Remineralization effects of enamel binding peptide, WGNYAYK, on enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro. Enamel binding peptide, WGNYAYK effect remineralization of enamel. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23176. [PMID: 38148805 PMCID: PMC10750082 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We investigated remineralization effects of enamel binding peptide (EBP), WGNYAYK, on enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro.Methods: Bovine lower incisor crowns were used as subsurface enamel demineralization samples, and changes of EBP binding, remineraliztion rate, hardness and microstructure were investigated. Binding of EBP, remineralization rate, hardness and structural changes were investigated. Fluorescein isothiocyatate (FITC)-labeled EBPs (0.4 mM, 4.0 mM, and 7.0 mM) were applied to the samples for 30 min at 37 °C, with sample surfaces and cross-sections observed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Mineralization analysis samples were divided into 4 experimental groups; distilled water (DW), EBP 0.4 mM, EBP 4.0 mM, and EBP 7.0 mM. Mineral density changes were measured by micro-CT with hardness measured by nano-indentation. Samples were also observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for surface and longitudinal microstructure. Results CLSM images indicated that increased fluorescence was observed in the surface layer and up to about 20 μm below the surface layer. The remineralization rate was significantly higher for EBP 7.0 mM compared to DW (p = 0.008). Enamel surface hardness was significantly higher in all EBP groups compared to DW (p < 0.05) and was highest in the 7.0 mM group. SEM images showed obscuring of the superficial columnar structure in the 7.0 mM EBP group, indicating subsurface crystalline structure recovery. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that EBP binds to demineralized enamel and promotes remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Miyayoshi
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Hidenori Hamba
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Keiki Nakamura
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Hisako Ishizuka
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Cariology and Pulp Biology, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Kandamisaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
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Nielsen SDH, Liang N, Rathish H, Kim BJ, Lueangsakulthai J, Koh J, Qu Y, Schulz HJ, Dallas DC. Bioactive milk peptides: an updated comprehensive overview and database. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37504497 PMCID: PMC10822030 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2240396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Partial digestion of milk proteins leads to the formation of numerous bioactive peptides. Previously, our research team thoroughly examined the decades of existing literature on milk bioactive peptides across species to construct the milk bioactive peptide database (MBPDB). Herein, we provide a comprehensive update to the data within the MBPDB and a review of the current state of research for each functional category from in vitro to animal and clinical studies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitory, opioid, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, calcium absorption and bone health and anticancer activity. This information will help drive future research on the bioactivities of milk peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ningjian Liang
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Harith Rathish
- Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Jeewon Koh
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Yunyao Qu
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Hans-Jörg Schulz
- Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David C. Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Limeback H, Enax J, Meyer F. Improving Oral Health with Fluoride-Free Calcium-Phosphate-Based Biomimetic Toothpastes: An Update of the Clinical Evidence. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:331. [PMID: 37622936 PMCID: PMC10452078 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the demand for clinically effective fluoride-free oral care products for consumers increases, it is important to document which types of toothpastes have been shown in clinical studies to be effective in improving oral health. In this review, we included different indications, i.e., caries prevention, improving periodontal health, reducing dentin hypersensitivity, protecting against dental erosion, and safely improving tooth whitening in defining what constitutes improvement in oral health. While there are several professional and consumer fluoride-containing formulations fortified with calcium-phosphate-based ingredients, this review focuses on fluoride-free toothpastes containing biomimetic calcium-phosphate-based molecules as the primary active ingredients. Several databases were searched, and only clinical trials in human subjects were included; in vitro and animal studies were excluded. There were 62 oral health clinical trials on biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), 57 on casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), 26 on calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS, or so called Bioglass), and 2 on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). HAP formulations were tested the most in clinical trials for benefits in preventing caries, dentin hypersensitivity, improving periodontal health, and tooth whitening. Based on the current clinical evidence to date, fluoride-free HAP toothpaste formulations are the most versatile of the calcium phosphate active ingredients in toothpastes for improving oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Research Department, Johanneswerkstr. 34-36, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.E.); (F.M.)
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Alkarad L, Alkhouli M, Dashash M. Remineralization of teeth with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: analysis of salivary pH and the rate of salivary flow. BDJ Open 2023; 9:16. [PMID: 37041136 PMCID: PMC10090128 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-023-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changes of salivary flow rate and salivary pH of Syrian children with mixed dentition following application of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP). METHODS This study is part of a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. It included 50 children aged 6-8 who were randomly divided into two treatment groups to receive either CPP-ACP GC Tooth Mousse™ (Group A) or placebo (Group B) with 25 participants per group. After the application of the product in the mouth for 3 min, saliva samples were collected four times (T0, T1, T2, and T3) to measure salivary pH and the rate of salivary flow. RESULTS There was no significant difference between group A and B in the mean value of salivary flow rate (t = 1.08, P = 0.28, 0.57 ± 0.28 versus 0.56 ± 0.38 respectively) and salivary pH (t = 0.61, P = 0.54, 7.28 ± 0.44 versus 7.25 ± 0.36 respectively). However, there was a significant difference between different time points (T0, T1, T2, and T3) in the mean value of salivary flow rate (0.41 ± 0.30, 0.65 ± 0.36, 0.53 ± 0.28, and 0.56 ± 0.34 respectively) and salivary pH (6.99 ± 0.44, 7.46 ± 0.36, 7.36 ± 0.32, and 7.26 ± 0.32 respectively). CONCLUSION The application of the GC Tooth Mouse (CPP-ACP) was similar to placebo in increasing the salivary pH and salivary flow rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17509082, Registration date 22/11/2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Alkarad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Muaaz Alkhouli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Mayssoon Dashash
- Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
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Hamdi K, Hamama HH, Motawea A, Fawzy A, Mahmoud SH. Remineralization of early enamel lesions with a novel prepared tricalcium silicate paste. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9926. [PMID: 35705597 PMCID: PMC9200717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the remineralization potential of prepared tricalcium silicate (TCS) paste compared to silver diamine fluoride-potassium iodide (SDF-KI) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on artificial enamel lesions. Thirty permanent sound molars were collected for the study. After cleaning, root cutting, and applying acid-resistant nail varnish, leaving a 4 × 4 mm buccal window, the teeth were subjected to demineralization process. The teeth were divided into three treatment groups (n = 10). In each group, the teeth were sectioned buccolingually to obtain two halves (30 self-control and 30 experimental halves). The self-control halves were subjected to cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at 50, 100, and 150 µm from the external enamel surface, and micromorphological analysis at the superficial enamel surface. The experimental halves were subjected to the same tests after 30 days of remineralization. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) outcomes showed no significant difference in CSMH after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, three-way ANOVA outcomes showed a significant difference in calcium/ phosphate ratio after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels. (p < 0.05). The tricalcium silicate paste used in this study showed potential remineralization in subsurface enamel lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Hamdi
- Operative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hamdi H Hamama
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Algomhoria St, Mansoura City, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amira Motawea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Salah Hasab Mahmoud
- Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Algomhoria St, Mansoura City, 35516, Egypt
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Theerarath T, Sriarj W. An alkasite restorative material effectively remineralized artificial interproximal enamel caries in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:4437-4445. [PMID: 35190884 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the remineralization of artificial interproximal enamel caries (AIEC) adjacent to alkasite, high viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC), and resin composite in class II restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human enamel specimens were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 22): Filtek™ Z350, EQUIA Forte®, and Cention N®. The baseline hardness was determined using a Knoop microhardness assay. AIEC was formed in the specimens, and they were placed in contact with the proximal restorative materials then subjected to a 7-day pH cycling. Microhardness was determined post-artificial caries formation and post-pH cycling. The differences in the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) between the groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Dunn's test was used for between-group comparisons (p < 0.05). Specimen surface morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the calcium, phosphorus, and fluoride contents were analyzed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test was used to evaluate the differences between groups (p < 0.05). RESULTS The Cention N® %SHR was the highest, followed by EQUIA Forte®, and Filtek™ Z350. There was a significant difference in the %SHR between Cention N® and Filtek™ Z350 (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant difference between Cention N® and EQUIA Forte®. Significantly increased enamel surface fluoride content was observed in the Cention N® compared with Filtek™ Z350 specimens (p < 0.05). The SEM image of the Cention N® specimens demonstrated the greatest mineral deposition. CONCLUSIONS Cention N® markedly increased the surface hardness and fluoride content of adjacent AIEC compared with Filtek™ Z350 restorations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cention N® is a promising alternative restorative material to remineralize initial enamel lesions in approximal adjacent surfaces, especially in high-risk caries patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thipthida Theerarath
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wannakorn Sriarj
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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