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Vavro M, Dvoranová B, Czakó L, Šimko K, Gális B. Antibiotic susceptibility of orofacial infections in Bratislava: a 10-year retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:538. [PMID: 39304566 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of this study was to analyse causal microbiological agents and their bacterial resistance in orofacial infections requiring hospital admission. MATERIALS AND METHODS Presented is a 10-year retrospective study of patients hospitalised at a single department in 2014-2023. 744 patients were involved. In the statistical analysis, following data was evaluated: causal microbes and their resistance to Penicillin, Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Clindamycin and Metronidazole. RESULTS Most frequent aetiology was odontogenic with causal tooth in socket (n = 468; 62,9%), followed by odontogenic - post extraction (n = 152; 20.4%), jaw fracture (n = 41; 5.5%), sialadenitis n = 31 (4.2%), osteonecrosis n = 22 (3.0%), oncological diagnosis in head and neck (n = 17; 2.3%), unknown (n = 10; 1.3%) and multiple factors (n = 3; 0.4%). 408 patients (54.8%) underwent extraoral abscess revision, 336 patients (45.2%) patients were treated locally without extraoral revision. In odontogenic group with tooth still present, superior CRP (m = 145.8 mg/l; SD = 117.7) and leukocyte values (m = 13.6*109l; SD = 6.6) were observed in comparison to other groups. There were 698 cultivated bacteria in 362 patients. Most frequent bacteria were Streptococci (n = 162; 23.2%), Prevotella (n = 83; 11.2%) and Parvimonas (n = 65; 9.3%). Clindamycin resistance was highest (n = 180 resistant bacteria; 25.8%), followed by Metronidazole (n = 178; 25.5%), Penicillin (n = 107; 15.3%) and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (n = 34; 4.9%). CONCLUSIONS Orofacial infections in head and neck region are mostly of odontogenic origin with causal tooth still in socket. Causal bacteria show a high antibiotic resistance rate, especially to Clindamycin and Metronidazole. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Acquired data will be used to determine guidelines for empirical antibiotic prescription in cases of orofacial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vavro
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava - Ružinov, Ružinovská 6 Bratislava 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bronislava Dvoranová
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava - Ružinov, Ružinovská 6 Bratislava 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ladislav Czakó
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava - Ružinov, Ružinovská 6 Bratislava 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristián Šimko
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava - Ružinov, Ružinovská 6 Bratislava 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Gális
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Comenius University Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava - Ružinov, Ružinovská 6 Bratislava 826 06, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Diz Dios P, Monteiro L, Pimolbutr K, Gobbo M, France K, Bindakhil M, Holmes H, Sperotto F, Graham L, Turati F, Salvatori A, Hong C, Sollecito TP, Lodi G, Thornhill MH, Lockhart PB, Edefonti V. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VIII: Dentists' compliance with infective endocarditis prophylaxis guidelines for patients with high-risk cardiac conditions: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023; 135:757-771. [PMID: 37105883 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine dentists' awareness and/or adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) guidelines for preventing infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with high-risk heart conditions. STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature review was performed on MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Proquest, Embase, Dentistry, and Oral Sciences Source databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Nationwide studies based on questionnaires, surveys, and interviews completed by dentists and published since 2007 were included. RESULTS From 2907 articles screened, 28 studies were selected (across 20 countries). The quality of included studies was poor due to a lack of standard evaluation tools, low response rates, and lack of questionnaire validity and/or reliability. Approximately 75% of surveyed dentists reported being knowledgeable about AP guidelines, but only ∼25% complied. Reported compliance with American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines was 4 times higher than with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommendations. Some of the highest adherence rates were reported for other national AP guidelines. Significant geographic differences were observed in the estimated adherence to AHA guidelines and the percentage of dentists who reported seeking advice from physicians and/or cardiologists. CONCLUSION Rates of compliance and/or adherence were substantially different from rates of knowledge and/or awareness, including relevant geographic dissimilarities. Compliance/adherence was higher for AHA than NICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diz Dios
- Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), School of Medicine and Dentistry, Santiago de Compostela University, Spain
| | - Luis Monteiro
- University Institute of Health Sciences (CESPU), Portugal
| | | | - Margherita Gobbo
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
| | | | | | - Haly Holmes
- Department of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Francesca Sperotto
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Laurel Graham
- Levy Dental Medicine Library-University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Federica Turati
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G.A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Hong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Giovanni Lodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche-Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Edefonti
- Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G.A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G.A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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Horsley W, Srinivasan S, Hokanson JS. Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis: A Survey of Practice Among Pediatric Cardiology Providers. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2022; 61:859-868. [PMID: 35854631 DOI: 10.1177/00099228221106552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2007 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines limited antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) for infective endocarditis (IE) to fewer patients with predisposing cardiac conditions (PCC). We surveyed the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (AAP SOCCS) on their recommendations for AP for a number of PCC and procedures. We report on those 173 respondents who follow the 2007 AHA guidelines. AP rates for high-risk PCCs clearly meeting AHA criteria ranged from 70.5-89.8%. Conversely, for PCCs which did not meet AHA criteria, prescribing rates varied from <1% to 29.5%. PCC for which AP indication was unclear per guidelines, AP rates similarly varied from 9.9-39.8%. Similar variability is noted in AP for various procedures in setting of high-risk PCC. There is variability in AP prescribing practices among pediatric cardiologists based on both underlying PCC and noncardiac procedures in the setting of underlying cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Horsley
- Mid-Valley Children's Clinic, Samaritan Health Services, Albany, OR, USA
| | - Shardha Srinivasan
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John S Hokanson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Šutej I, Par M, Lepur D, Peroš K, Pintarić H, Alajbeg I, Vuger L. Dentists' practice and compliance with current guidelines of infective endocarditis prophylaxis- National survey study. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e648-e652. [PMID: 34306527 PMCID: PMC8291157 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to assess the attitude, practice, and knowledge of Croatian dentists regarding infective endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis.
Material and Methods A cross-sectional, self-reporting questionnaire survey was conducted with the participation of 348 Croatian dentists. The questionnaire was designed to collect information on participants’ work experience, place of work, their attitudes related to the treatment of IE-risk patients, knowledge and adherence to IE antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines.
Results Knowledge and adherence to the current guidelines decreased with the higher years of experience. Compliance with the current guidelines varied, mostly because of respondents’ insecurity regarding which guidelines to follow. AHA guidelines have been most frequently the first choice (25% participants). Surprisingly, 23% of dentists didn’t follow any of the official guidelines. The majority of participants (68%) have declared a lack of preparedness or willingness to treat the patients at risk of IE. Dentists with specialty or working at university/hospital have shown a higher level of knowledge and preparedness to treat IE-risk patients.
Conclusions The lack of knowledge of guidelines and consequent inconsistencies in IE antibiotic prophylaxis in Croatian dental practice indicates the need for urgent improvement. Key words:Antibiotic prophylaxis, dentistry, infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Šutej
- Assist. Prof. of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matej Par
- Postdoctoral fellow of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragan Lepur
- Assoc. Prof. of Infectious Diseases., School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Peroš
- Assist. Prof. of Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Pintarić
- Prof. of Internal Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Alajbeg
- Prof. of Oral Medicine. School of Dental Medicine, University in Zagreb, Croatia
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Truong T, Koh Y, Yosufi R, Marangou J, Slack-Smith L, Katzenellenbogen JM. Understanding valvular heart disease in the dental setting. Aust Dent J 2021; 66:254-261. [PMID: 33448018 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence is available regarding dentists' knowledge and interpretation of infective endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis guidelines. The aim of this study was to determine understanding and management of rheumatic and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease (VHD) in the dental setting in Western Australia (WA). METHODS A cross-sectional survey of dentists within Perth utilized an online Qualtrics questionnaire developed after consultation with stakeholders. A sampling frame was compiled from the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency with contact details obtained from the White Pages (online), using five quintiles of Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas according to dentist's place of practice. RESULTS Of 41 (13.7% of 300 approached) dentists completing the survey (95.1% general dentists, mean years of practice = 15.6), 90.2% reported following the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines (ATG) regarding IE antibiotic prophylaxis in VHD. Most (92.7%) were unaware of the rheumatic heart disease (RHD) control program. Nearly all participants indicated prophylaxis for clearly invasive procedures such as tooth extraction (100.0%) and periodontal surgery (95.1%). Many dentists made the decision to prescribe antibiotics themselves (36.6%). CONCLUSIONS The majority of dentists followed the ATG's IE prophylaxis recommendations for cardiac lesions and dental procedures. There was limited knowledge of the national RHD guidelines and the WA RHD control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Truong
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Y Koh
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Yosufi
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J Marangou
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, South Metropolitan Health Service, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Department of Health Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L Slack-Smith
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J M Katzenellenbogen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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Discrepancy in Therapeutic and Prophylactic Antibiotic Prescribing in General Dentists and Maxillofacial Specialists in Australia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080492. [PMID: 32784644 PMCID: PMC7459474 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns that general dentists (GDs) and dental specialists may be prescribing antibiotics inappropriately. This study explored the prescribing habits and decision-making processes of GDs versus oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs). A case-based online questionnaire was used to examine the prescribing of therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotics in two clinical scenarios. Stratified and systematic sampling strategies were implemented to provide a representative sample. The final valid sample was 60 GDs and 18 OMFSs. The majority of OMFSs (61.1%) routinely prescribed antibiotics for the surgical removal of third molars, which was significantly greater than for GDs (23.5%). For implant placement procedures, 72.2% of OMFSs and 62.1% of GDs prescribed antibiotics. Amoxicillin was the most selected agent for both scenarios. All OMFSs would prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in both cases, but only 56.0–63.0% of GDs would do this. GDs based prescribing decisions primarily on information from prescribing guides, while OMFSs relied more on information gained from specialist training. Surgical prophylaxis protocols differed considerably between groups. Both groups used surgical prophylaxis for some situations that are outside current recommendations. Education with regards to discrepancies between clinical practice and current guidelines for antimicrobial therapy is needed to progress antimicrobial stewardship.
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Cummins J, McCarthy M, Esterman A, Karve A, Lee A. Knowledge and Compliance of Dentists' and Dental Students' With Respect to Relevant Guidelines for Prescribing Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2020; 20:101311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Stein K, Farmer J, Singhal S, Marra F, Sutherland S, Quiñonez C. The use and misuse of antibiotics in dentistry: A scoping review. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 149:869-884.e5. [PMID: 30261952 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe antibiotic prescribing behaviors in dentistry, including clinical and nonclinical indications for their use, the type and regimen of antibiotics prescribed, and factors influencing their prescription, the authors conducted a scoping review. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors conducted a scoping review of published literature by searching multiple databases. Key search terms included dentist, antibiotic, antimicrobial, antibacterial, prophylaxis, prescription, pattern, habit, knowledge, and practice. Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts by using detailed eligibility criteria. The authors placed no restrictions on study design or publication year. The authors qualitatively assessed studies by using a modified version of the Center for Evidence-Based Management's critical appraisal of a survey checklist. RESULTS The authors identified 1,912 studies but considered only 118 studies eligible for review. Most included studies were either cross-sectional surveys (81 studies) or prescription audits (25 studies) from various geographic locations. Publication dates ranged from 1982 through 2017. The authors examined prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic use in 48 and 29 studies, respectively. Another 29 studies examined the use of both prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics in dentistry. Overall, dentists prescribed a wide variety of antibiotic regimens for various clinical and nonclinical indications. Dentists have acquired their prescribing knowledge from a variety of sources and have changed their antibiotic prescribing practices throughout their careers for various reasons. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Considering the seriousness of antibiotic resistance, the authors highlight trends in antibiotic prescribing practices, characterize factors contributing to the use and misuse of antibiotics in dentistry, provide insight into the importance of antibiotic stewardship in the oral health setting, and encourage dentists to reflect on their antibiotic prescription practices.
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A nationwide survey of French dentists' knowledge and implementation of current guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis in patients with predisposing cardiac conditions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Koyuncuoglu CZ, Aydin M, Kirmizi NI, Aydin V, Aksoy M, Isli F, Akici A. Rational use of medicine in dentistry: do dentists prescribe antibiotics in appropriate indications? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:1027-1032. [PMID: 28462430 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are concerns regarding appropriate use of antibiotics in dentistry practice. Data on dental antibiotic prescribing patterns by dentists is relatively limited. This nationwide study aimed to examine dentists' antibiotic prescriptions in a diagnosis-based manner in Turkey. METHODS This retrospective study on utilization of systemic antibiotics for dental problems was based on the national health data of the dentists obtained from Prescription Information System between January 2013 and August 2015. Only those prescriptions containing single diagnosis and at least one systemic antibiotic were included in the study. Antibiotic prescribing was compared by diagnoses and expertise of dentists. RESULTS A total of 9,293,410 antibiotics were detected in 9,214,956 prescriptions that contained "single diagnosis and at least one antibiotic." The number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.01. "Periapical abscess without sinus" (28.1%), "dental examination" (20.7%), and "dental caries" (16.2%) were the three most common indications in which antibiotics were prescribed by dentists. While only 3.4% of antibiotics were prescribed upon the single and appropriate "cellulitis and abscess of mouth" diagnosis, the remaining 96.6% was prescribed for irrational/uncertain indications. Consistent in all diagnoses, "amoxicillin + enzyme inhibitor" (58.6%) was the mainly prescribed antibiotic. Analysis of the most preferred "amoxicillin + enzyme inhibitor" prescriptions by expertise of dentists showed significantly much higher prescription rates among Group A specialists and Group B specialists (67.0 and 67.8%, respectively) than those in unidentified dental practitioners (58.2%, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that dentists prescribed antibiotics in an arbitrary and mostly unnecessary manner. In general, their antibiotic choices for examined diagnoses could be regarded as irrational. These results indicate the urgent need for improvement of rational antibiotic prescribing habits of dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenker Z Koyuncuoglu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Aydin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Ipek Kirmizi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Aydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesil Aksoy
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Isli
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Akici
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lalloo R, Solanki G, Ramphoma K, Myburgh NG. Antibiotic-prescribing patterns of South African dental practitioners following tooth extractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratilal Lalloo
- School of Dentistry; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Geetesh Solanki
- Towers Watson; Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - Khabiso Ramphoma
- Department of Community Oral Health; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Western Cape; Cape Town South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Neil G. Myburgh
- Department of Community Oral Health; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Western Cape; Cape Town South Africa
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Jain P, Stevenson T, Sheppard A, Rankin K, Compton SM, Preshing W, Anderson R, Islam S, Mackie AS. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. J Am Dent Assoc 2015; 146:743-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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