Association between the dietary inflammatory index and obesity in otherwise healthy adults: Role of age and sex

The empirical pattern of dietary inflammation is unrelated to nutritional status in college students

INTRODUCTION

food contains both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory components. The higher the concentration of inflammatory components, the greater the likelihood of developing obesity and other chronic conditions linked to low-grade chronic inflammation. Consequently, various indices have been developed to quantify dietary inflammation, such as the Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP-SP), which has been validated in Brazil. This study aimed to examine the potential association between EDIP-SP and the nutritional status of college students.

METHODOLOGY

the study involved 97 undergraduate nutrition students from Fortaleza, Ceará, in Northeast Brazil. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess their intake of EDIP-SP components, including processed meats, vegetables, fruits, rice, and beans. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) were taken to calculate body mass index (BMI) and to categorize nutritional status and abdominal adiposity.

RESULTS

the diet consumed by the participants was primarily anti-inflammatory, with a mean score of -1.57 ± 0.69. Most participants were not classified as overweight (59.79 %) and did not exhibit abdominal adiposity (91.75 %). No significant association was observed between EDIP-SP scores and BMI (r = -0.11; p = 0.297) or waist circumference (r = -0.07; p = 0.489). However, a weak but direct association was found between the inflammatory score of processed meat intake and abdominal adiposity in female participants (r = 0.27; p = 0.019).

CONCLUSION

the Empirical Dietary Inflammation Pattern (EDIP-SP) does not appear to significantly influence the nutritional status of students. Nevertheless, the inflammatory impact of processed meat intake may contribute to excess abdominal adiposity, particularly among women.

Does the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) Predict Metabolic Profile and Glycemic Status Among the Obese Population?

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the existence of metabolic profile risk factors and impaired glycemic status such as dysglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Several studies demonstrated that a diet that promotes proper nutritional intake; plays a critical role in the prevention and control of MetS. Our goal for conducting this cross-sectional study was to investigate any potential relationships between the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and cardiometabolic risk variables within obese individuals. individuals.

Methods

In the present cross-sectional study, 338 seemingly healthy participants who were overweight or obese were enrolled. The assessment of dietary consumption was conducted through a validated questionnaire comprising 168 items Then NAR was calculated for all ten vitamins and six minerals. Biochemical variables are measured by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), QUICKI (quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index), and HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) were calculated using the suggested formulas.

Results

Subjects in the upper NAR tertiles exhibited a significantly higher percentage of fat-free mass (P = .002), appetite (P = .002), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) (P = .002). In addition, Participants in the upper tertiles of NAR consumed a greater amount of energy and all vitamins and minerals included in NAR and meat, fish and poultry (MFP) (P < .001) as well as cholesterol, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (P < .05). Furthermore, no association was shown between NAR and metabolic profile and glycemic status.

Conclusion

According to our findings, a higher nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was associated with higher fat-free mass but no significant link between NAR and metabolic profile risk factors was observed.

Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index Score Is Associated With a Greater Risk of High Allostatic Load in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-2020

BACKGROUND

Allostatic load (AL) is a comprehensive indicator of chronic stress. Foods with pro-inflammatory properties can increase the risk of elevated AL levels. However, no studies have explored the association between AL and dietary inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores and AL.

DESIGN

This cross-sectional study examined dietary data from 24-hour dietary recalls and biomarkers associated with AL in adult participants 18 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017-2020).

PARTICIPANTS/SETTING

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey examines a nationally representative sample of approximately 5000 individuals each year. A total of 15 560 participants were surveyed during the 2017-2020 period, and 1577 participants were ultimately included in this study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Twenty-six dietary components were selected to calculate the DII, and 10 biomarkers representing the cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune systems were chosen to calculate the AL.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED

Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between DII and AL and between each biomarker. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sociodemographic variables, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, and BMI.

RESULTS

The risk of high AL was 1.53 times higher in those with DII scores in the highest quartile than in those with DII scores in the lowest quartile (odds ratio [OR] 1.53; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.36; Ptrend = .04). For each unit increase in DII, the probability of having high AL increased by 11% (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21; Ptrend = .03). Higher DII scores were significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse, waist-to-hip ratio, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. Higher DII scores were also significantly associated with lower total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P < .05). The association between DII score and AL was more pronounced in women (ORQuartile3vs1 2.04; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.61; ORQuartile4vs1 2.07; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.62; Ptrend = .01) and in those with a BMI < 24.9 (ORQuartile3vs1 4.74; 95% CI 1.21 to 18.05; Ptrend = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that higher DII scores were associated with greater risk of high AL. Further research with more rigorous study designs is needed to build on these results and evaluate the effect of diets with low inflammatory potential (low DII scores) on AL.

What is the link between the dietary inflammatory index and the gut microbiome? A systematic review

PURPOSE

One highlighted pathogenesis mechanism of diseases is the negative impact of pro-inflammatory diets (PD) on the gut microbiome. This systematic review aimed to study the link between dietary inflammatory index (DII), as an indicator of PD, and gut microbiome.

METHODS

A systematic search was done in PubMed and Scopus, adhering to the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. The assessment of the included studies' quality was performed using the critical appraisal checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute.

RESULTS

Ten articles were included eight cross-sectional, one case-control, and, one cohort study. Seven and three included articles reported a weak and moderate relationship between gut microbiome and DII scores, respectively. DII scores were linked to variety in microbiome composition and diversity/richness. More importantly, anti-inflammatory diets as measured by lower DII scores were linked to a more desirable gut microbiome profile. Prevotella stercorea, Veillonella rogosae, Morganella morganii, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium nodatum, Alistipes intestine, Clostridium leptum, Morganellaceae family, Enterobacteriaceae family, and, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were related to higher DII scores. While, Butyrate-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Akkermansia muciniphila were related to lower DII scores.

CONCLUSION

An anti-inflammatory diet, as measured by a lower DII score, might be linked to variations in the composition and variety of the microbiome. Therefore, the DII score could be useful in microbiota research, however, this possibility needs to be investigated more precisely in future studies.

Dietary inflammatory index and its relationship with obesity phenotypes: a cross- sectional analysis from RaNCD cohort study

PURPOSE

The potential dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the phenomenon of obesity have been linked in recent studies, but it is unclear whether this connection is dependent on metabolic status. Therefore, it was thought that this research would be useful in establishing the relationship between obesity phenotypes and DII.

METHODS

The 5956 people who took part in the Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD) cohort research (MHNO) were put into four groups: metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO), and metabolically healthy non-obesity. According to the International Diabetes Federation's criteria, MUO exhibits at least two metabolic disorders and have a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher. DII was extracted from the participant's dietary consumption data.

RESULTS

When possible confounders like age, gender, smoking, drinking alcohol, and exercise were taken into account, more adherence to DII was linked to a higher odds of MHO compared to MHNO (OR: 1.44; CI 95% 1.18, 1.75). Additionally, we discovered that greater adherence to DII was significantly related to higher odds for MUO compared to MHNO (OR: 1.67; CI 95% 1.3, 2.15). However, we found no association between adherence to DII and MUNO.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that greater adherence to DII was significantly associated with higher odds of MUO. However, it substantially increased the chances of both phenotypes of obesity. Level of evidence Level V-Cross-sectional observational study.

Maternal pre-pregnancy diet and prenatal depression: the mediating role of pre-pregnancy weight status and prenatal inflammation

Depression is a common prenatal psychological complication. We aimed to investigate if maternal pre-pregnancy diet can impact prenatal depressive symptoms and the mediating role of pre-pregnancy BMI and inflammation. We used data (N 1141) from the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition cohort study. We calculated Mediterranean diet adherence (MED) and dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores using data from pre-pregnancy FFQ. In the third-trimester, we assessed depressive symptoms using Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and inflammation through serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. BMI was calculated from self-reported pre-pregnancy weight. Race-stratified analyses (white and people of colour) were run. We observed no association between MED or DII tertiles and depressive symptoms. However, white participants in the MED tertile-3 had lower risk of depression (EPDS < 10) compared with tertile-1 (OR = 0·56, 95 % CI, 0·33, 0·95). White individuals in MED tertile-3 had lower BMI (MD = -1·08; 95 % CI, -1·77, -0·39) and CRP (MD = -0·53; 95 % CI, -0·95, -0·11) than tertile-1, and those in DII tertile-2 (MD = 0·44; 95 % CI, 0·03, 0·84) and tertile-3 (MD = 0·42; 95 % CI, 0·01, 0·83) had higher CRP than tertile-1. Among people of colour, neither MED nor DII was associated with BMI or CRP, but BMI was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = -0·25, 95 % CI, -0·43, -0·06). We found no association between diet and depressive symptoms through BMI or CRP, in either race. Pre-pregnancy diet might affect the risk of prenatal depression in a race-specific way. Further research is required to explore the racial differences in the association between maternal diet and prenatal depressive symptoms/depression risk.

Association Between the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) and Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Among Children and Adolescents: NHANES 2015-2018

Objectives

To explore the association of Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) scores with inflammation and markers of inflammatory factors in children and adolescents.

Methods

Data on dietary nutrient intake, markers of inflammation (ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein (CRP), absolute neutrophil cell count and lymphocyte count) and oxidative stress (serum bilirubin, albumin, and iron) were available for participants aged 6–19 years (n = 1281). Each participant's C-DII score was calculated based on a 24-h diet and recall. Generalized linear models were applied to examine associations between C-DII and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, while adjusting for covariates. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore the dose-response association of C-DII scores with indicators of inflammatory oxidative stress. Akaike's Information Criterionwas applied to compare the performance of linear and non-linear models.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, quantile regression results showed that when comparing C-DII quartile 4 (most pro-inflammatory) and quartile 1 (most anti-inflammatory), lymphocytes, ferritin, CRP were statistically significant differences in serum bilirubin, albumin and serum iron (P < 0.05). The C-DII score showed a non-linear relationship with inflammatory oxidative stress indicators. Overweight/obese children and adolescents who ate a high pro-inflammatory diet were more likely to have higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

The dietary inflammatory index in children is associated with markers of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. A pro-inflammatory diet resulted in increased serum concentrations of these markers, implying that early dietary interventions have implications for reducing chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in children and adolescents.

Association of Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Depressive Disorders

A lot of evidence shows that inflammation is related to the development of depression. However, the heterogeneity of depression hinders efforts to understand, prevent and treat this disease. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to summarize the links between inflammation and the established core features of depression, which show more homogeneity than the syndrome itself: overreaction to negative information, changes in reward processing, and cognitive control decline, and somatic syndrome. For each core feature, we first briefly outline its relevance to depression and neurobiological basis, and then review the evidence to investigate the potential role of inflammation. We mainly focus on the discovery of the experimental paradigm of exogenous inflammation. We concluded that inflammation may play a role in overreaction to negative information, altered reward responses, and physical symptoms. There is less evidence to support the effect of inflammation on cognitive control by standard neuropsychological measures. Finally, we discussed the implications for future research and recommendations on how to test the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of heterogeneous mental illness.

Role of BMI in the Relationship Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Depression: An Intermediary Analysis

Introduction: This study investigated this association and the role of BMI in the inflammatory process in a large population-based observational study.

Methods: A total of 1,865 elderly people (≥55 years) were followed from the Community Cohort Study of Nervous System Diseases (CCSNSD) cohort study from 2018 to 2019 (Mean [SD] age, 66.31 [0.32] years; 716 [38.4%] males). The semi-quantitative FFQ and geriatric depression scale (GDS) were used to evaluate the diet and depressive symptoms of the elderly, respectively. The multivariable logistic regression model estimated the OR and 95% CI between Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and depression. The interaction of E-DII and BMI on depressive events was tested, and the mediation analysis of BMI was performed.

Results: As measured by E-DII, the mean (SE) value of the inflammatory potential of the diet in our study was 1.56 (0.12). E-DII ranged from 5.23 to 5.58. In comparison with the first quartile, the elderly from the second quartile (OR: 1.15 [95% CI: 1.09, 1.28]) to the fourth quartile (OR: 1.31 [95% CI: 1.16, 1.42]) have a higher risk of depression before adjustment for BMI. An interaction was observed between E-DII and BMI in terms of the risk of depression (P_Interaction < 0.001). The whole related part is mediated by BMI (31.06%).

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the higher pro-inflammatory potential of diet is associated with a higher risk of depression, and this association may be mediated by BMI. Further research is needed to verify our findings and clarify the latent mechanism.