Effects of tomato pulp addition on the extrudate quality parameters and effects of extrusion on the functional parameters of the extrudates

Effect of fibers on starch structural changes during hydrothermal treatment: multiscale analyses, and evaluation of dilution effects on starch digestibility

BACKGROUND

Dietary fibers (DFs) may influence the structural, nutritional and techno-functional properties of starch within food systems. Moreover, DFs have favorable effects on the digestive system and potentially a lower glycemic index. These potential benefits may change depending on DF type. Starch processed in the presence of soluble and insoluble fibers can undergo different structural and functional changes, and the present study investigated the effects of short-chain and long-chain inulin and cellulose on the structural and digestive properties of wheat starch.

RESULTS

The combined use of differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) provided insights into the structural changes in starch and inulin at different levels. Short-chain and long-chain inulin had higher water retention capacity and a potential to limit starch gelatinization. The FTIR results revealed an interaction between starch and inulin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed morphological changes in starch and inulin after the hydrothermal treatment. Cellulose fiber was not affected by the hydrothermal treatment and had no influence on starch behavior. The structural differences observed through XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy analyses between starch with and without inulin fibers did not significantly impact starch digestibility, except for the dilution effect caused by adding DFs.

CONCLUSION

The present study highlights the importance of utilizing different analytical tools to assess changes in food samples at different scales. Although short-chain and long-chain inulin could potentially limit starch gelatinization, the duration of the heat treatment (90 °C for 10 min) was sufficient to ensure complete starch gelatinization. The dilution effect caused by adding fibers was the primary reason for the effect on starch digestibility. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Development, Characterization and Sensory Evaluation of an Extruded Snack Using Fig Molasses By-Product and Corn Semolina

The effects of extrusion process parameters on the physicochemical, pasting and technological properties of ready-to-eat snacks were evaluated. The aim was to develop fortified extruded products with fig molasses by-product powder (FMP), which is created as a result of the production of fig molasses, is not currently used in food industry, and may cause environmental problems. The feed humidity was changed to 14-17-20%, the die temperature was 140-160-180 °C and the ratio of FMP was 0-7-14% at a fixed screw speed of 325 rpm. The study showed that adding FMP to extruded products had a significant effect on colour properties, water solubility and water absorption index properties. İncreasing the FMP ratio had a significant reducing effect on dough properties of non-extruded mixtures such as peak viscosity (PV), final viscosity (FV) and setback viscosity (SB). The optimum conditions for the production of snacks were found to be 7% FMP, 155.44 °C die temperature and 14.69% humidity. It was determined that the estimated values of water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) for the products manufactured under ideal extrusion conditions were close to the obtained values, and that there was no significant difference between the estimated values of the other response variables and their actual values.

Effect of feed components on quality parameters of wheat-tef-sesame-tomato based extruded products

Wheat flour is one of the principal ingredients in extruded wheat products. Wheat-based extruded products have relatively low protein and high gluten contents as well as a high glycemic index. Incorporation of nutrient-rich supplements could overcome those limitations. A D-optimal statistical experimental design was used to develop high-value and nutrient-rich extruded products by supplementing wheat flour (WF), with tef flour (TF), sesame protein concentrate (SPC) and tomato powder (TM). Effects of feed compositions on physical and functional properties of the extruded products were evaluated and modeled using an artificial neural network (ANN). SPC contributed to elevate the protein and simultaneously lower the carbohydrate content of the extruded products while TF and TM contributed to improving crude fiber and antioxidant properties. Evaluated physicochemical properties were adequately predicted by the ANN models (R2 = 0.979-0.998) with root mean square error of less than 0.008. Physical properties and sensorial evaluation correlated well and revealed that TF, SPC and TP addition to wheat flour produced distinct extruded products rich in protein and antioxidants with lowered carbohydrate and gluten contents.

Changes in functional properties and in vitro bioaccessibilities of β-carotene and lutein after extrusion processing

In this research, carrot pulp was added to traditional snack made from corn-grit. As the biological activity of carotenoids in the body depends on their bioaccessibility, change in carotenoid bioaccessibility during extrusion processing was investigated. In addition, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, β-carotene and lutein contents were investigated before and after the extrusion process. Two different temperature profiles were used for extrusion process. In-vitro bioaccessibilities of β-carotene and lutein increased by extrusion, β-carotene at both temperature profiles while lutein only at higher temperature profile. Extrusion decreased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic, β-carotene and lutein contents. Results suggest that even though amount of functional components decrease, in vitro bioaccessibility could be enhanced by extrusion. Therefore, carrot pulp can successfully be added as a functional ingredient to extrudated.

The Effects of Fortification of Legumes and Extrusion on the Protein Digestibility of Wheat Based Snack

Cereal food products are an important part of the human diet with wheat being the most commonly consumed cereal in many parts of the world. Extruded snack products are increasing in consumer interest due to their texture and ease of use. However, wheat based foods are rich in starch and are associated with high glycaemic impact products. Although legume materials are generally rich in fibre and protein and may be of high nutritive value, there is a paucity of research regarding their use in extruded snack food products. The aim of this study was to prepare wheat-based extrudates using four different legume flours: lentil, chickpea, green pea, and yellow pea flour. The effects of adding legumes to wheat-based snacks at different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) during extrusion were investigated in terms of protein digestibility. It was observed that fortification of snacks with legumes caused a slight increase in the protein content by 1%–1.5% w/w, and the extrusion technique increased the protein digestibility by 37%–62% w/v. The product developed by extrusion was found to be low in fat and moisture content.

The effect of extrusion on the functional components and in vitro lycopene bioaccessibility of tomato pulp added corn extrudates

The effect of processing on functional ingredients and theirin vitrobioaccessibility should be investigated to develop better food products.