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Nguyen NT, Chen PR, Ye RH, Chuang KJ, Chang CT, Hong GB. Optimization of Extraction Conditions from Gac Fruit and Utilization of Peel-Derived Biochar for Crystal Violet Dye Removal. Molecules 2024; 29:3435. [PMID: 39065013 PMCID: PMC11279944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a prominent source of carotenoids, renowned for its exceptional concentration of these compounds. This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of active components from the aril of gac fruit by evaluating the effects of extraction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and extraction time. The primary objective is to maximize the yield of gac oil while assessing its antioxidant capacity. To analyze the kinetics of the solid-liquid extraction process, both first-order and second-order kinetic models were employed, with the second-order model providing the best fit for the experimental data. In addition, the potential of gac fruit peel as a precursor for biochar production was investigated through carbonization. The resultant biochars were evaluated for their efficacy in adsorbing crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorption efficiency of the biochars was found to be dependent on the carbonization temperature, with the highest efficiency observed for BCMC550 (91.72%), followed by BCM450 (81.35%), BCMC350 (78.35%), and BCMC250 (54.43%). The adsorption isotherm data conformed well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption behavior. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. These findings underscore the potential of gac fruit and its byproducts for diverse industrial and environmental applications, highlighting the dual benefits of optimizing gac oil extraction and utilizing the peel for effective dye removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Thien Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; (N.-T.N.); (P.-R.C.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Pin-Ru Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; (N.-T.N.); (P.-R.C.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Ru-Hau Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; (N.-T.N.); (P.-R.C.); (R.-H.Y.)
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tang Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan City 260, Taiwan
| | - Gui-Bing Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan; (N.-T.N.); (P.-R.C.); (R.-H.Y.)
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Nguyen V, Nguyen N, Pham L, Phung T, Nguyen P, Truong V. Gac Fruit Oils Encapsulated by Palm Oil-based Monoacylglycerols: The Effect of Drying Methods. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:65-71. [PMID: 38171732 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are interesting wall-materials for encapsulation technology, in which monoacylglycerols (MAGs) are considered as potential ingredient for LLC formulation. This study, therefore, applied palm oil-based MAGs to encapsulate Gac fruit oils and compared the effect of two drying methods (freeze-drying and spray-drying) on the quality of products during storage. Wall-materials were prepared by ultrasound dispersing MAGs/water mixtures (40/60, w/w) into Pluronic solution (2%, w/w) to formulate LLC dispersions. Then, Gac fruit oils were encapsulated by freeze-drying and spray-drying. Various technologies were applied to characterize the properties of dispersions, the encapsulated powder morphology and the loading capacity. Obtained results showed that LLC dispersions made of palm oilbased MAG were micro- and nano-emulsions which were very convenient for encapsulating Gac fruit oils. For both drying methods, β-carotene of Gac fruit oils was successfully entrapped by MAGs with a high loading capacity (200 µg β-carotene/g powder). The degradation of encapsulated β-carotene after four storage weeks was 10 - 40% and freeze-dried samples showed a better protection effect in comparison to spray-dried samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
| | - Ly Pham
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
| | - Trinh Phung
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
| | - Vinh Truong
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University
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Rodriguez-Amaya DB, Esquivel P, Meléndez-Martínez AJ. Comprehensive Update on Carotenoid Colorants from Plants and Microalgae: Challenges and Advances from Research Laboratories to Industry. Foods 2023; 12:4080. [PMID: 38002140 PMCID: PMC10670565 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The substitution of synthetic food dyes with natural colorants continues to be assiduously pursued. The current list of natural carotenoid colorants consists of plant-derived annatto (bixin and norbixin), paprika (capsanthin and capsorubin), saffron (crocin), tomato and gac fruit lycopene, marigold lutein, and red palm oil (α- and β-carotene), along with microalgal Dunaliella β-carotene and Haematococcus astaxanthin and fungal Blakeslea trispora β-carotene and lycopene. Potential microalgal sources are being sought, especially in relation to lutein, for which commercial plant sources are lacking. Research efforts, manifested in numerous reviews and research papers published in the last decade, have been directed to green extraction, microencapsulation/nanoencapsulation, and valorization of processing by-products. Extraction is shifting from conventional extraction with organic solvents to supercritical CO2 extraction and different types of assisted extraction. Initially intended for the stabilization of the highly degradable carotenoids, additional benefits of encapsulation have been demonstrated, especially the improvement of carotenoid solubility and bioavailability. Instead of searching for new higher plant sources, enormous effort has been directed to the utilization of by-products of the fruit and vegetable processing industry, with the application of biorefinery and circular economy concepts. Amidst enormous research activities, however, the gap between research and industrial implementation remains wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica;
- Escuela de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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Nath S, Mukherjee AK. Ethnomedicines for the treatment of scorpion stings: A perspective study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 282:114599. [PMID: 36567038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scorpion sting is a public health concern with limited clinical symptomatic treatment. The clinical treatment uses anti-scorpion antivenom and prazosin (α-adrenergic inhibitor), often in combination with insulin, to reduce scorpion venom-induced hyperglycemia and other complications. However, these therapies also possess some limitations, necessitating urgent exploration of ethnomedicines, mainly traditional medicinal plants, to treat scorpion stings. Unfortunately, several conventional treatments are not scientifically validated, thus raising questions about their quality and utility. Therefore, pharmacological re-assessment of such medicinal plants to alleviate scorpion stings' complications is essential. AIM OF THE STUDY The principal objectives of this study are to provide a brief overview of medically important scorpions of the world, outline the extant traditional practices, and comprehensively review plants used in conventional ethnic medicines to treat scorpion stings over time. Modern technological advances in identifying and characterizing plant bioactive molecules are also mentioned in this review. MATERIALS AND METHODS The traditionally used medicinal plants against scorpion stings were reviewed from the available literature in the database. The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/) was used to validate the scientific names of the plants mentioned in this study. The search targeted literature on conventional treatments and crude plant extracts or their bioactive components with proven neutralization capacity against scorpion stings. Search words used were 'scorpion sting,' 'treatment for a scorpion sting,' 'antivenom and scorpion sting,' 'traditional treatment for scorpion stings, and 'natural compounds against scorpion stings'. RESULTS A list of more than 200 medicinal plants traditionally used in several countries for treating scorpion stings is presented in this review. Though some myth-based remedies are practiced to treat scorpion stings, no empirical evidence exists to validate this aspect of traditional knowledge. Only 38 traditional medicinal plant extracts have been tested under in-vivo and in-vitro conditions to determine their neutralization potency of scorpion envenomation. Although a few bioactive plant constituents showing scorpion venom neutralization potency have been characterized, they are not yet commercially available for clinical application. CONCLUSIONS There is tremendous potential locked in medicinal plants' traditional knowledge for scorpion envenomation treatment. Translating this knowledge into the clinical application will require pharmacological reassessment, in tandem with isolation and characterization of active compounds to prove their prophylactic prowess. Almost equally important would be the formulation of stringent strategies to conserve such medicinal plants from overexploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Nath
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gaziabad, India.
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India; On Deputation from Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India.
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Cai L, Pan R, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Zeng R, Zhu Q. The complete plastome sequence of Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:329-332. [PMID: 36876141 PMCID: PMC9980024 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2181649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. is an important medicinal plant that is used to treat various diseases in South and Southeast Asia. In this study, the complete plastome of M. cochinchinensis was sequenced and found to exhibit a total length of 158,955 bp, with a large single copy (LSC) region of 87,924 bp and a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,479 bp, as well as with two inverted repeats (IRs) that were both 26,726 bp in length. In total, 129 genes were detected, comprising 86 protein-encoding genes, 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 35 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Furthermore, the inferred phylogenetic tree confirmed that M. cochinchinensis belongs to the genus Momordica in the Cucurbitaceae family. The research results will be used for authenticating M. cochinchinensis plant materials and for analyzing the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Momordica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Cai
- Nanchang Business College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Gongqing, P. R. China
| | - Rao Pan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Rongbin Zeng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Qianglong Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, P. R. China
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Effects of Momordica cochinchinensis Aril Extract on Sterilized Low-Fat Milk, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:7934454. [PMID: 35252438 PMCID: PMC8890894 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7934454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aril extract (0.4% g/mL) of Gac fruit in milk supplement can inhibit cancer cell lines. Moreover, the extract has no toxicity against normal cells. In a sensory test, sterilized low-fat milk supplemented with 0.4% extract did not have different sensory score compared to the control. During the sterilization process, extract was not significantly different from the control. In sterilization (121°C, 15 min), adding Gac fruit extract in low-fat milk results in antioxidant activity increase. The extract increased values for the redness and yellowness of sterilized low fat, but the lightness decreased. Also, the extract slightly decreased the alcohol stability of sterilized low-fat milk. At an accelerated rate (50°C, 28 days), there was no effect of the extract addition on protein aggregation in low-fat milk. Moreover, the TBA values indicate the ability of the extract to inhibit lipid oxidation. Finally, Gac fruit extract added to milk may possibly extend the shelf life of sterilized low-fat milk and improve its antioxidant and anticancer activity properties.
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Plyduang T, Sermkeaw N. Development and Evaluation of a Hydrogel containing Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng Extract for Topical Applications. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namfa Sermkeaw
- Walailak University, Thailand; Walailak University, Thailand
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Gómez-García R, Campos DA, Aguilar CN, Madureira AR, Pintado M. Valorisation of food agro-industrial by-products: From the past to the present and perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113571. [PMID: 34488107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Food agro-industrial by-products mainly include peels, seeds, stems, bagasse, kernels, and husk, derived during food processing. Due to their overproduction and the lack of sustainable management, such by-products have been conventionally rejected and wasted in landfills, being the principal strategy for their treatment, but nowadays, this strategy has been associated with several environmental, social and economic issues. Hence, we focused on the use of different consolidated biotechnological processes and methodologies as suitable strategies for food by-products management and valorisation, highlighting them as potential bioresources because they still gather high compositional and nutritional value, owing to their richness in functional and bioactive molecules with human health benefits. Food by-products could be utilised for the development of new food ingredients or products for human consumption, promoting their integral valorisation and reincorporation to the food supply chain within the circular bioeconomy concept, creating revenue streams, business and job opportunities. In this review, the main goal was to provide a general overview of the food agro-industrial by-products utilised throughout the years, improving global sustainability and human nutrition, emphasising the importance of biowaste valorisation as well as the methodologies employed for the recovery of value-added molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gómez-García
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal; BBG-DIA. Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Group. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - Débora A Campos
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- BBG-DIA. Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Group. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Ana R Madureira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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Impact of Various Essential Oils and Plant Extracts on the Characterization of the Composite Seaweed Hydrocolloid and Gac Pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis) Edible Film. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible films and coatings have currently received increasing interest because of their potential in food applications. This study examined the effect of incorporated essential oils and natural plant extracts on the characteristics of the composite seaweed hydrocolloid and gac pulp films. Films were prepared by a casting technique, followed by measurement of physical, optical, barrier, mechanical, and structural properties. The results showed that adding plant oils and extracts significantly affected the physical, optical, mechanical, and structural properties of the composite films. Incorporation of the essential oils resulted in a reduction in moisture content and opacity while increasing values for Hue angle and elongation at break of the composite films. Besides, incorporation of the plant extracts showed increases in thickness, opacity, ΔE, Chroma, and elongation at the break, while there is a decrease in the Hue angle values of the composite films. In conclusion, incorporating plant essential oils and extracts into composite seaweed hydrocolloid and gac pulp films can enhance film properties, which can potentially be applied in food products.
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Kim J, Hong SC, Lee EH, Lee JW, Yang SH, Kim JC. Preventive Effect of M. cochinchinensis on Melanogenesis via Tyrosinase Activity Inhibition and p-PKC Signaling in Melan-A Cell. Nutrients 2021; 13:3894. [PMID: 34836147 PMCID: PMC8623224 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whitening research is of particular interest in the cosmetics market. The main focus of whitening research is on melanogenesis inhibition through tyrosinase activity. The mechanism of melanogenesis is involved with tyrosinase activity and p-PKC signaling. In this study, we used Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) spreng, a tropical fruit found throughout Southeast Asia, to investigate the inhibitory effect of melanogenesis. M. cochinchinensis contains a high concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids, which might be related to antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine whether M. cochinchinensis extracts inhibit melanin synthesis in melan-A cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and p-PKC signaling. M. cochinchinensis was divided into pulp and aril and extracted under various conditions, and it was confirmed that all pulp and aril extracts have high contents of both phenols and flavonoids. Melan-A cells were treated with PMA for three days to induce melanin synthesis. After PMA treatment, M. cochinchinensis extracts were added to cultured media in a dose-dependent manner. Melanin contents and MTS were used to determine the amount of melanin in live cells. M. cochinchinensis extracts were evaluated for their effects on tyrosinase activity and p-PKC signaling pathways by Western blotting. It was found that M. cochinchinensis extract treatment decreased the amount of melanin and suppressed p-PKC expression. Additionally, tyrosinase activity was reduced after M. cochinchinensis extract treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, it was concluded that M. cochinchinensis could be used in antimelanogenesis and functional cosmetic materials to improve whitening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (E.H.L.)
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Hong
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Eun Ha Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (E.H.L.)
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gnagneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea; (J.K.); (E.H.L.)
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Momordica cochinchinensis Aril Ameliorates Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver by Modulating Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052640. [PMID: 33808007 PMCID: PMC7961723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are a particular worldwide health problem at present. Momordica cochinchinensis (MC) is consumed widely in Southeast Asia. However, whether it has functional effects on fat-induced metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This study was conducted to examine the prevention effect of Momordica cochinchinensis aril (MCA) on obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver and insulin resistance in mice. MCA protected the mice against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, compared with mice that were not treated. MCA inhibited the expansion of adipose tissue and adipocyte hypertrophy. In addition, the insulin sensitivity-associated index that evaluates insulin function was also significantly restored. MCA also regulated the secretion of adipokines in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, hepatic fat accumulation and liver damage were reduced, which suggested that fatty liver was prevented by MCA. Furthermore, MCA supplementation suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation by activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) signaling pathway in the human fatty liver HuS-E/2 cell model. Our data indicate that MCA altered the microbial contents of the gut and modulated microbial dysbiosis in the host, and consequently is involved in the prevention of HFD-induced adiposity, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Wimalasiri D, Dekiwadia C, Fong SY, Piva TJ, Huynh T. Anticancer activity of Momordica cochinchinensis (red gac) aril and the impact of varietal diversity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:365. [PMID: 33238969 PMCID: PMC7687717 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) is a nutritionally and medicinally important fruit restricted to South East Asia with diverse morphological and genetic variations but there is limited information on its medicinal potential. Methods M. cochinchinensis aril from 44 different samples in Australia, Thailand and Vietnam were extracted using different solvents and tested for its anticancer potential. Anticancer activity of M. cochinchinensis aril on breast cancer (MCF7 and BT474) and melanoma (MM418C1 and D24) cells were compared to control fibroblasts (NHDF). The cytotoxicity of the cells following treatment with the aril extract was determined using CCK-8 assay. Biochemical and morphological changes were analysed using flow cytometry, confocal and transmission electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of cell death. Results The water extract from the aril of M. cochinchinensis elicited significantly higher cytotoxicity towards breast cancer and melanoma cells than the HAE extract. The IC50 concentration for the crude water extract ranged from 0.49 to 0.73 mg/mL and induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in a dose- and time-dependant manner with typical biochemical and morphological characteristics. The greatest cytotoxicity was observed from Northern Vietnam samples which caused 70 and 50% melanoma and breast cancer cell death, respectively. Conclusions The water extract of M. cochinchinensis aril caused significant apoptosis and necrosis of breast cancer and melanoma cells, with varieties from Northern Vietnam possessing superior activity. This highlights the potential of this fruit in the development of novel anticancer agents against such tumours, with specific regions on where to collect the best variety and extraction solvent for optimum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani Wimalasiri
- School of Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, school of Science Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Siat Yee Fong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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Valorization of melon fruit (Cucumis melo L.) by-products: Phytochemical and Biofunctional properties with Emphasis on Recent Trends and Advances. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The peel of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.), which is considered as waste of Gac processing, has been found to possess high levels of carotenoids and other antioxidants. This study aimed at determining the optimal conditions of an ultrasound-assisted extraction for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel. A response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the impact of extraction time, temperature and ultrasonic power on the recovery of total carotenoid and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that an extraction time of 76 min, temperature of 50 °C and ultrasonic power of 250 W were the optimal conditions for the extraction. The experimental carotenoid yield and antioxidant capacity obtained under the optimal extraction conditions were validated as 269 mg/100 g DW (dry weight) and 822 µM TE (Trolox equivalent)/100 g DW, respectively. These values were not significantly different from the values predicted by the models. The HPLC analysis for carotenoid composition showed that β-carotene, lycopene and lutein were the principal carotenoids of the extract, which constitute 86% of the total carotenoid content. Based on the obtained results, the ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethyl acetate under the above optimal conditions is suggested for the simultaneous recovery of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel.
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Do TVT, Fan L, Suhartini W, Girmatsion M. Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) fruit: A functional food and medicinal resource. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Wang M, Zhan Z, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Li X. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory constituents from Momordica cochinchinensis seeds. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104360. [PMID: 31629869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Five new lignans mubiesins A - E (1-5), together with twenty-seven known compounds (6-32), were isolated from the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammation portions of Momordica cochinchinensis seeds which were widely used for various tumors and inflammations. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (HR-MS, UV, CD, IR, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR). Their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in vitro. Various lignans and saponins showed the significant activities, they could obviously inhibit the growth of tumor cells and the release of NO and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhibin Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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18
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Phan-Thi H, Waché Y. Behind the Myth of the Fruit of Heaven, a Critical Review on Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Contribution to Nutrition. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4585-4605. [PMID: 31284852 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190705154723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gac, Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. It is more considered as a super fruit. The demand for this plant is growing in countries where its reputation is high, including traditional countries of gac culture and countries fond of super fruits and food supplements. In these latter countries, the industrial strategy aims at producing high added value in food supplements or nutritional rich preparations. However, when marketing is not the driving force and claims have to be related to scientific data, the situation of gac is less "heavenly", mainly because its most remarkable properties are in the field of micronutrients. These latter components are indeed very important for health but their supplementation on healthy populations brings no significant advantage. This paper proposes to review aspects important for the nutritional reputation of this plant: where it comes from, how it is cultured to have an optimal nutritional composition, what is its composition and how it can impact health of consumers, in which products it is used and what are the regulations to use it in different markets. One important goal of this review is to give a critical and scientific approach to confirm data on this fruit, which has been promoted by marketing departments injecting so many wrong and unverified information. Missing data will be highlighted and potential positive applications are proposed all along the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Phan-Thi
- International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, UMR PAM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France.,The Natencaps Project, France; International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, SBFT, Hanoi University of Science & Technology, Hanoi, VietNam
| | - Yves Waché
- International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, UMR PAM, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France.,The Natencaps Project, France; International Joint Laboratory Tropical Bioresources & Biotechnology, SBFT, Hanoi University of Science & Technology, Hanoi, VietNam
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Honda M, Kageyama H, Hibino T, Zhang Y, Diono W, Kanda H, Yamaguchi R, Takemura R, Fukaya T, Goto M. Improved Carotenoid Processing with Sustainable Solvents Utilizing Z-Isomerization-Induced Alteration in Physicochemical Properties: A Review and Future Directions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112149. [PMID: 31181605 PMCID: PMC6600244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids—natural fat-soluble pigments—have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent of various diseases, such as cancer and arteriosclerosis, and their strong antioxidant capacity. They have many geometric isomers due to the presence of numerous conjugated double bonds in the molecule. However, in plants, most carotenoids are present in the all-E-configuration. (all-E)-Carotenoids are characterized by high crystallinity as well as low solubility in safe and sustainable solvents, such as ethanol and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2). Thus, these properties result in the decreased efficiency of carotenoid processing, such as extraction and emulsification, using such sustainable solvents. On the other hand, Z-isomerization of carotenoids induces alteration in physicochemical properties, i.e., the solubility of carotenoids dramatically improves and they change from a “crystalline state” to an “oily (amorphous) state”. For example, the solubility in ethanol of lycopene Z-isomers is more than 4000 times higher than the all-E-isomer. Recently, improvement of carotenoid processing efficiency utilizing these changes has attracted attention. Namely, it is possible to markedly improve carotenoid processing using safe and sustainable solvents, which had previously been difficult to put into practical use due to the low efficiency. The objective of this paper is to review the effect of Z-isomerization on the physicochemical properties of carotenoids and its application to carotenoid processing, such as extraction, micronization, and emulsification, using sustainable solvents. Moreover, aspects of Z-isomerization methods for carotenoids and functional difference, such as bioavailability and antioxidant capacity, between isomers are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Hakuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Yelin Zhang
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Wahyu Diono
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ryota Takemura
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Limited, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Fukaya
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Limited, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan.
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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Chuyen HV, Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Encapsulation of carotenoid-rich oil from Gac peel: Optimisation of the encapsulating process using a spray drier and the storage stability of encapsulated powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods. TECHNOLOGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gac seeds are high in oil, but there are few studies on its extraction and characteristics. This study aimed to characterise Gac seeds and investigate the physicochemical properties of Gac seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hexane (Soxhlet). The Gac seed kernel accounted for 66.4 ± 2.7% of the seed weight, and 53.02 ± 1.27% of it was oil. The SC-CO2 oil had a higher quality than the Soxhlet oil for important criteria, such as peroxide (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 meq O2/kg oil), free fatty acid (1.74 ± 0.12 vs. 2.47 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g oil) and unsaponifiable matter (33.2 ± 1.5 vs. 52.6 ± 2.4 g/kg) values, respectively. It also had a better colour (light yellow vs. dark greenish brown) and a higher antioxidant capacity measured with the DPPH (52.69 ± 0.06 vs. 42.98 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) and ABTS (2.10 ± 0.12 vs. 1.52 ± 0.06 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) assays. However, a higher yield (53.02 ± 1.27 vs. 34.1 ± 0.8%) was obtained for the Soxhlet oil. Unless refined, the oils would not be edible due to their high unsaponifiable matter, but the SC-CO2 oil would need less refining. Alternatively, the high unsaponifiable matter in the oil, especially in the Soxhlet oil, may make it useful for medicinal purposes.
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Su CH, Nguyen HC, Nguyen ML, Tran PT, Wang FM, Guan YL. Liquid lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of gac oil for fatty acid production: Optimization using response surface methodology. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1129-1136. [PMID: 30281955 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids are valuable products because they have wide industrial applications in the manufacture of detergents, cosmetics, food, and various biomedical applications. In enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis, the use of immobilized lipase results in high production cost. To address this problem, Eversa Transform lipase, a new and low-cost liquid lipase formulation, was used for the first time in oil hydrolysis with gac oil as a triglyceride source in this study. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the reaction conditions and establish a reliable mathematical model for predicting hydrolysis yield. A maximal yield of 94.16% was obtained at a water-to-oil molar ratio of 12.79:1, reaction temperature of 38.9 °C, enzyme loading of 13.88%, and reaction time of 8.41 h. Under this optimal reaction condition, Eversa Transform lipase could be reused for up to eight cycles without significant loss in enzyme activity. This study indicates that the use of liquid Eversa Transform lipase in enzyme-catalyzed oil hydrolysis could be a promising and cheap method of fatty acid production. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Su
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hoang Chinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - My Linh Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phung Thanh Tran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Fu-Ming Wang
- Graduate Inst. of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Guan
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Le AV, Huynh TT, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E104. [PMID: 30231502 PMCID: PMC6164636 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Tien T Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.
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Le AV, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030070. [PMID: 29970816 PMCID: PMC6165236 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain saponins that are reportedly medicinal. It was hypothesised that the extraction of saponins from powdered Gac seed kernels could be optimised using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ethanol as the extraction solvent. The aim was to determine an appropriate ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to seed powder and microwave power and time for extraction. Whether or not defatting the Gac seed powder had an impact on the extraction of saponins, was also determined. Methods: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 60–100% were used to compare total saponins content (TSC) extracted from full-fat and defatted Gac seeds. Ratios of solvent to Gac seeds ranged from 10 to 100 mL g−1 and microwave conditions ranged from 1–4 cycles at power levels ranged from 360–720 W, were examined successively to evaluate their efficiency in extracting saponins from full-fat Gac seeds. Results: A four-fold higher of TSC was obtained in extracts from full-fat Gac seed powder than from defatted powder (100 vs. 26 mg aescin equivalents (AE) per gram of Gac seeds). The optimal parameters for the extraction of saponins were a ratio of 30 mL of 100% absolute ethanol per g of full-fat Gac seed powder with the microwave set at 360 W for three irradiation cycles of 10 s power ON and 15 s power OFF per cycle. Conclusions: Gac seed saponins could be efficiently extracted using MAE. Full-fat powder of the seed kernels is recommended to be used for a better yield of saponins. The optimised MAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of enriched saponins from Gac seeds for potential application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), HCMC 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Chuyen HV, Nguyen MH, Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE. Microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction for recovering carotenoids from Gac peel and their effects on antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 6:189-196. [PMID: 29387378 PMCID: PMC5778220 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The peel of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) contains high levels of bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids which possess significant antioxidant capacities. However, the peel of Gac is regarded as a waste from the production of carotenoid‐rich oil from Gac fruit. In this study, carotenoids of Gac peel were extracted by microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) using ethyl acetate as extraction solvent. The effect of extraction time and different levels of microwave and ultrasonic powers on the yield of total carotenoid and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were investigated. The results showed that an extraction at 120 W for 25 min and an extraction at 200 W for 80 min were the most effective for MAE and UAE of the Gac peel samples, respectively. The maximum carotenoid and antioxidant capacity yields of UAE were significantly higher than those of the MAE. The antioxidant capacity of extract obtained by the UAE was also significantly higher that of the conventional extraction using the same ratio of solvent to material. The results showed that both MAE and UAE could be used to reduce the extraction time significantly in comparison with conventional extraction of Gac peel while still obtained good extraction efficiencies. Thus, MAE and UAE are recommended for the improvement of carotenoid and antioxidant capacity extraction from Gac peel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V Chuyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW Australia.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Tay Nguyen University Buon Ma Thuot Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW Australia.,School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - John B Golding
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW Australia.,NSW Department of Primary Industries Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Ourimbah NSW Australia.,NSW Department of Primary Industries Ourimbah NSW Australia
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Honda M, Watanabe Y, Murakami K, Hoang NN, diono W, Kanda H, Goto M. Enhanced Lycopene Extraction from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis
Spreng.) by the Z
-Isomerization Induced with Microwave Irradiation Pre-Treatment. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yo Watanabe
- Department of Materials Process Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kazuya Murakami
- Department of Materials Process Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Hoang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; 1 Dai Co Viet road Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Wahyu diono
- Department of Materials Process Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials Process Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Process Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Phan KTK, Phan HT, Brennan CS, Phimolsiripol Y. Nonthermal plasma for pesticide and microbial elimination on fruits and vegetables: an overview. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Thi Kim Phan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Nong Lam University; Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huan Tai Phan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Nong Lam University; Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- Department of Wine; Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
- Food Innovation and Packaging Center; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
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30
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Wimalasiri D, Brkljača R, Piva TJ, Urban S, Huynh T. Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2814-2824. [PMID: 28928521 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) is the richest source of lycopene and β-carotene of all known fruits but the influences of collection sites, variety and environment on carotenoid accumulation is unknown. This study analysed the carotenoid content of 44 M. cochinchinensis aril samples collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam using HPLC, UV-visible spectrophotometry and compared with the colorimetry method. The highest lycopene content was observed in samples collected from Ha Noi (7.76 mg/g) of Northern Vietnam and Lam Ha (6.45 mg/g) and Lam Dong (6.64 mg/g) provinces of Central Vietnam. The highest β-carotene content was observed in a sample from Nam Dinh (9.60 mg/g) in Northern Vietnam while a variety from Hoa Binh province in Northern Vietnam had high contents of both lycopene (5.17 mg/g) and β-carotene (5.66 mg/g). Lycopene content was higher in samples collected from low temperatures (<14 °C) and higher elevations whilst β-carotene content was greatest at temperatures between 27 and 33 °C. Crop improvement for increased lycopene and β-carotene requires rapid and accurate methods of quantification. All three analytical methods utilised were in agreement for lycopene quantification. The (a*/b*)2 transformed colour value resulted in more linear relationship for lycopene indicating that colorimetry method could potentially be developed to select lycopene rich fruits in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani Wimalasiri
- School of Applied Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Robert Brkljača
- School of Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Sylvia Urban
- School of Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Applied Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
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Chuyen HV, Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Effects of four different drying methods on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried Gac peel. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1656-1662. [PMID: 27435184 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a rich source of carotenoids for the manufacture of powder, oil and capsules for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. Currently, only the aril of the Gac fruit is processed and the peel, similar to the other components, is discarded, although it contains high level of carotenoids, which could be extracted for commercial use. In the present study, four different drying methods (hot-air, vacuum, heat pump and freeze drying), different temperatures and drying times were investigated for producing dried Gac peel suitable for carotenoid extraction. RESULTS The drying methods and drying temperatures significantly affected the drying time, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of the dried Gac peel. Among the investigated drying methods, hot-air drying at 80 o C and vacuum drying at 50 o C produced dried Gac peel that exhibited the highest retention of carotenoids and the strongest antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSION Hot-air drying at 80 o C and vacuum drying at 50 o C are recommended for the drying of Gac peel. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V Chuyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak, Vietnam
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - John B Golding
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Saini RK, Assefa AD, Keum YS. Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) seed arils: a potentially valuable source of lycopene. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Chuyen HV, Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V. Chuyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry; Tay Nguyen University; 567 Le Duan Street Buon Ma Thuot Daklak Vietnam
| | - Paul D. Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - John B. Golding
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Sophie E. Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Minh H. Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
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Chuyen HV, Roach PD, Golding JB, Parks SE, Nguyen MH. Effects of pretreatments and air drying temperatures on the carotenoid composition and antioxidant capacity of dried gac peel. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang V. Chuyen
- Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation, School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry; Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot; Daklak Vietnam NSW
| | - Paul D. Roach
- Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation, School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - John B. Golding
- Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation, School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Sophie E. Parks
- Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation, School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Minh H. Nguyen
- Department of Food and Agricultural Products Processing and Preservation, School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
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Akkarachaneeyakorn S, Boonrattanakom A, Pukpin P, Rattanawaraha S, Mattaweewong N. Extraction of Aril Oil from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis
Spreng) Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suthida Akkarachaneeyakorn
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok; 1518 Pracharat I Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Apinya Boonrattanakom
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok; 1518 Pracharat I Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Pornchanok Pukpin
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok; 1518 Pracharat I Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Samaporn Rattanawaraha
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok; 1518 Pracharat I Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Mattaweewong
- Division of Herb and Thai Tradition Medicine, Department for Development of Thai Tradition and Alternative Medicine, Ministry of Public Health; 117 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
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Characterization of nutritionally important phytoconstituents in bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruits by HPLC–DAD and GC–MS. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Salleh RM, Ying TL, Mousavi L. Development of Fruit Bar Using Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabeta Mohd Salleh
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Tee Lee Ying
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
| | - Leila Mousavi
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; 11800 Minden Penang Malaysia
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Bionomics of Momordica cochinchinensis Fed Aulacophora foveicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12595-016-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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