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Hu J, Liu B, Xu X, Mao Z, Ye Z, Liu D, Fang X. Effects of soil moisture and an AC-electric field on the phytoremediation of the Cd-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39016246 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2368687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Phytoremediation enhanced by electric field has been considered a green and low-cost technology for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Soil moisture is a main environmental factor that affects Cd availability in the soil. However, the effects of soil moisture and AC-electric field on the remediation efficiency of willow (Salix spp.) and S. Alfredii interplanted together remain unclear. In the present study, we designed four treatments (60% soil field capacity, 60% soil field capacity + 0.5 V·cm-1 AC, 100% soil field capacity, 100% soil field capacity + 0.5 V·cm-1 AC) to explore the impacts of soil moisture and AC-electric field on soil Cd availability and Cd accumulation in plants. The results showed that the application of an AC-electric field significantly increased soil Cd availability by 20.9% and 10.8% under both 60% and 100% soil field capacity, respectively. Both high water with and without AC-electric field treatments reduced the proportion of acid-extractable and reducible Cd of soil but increased the proportion of residual Cd. Compared with the control, an AC-electric field with 60% soil field capacity significantly enhanced the biomass of S. Alfredii shoots by 31.2% and increased Cd accumulation in willow leaves and S. Alfredii shoots by 14.6% and 32.3%, respectively. In addition, the biomass production of willow was significantly enhanced but the uptake of Cd by willow was dramatically decreased under an AC-electric field with high water treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that the AC-electric field combined with 60% soil field capacity may be a more promising remediation technique to clean up the Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhansheng Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bigot S, Pongrac P, Šala M, van Elteren JT, Martínez JP, Lutts S, Quinet M. The Halophyte Species Solanum chilense Dun. Maintains Its Reproduction despite Sodium Accumulation in Its Floral Organs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11050672. [PMID: 35270142 PMCID: PMC8912488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a growing global concern that affects the yield of crop species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Its wild relative Solanum chilense was reported to have halophyte properties. We compared salt resistance of both species during the reproductive phase, with a special focus on sodium localization in the flowers. Plants were exposed to NaCl from the seedling stage. Salinity decreased the number of inflorescences in both species but the number of flowers per inflorescence and sepal length only in S. lycopersicum. External salt supply decreased the stamen length in S. chilense, and it was associated with a decrease in pollen production and an increase in pollen viability. Although the fruit set was not affected by salinity, fruit weight and size decreased in S. lycopersicum. Concentrations and localization of Na, K, Mg, and Ca differed in reproductive structures of both species. Inflorescences and fruits of S. chilense accumulated more Na than S. lycopersicum. Sodium was mainly located in male floral organs of S. chilense but in non-reproductive floral organs in S. lycopersicum. The expression of Na transporter genes differed in flowers of both species. Overall, our results indicated that S. chilense was more salt-resistant than S. lycopersicum during the reproductive phase and that differences could be partly related to dissimilarities in element distribution and transport in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Bigot
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Paula Pongrac
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (J.T.v.E.)
| | - Johannes T. van Elteren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (J.T.v.E.)
| | - Juan-Pablo Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA-La Cruz), Chorrillos 86, La Cruz 2280454, Chile;
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (S.L.); (M.Q.)
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Albuquerque GMR, Fonseca FCA, Boiteux LS, Borges RCF, Miller RNG, Lopes CA, Souza EB, Fonseca MEN. Stability analysis of reference genes for RT-qPCR assays involving compatible and incompatible Ralstonia solanacearum-tomato 'Hawaii 7996' interactions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18719. [PMID: 34548514 PMCID: PMC8455670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is an analytical tool for gene expression quantification. Reference genes are not yet available for gene expression analysis during interactions of Ralstonia solanacearum with ‘Hawaii 7996’ (the most stable source of resistance in tomato). Here, we carried out a multi-algorithm stability analysis of eight candidate reference genes during interactions of ‘Hawaii 7996’ with one incompatible/avirulent and two compatible/virulent (= resistance-breaking) bacterial isolates. Samples were taken at 24- and 96-h post-inoculation (HPI). Analyses were performed using the ∆∆Ct method and expression stability was estimated using BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm algorithms. TIP41 and EF1α (with geNorm), TIP41 and ACT (with NormFinder), and UBI3 and TIP41 (with BestKeeper), were the best combinations for mRNA normalization in incompatible interactions at 24 HPI and 96 HPI. The most stable genes in global compatible and incompatible interactions at 24 HPI and 96 HPI were PDS and TIP41 (with geNorm), TIP41 and ACT (with NormFinder), and UBI3 and PDS/EXP (with BestKeeper). Global analyses on the basis of the three algorithms across 20 R. solanacearum-tomato experimental conditions identified UBI3, TIP41 and ACT as the best choices as reference tomato genes in this important pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greecy M R Albuquerque
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Fernando C A Fonseca
- Departament of Academic Areas, Instituto Federal de Goiás (IFG), Águas Lindas,, GO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Boiteux
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research, Embrapa Vegetables (CNPH), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rafaela C F Borges
- Plant Pathology Department, ICB, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Robert N G Miller
- Plant Pathology Department, ICB, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Department of Cell Biology, ICB, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Lopes
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research, Embrapa Vegetables (CNPH), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Elineide B Souza
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Esther N Fonseca
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research, Embrapa Vegetables (CNPH), Brasília, DF, Brazil
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