Production of reduced‐fat whipped toppings by solid fat‐based W/O/W double emulsions: proof of concept

Development of a GC-FID method for the quantitative determination of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) in foods

Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) is a powerful lipophilic emulsifier used in low-fat spreads and chocolate. It should be used at the lowest level at which the desired technological effect is achieved, not exceeding the specified maxima according to Annexe II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. A gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) method was developed for quantification of PGPR. This method is based on estimating the content of ricinoleic acid using 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid as an internal standard, from which the PGPR concentration was deduced. The method involved saponification, methylation, a two-step solid phase extraction (SPE) separation of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), silylation, and GC-FID analysis. The limits of detection and quantification of ricinoleic acid were 2.2 and 6.7 μg/mL, respectively, at 0.1 µL injection volume. Considering the average content of ricinoleic acid in PGPR (i.e. 86.63 ± 2.0 wt%) and the amount of food product that is used in the proposed protocol (i.e. 20 mg), this resulted in a LOD and LOQ of 0.76 and 2.32 μg PGPR per mg of food product, respectively. The developed method was validated by determining PGPR recovery from a high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) solution, from chocolate spiked with a commercially available PGPR, and from commercially available low fat spreads with a known PGPR content. The actual recovery was more than 95% for all matrices, indicating the accuracy of the developed analytical technique. Moreover, the method proved to be very reproducible, with RSD < 4% for concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 5 wt%. The results showed that our proposed GC-FID method enables the reliable and quantitative determination of the PGPR concentration in commercial food products with various fat contents.