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Draghi S, Curone G, Pavlovic R, Di Cesare F, Cagnardi P, Fornesi Silva C, Pellegrini A, Riva F, Arioli F, Fidani M. Influence of Area, Age and Sex on Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances Detected in Roe Deer Muscle and Liver from Selected Areas of Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:529. [PMID: 38396499 PMCID: PMC10885967 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to their physicochemical properties, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) persist and bioaccumulate in living organisms, causing adverse health effects. Since exposure to xenobiotics is influenced by factors related to both the living organism and the considered compounds, biomonitoring PFASs' presence in the environment is of crucial importance. This study aimed to detect and quantify 15 PFASs in the muscle and liver of 40 roe deer from a specific area in Northern Italy by UPLC-HRMS. In the roe deer, liver PFAS concentrations were higher than those seen in muscle (p < 0.05). Although PFAS content in animals from urbanized areas was higher than those found in deer from rural areas, this difference was not statistically significant. In female roe deer, the concentration was higher than in males (p < 0.05); moreover, older animals showed higher concentrations of PFASs in the liver than younger animals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the amount of PFASs was higher in tissues from roe deer belonging to urbanized areas, showing that this species might serve as a good bioindicator due to its territorial behavior. PFAS content was significantly higher in female roe deer, although the reason is not fully known. Finally, PFAS concentration was higher in the liver of older animals, probably due to compromised hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Claudia Fornesi Silva
- UNIRELAB S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (C.F.S.); (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Alberto Pellegrini
- UNIRELAB S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (C.F.S.); (A.P.); (M.F.)
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.D.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (F.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Marco Fidani
- UNIRELAB S.r.l., Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (C.F.S.); (A.P.); (M.F.)
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Pavlovic R, Draghi S, Pellegrini A, Fornesi Silva C, Di Cesare F, Curone G, Arioli F, Fidani M. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Non-Targeted Detection of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus). Molecules 2024; 29:617. [PMID: 38338361 PMCID: PMC10856453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among wildlife species, roe deer stands out as a valuable indicator of environmental pollution due to its ecological significance and role as a game animal. The assessment of poly- and perfluoro substances (PFASs) bioaccumulation is of the utmost importance, relying on the liver and muscles as the main organs of interest. The study concerned the identification of 60 PFAS through a non-target workflow analysis based on HPLC Q-Exactive Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in a homogeneous group of 18 female roe deer species. The developed strategy allowed us to individuate the 60 PFAS compounds with different levels of confirmation. Apart from seven PFASs identified via analytical standards, the remaining fifty-three features were identified with CL 2 or 3. Moreover, by applying a differential statistic approach, it was possible to distinguish the bioaccumulation patterns in the liver and muscle, identifying 12 PFAS upregulated in the muscle and 20 in the liver. The analysis reveals that specific PFAS compounds present exclusively in either the muscle or in the liver. The study emphasises the specificity of the liver and muscle as significant bioaccumulation sites for PFAS, raising questions about the underlying mechanisms of this process. In conclusion, the presented non-targeted PFAS analysis workflow evidenced promising and reliable results, successfully demonstrating its feasibility in the field of environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Alberto Pellegrini
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (A.P.); (C.F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Claudia Fornesi Silva
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (A.P.); (C.F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Marco Fidani
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy; (A.P.); (C.F.S.); (M.F.)
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Ren G, Chen L, Fan J, Hou S, Chen J, Deng H, Luo J, Huang P, Zhao Y, Li J, Feng D, Ge C, Yu H. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in overlying water and sediment from the mangrove ecosystem in Hainan Island, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168417. [PMID: 37949126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Since data on Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in mangrove ecosystems are very limited. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 24 PFASs in the overlying waters and sediments of mangrove systems in Hainan Island, China. The concentration levels of PFASs in water and sediment ranged from 6.3 to 35.3 ng/L and from 0.33 to 10.2 ng/g dw, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution, firstly, the mangrove forests in Haikou and Sanya contained higher levels of PFASs; secondly, the eastern region contained higher levels of PFASs than the western region. The reasons for this may be related to the population size and development level of the region. For the organic carbon normalized sediment-water partition coefficient (log Koc), the results showed that log Koc decreased with increasing carbon chains for short-chain PFASs (with ≤6 CF2 units) and increased with increasing carbon chains for long-chain PFASs (with ˃6 CF2 units). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were employed to pinpoint specific origins of PFASs, namely firefighting, metal plating, food packaging, textiles, and fluoropolymer manufacturing. The risk quotient (RQ) values of PFASs in mangrove ecosystems on Hainan Island were all <1, but the existence of potential risks cannot be excluded. Hence, further investigations related to the bioaccumulation effects of PFASs in organisms in mangrove forests should be conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their environmental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Like Chen
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou 571126, China
| | - Jinluo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Shuailing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Junnan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jiwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Chengjun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Huamei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Hainan University, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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Nobile M, Arioli F, Curci D, Ancillotti C, Scanavini G, Chiesa LM, Panseri S. Incidence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Commercial Eggs and Their Impact on Consumer's Safety. Foods 2023; 12:3846. [PMID: 37893740 PMCID: PMC10605999 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs play an important role in a balanced diet; however, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognizes eggs as a major source of poly and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In this study, the presence of PFASs was analysed in eggs produced by hens from Northern Italian regions, a PFASs-contaminated area. Sixty-five samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The greatest presence of PFASs was found in eggs from Veneto and Emilia Romagna, and the most detected PFASs were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (mean concentrations 0.30 ± 0.15 and 0.05 ± 0.00 ng g-1). Considering the most recent updates for the sum of the main four PFASs, the highest concentration found in the analysed samples was 0.05 ng g-1, well below the maximum limit set by the European Union. The PFAS intake evaluation confirmed that egg consumption does not represent a risk for Italian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Dalia Curci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Claudia Ancillotti
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Scanavini
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
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Draghi S, Pavlovic R, Pellegrini A, Fidani M, Riva F, Brecchia G, Agradi S, Arioli F, Vigo D, Di Cesare F, Curone G. First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction. Foods 2023; 12:2449. [PMID: 37444187 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk is a pillar of the human diet and plays a key role in the nutrition of infants. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are well-recognized highly stable organic compounds that are able to pollute ecosystems persistently and threaten both human and animal health. The study aimed to analyze the distribution of 14 PFASs within the milk matrix by comparing their content in whole milk, and its skimmed and creamed fractions. Raw milk samples were individually collected from 23 healthy cows (10 primiparous and 13 multiparous) reared on a farm in Northern Italy not surrounded by known point sources of PFASs. Each sample was fractioned in whole, skim, and cream components to undergo PFAS analysis using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. All samples contained at least one PFAS, with perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) being the primary contaminant in all three fractions, followed by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). PFOS was shown to be significantly (p < 0.001) more concentrated in cream than in raw and skimmed milk. Multiparous cows showed a higher frequency of positive samples in all analyzed fractions. Further research is necessary to assess the risk of dairy diets and high-fat dairy products and to investigate the toxicological effects of PFASs on cattle, even in environments without known PFAS sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Draghi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Fidani
- UNIRELAB Srl, Via Gramsci 70, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Castellani F, Galletti M, Charavgis F, Cingolani A, Renzi S, Nucci M, Protano C, Vitali M. Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in River Waters of Central Italy: Monthly Variation and Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:332-346. [PMID: 37022436 PMCID: PMC10130131 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are a wide class of emerging pollutants. In this study, we applied the US EPA method 533 for the determination of 21 PFCs in river water samples. In particular, this method was used to investigate the presence of the target PFCs in six rivers in central Italy during a 4-month-long monitoring campaign. In 73% of the analyzed samples, at least some of the target PFCs were detected at concentrations higher than the limit of detection (LOD). The sum of the 21 target analytes (∑21PFCs) ranged from 4.3 to 68.5 ng L-1, with the highest concentrations measured in the month of June, probably due to a minor river streamflow occurring in the warmer summer months. Considering the individual congeners, PFBA and PFPeA, followed by PFHxA and PFOA, were the predominantly detected compounds. Short- and medium-chain PFCs (C4-C9) prevail over the long-chain PFCs (C10-C18), likely due to the increased industrial use and the higher solubility of short-chain PFCs compared to long-chain PFCs. The ecological risk assessment, conducted by using the risk quotient method, highlighted that the risk for aquatic environments associated with PFBA, PFPeA, PFBS, PFHxA and PFOA was low or negligible. Only for PFOA, there was a medium level of risk in two rivers in the month of June. With regard to PFOS, 54% of the river water samples were classified as "high risk" for the aquatic environment. The remaining 46% of the samples were classified as "medium risk."
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Castellani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mara Galletti
- ARPA Umbria, Via Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, 23, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonia Renzi
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko Nucci
- ARPA Umbria, Via Pievaiola 207/B-3, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome la Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Nobile M, Mosconi G, Chiesa LM, Panseri S, Danesi L, Falletta E, Arioli F. Incidence of Potentially Toxic Elements and Perfluoroalkyl Substances Present in Canned Anchovies and Their Impact on Food Safety. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051060. [PMID: 36900577 PMCID: PMC10000572 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish plays a key role in a healthy and balanced Italian diet, but it is also subject to the bioaccumulation of different contaminants depending on the geographical or anthropogenic context from which it is derived. In recent years, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has been focusing its attention on consumer toxicological risk, considering emerging contaminants such as perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Regarding fish, anchovies are among the five small pelagic main commercial species in the European Union and the top five fresh species consumed by households in Italy. Considering the lack of data on PFASs and PTEs in this species, our aim was to investigate the mentioned contaminants in salted and canned anchovies collected over 10 months from different fishing areas, even those far apart, to verify possible variations in bioaccumulation and to consider the risk for the consumer. According to our results, the assessed risk was very reassuring also for large consumers. The only concern, related to Ni acute toxicity, also dependent on the different consumers' sensitivity, was related to only one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mosconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334611
| | - Luigi Danesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Falletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Universita’ 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Mosconi G, Di Cesare F, Arioli F, Nobile M, Tedesco DEA, Chiesa LM, Panseri S. Organohalogenated Substances and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fish from Mediterranean Sea and North Italian Lakes: Related Risk for the Italian Consumers. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152241. [PMID: 35954008 PMCID: PMC9367995 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary source of persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure is food, especially fish. European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) are among the most eaten sea fish in Italy. Fish from lakes in Northern Italy, such as agone (Alosa agone), represent niche consumption for most people, but possibly constitute a much larger percentage of overall consumption volume for local residents. This study dealt with the presence of POPs in the above-mentioned fish species via GC-MS/MS analysis. None of the analytes for which maximum limits are in place showed concentrations above those limits. Moreover, none of the substances without maximum limits exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) when given, nor did they exceed the more general values considered safe, even for 99th percentile consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mosconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-0250334611 (F.A. & M.N.)
| | - Maria Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-0250334611 (F.A. & M.N.)
| | - Doriana E. A. Tedesco
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via G.Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luca M. Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (G.M.); (F.D.C.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
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