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Mathew AR, Cavallucci V, Fidaleo M. Altered vitamin B12 metabolism in the central nervous system is associated with the modification of ribosomal gene expression: new insights from comparative RNA dataset analysis. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36683116 PMCID: PMC9868042 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed the direct role of vitamin B12 (VitB12) in the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis; nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms are poorly understood. By analyzing RNA-Seq and microarray datasets obtained from databanks, this study aims to identify possible basic mechanisms, related to the brain, involved in altering the gene expression under VitB12 deficiency mimicking conditions. The database inquiry returned datasets generated from distinctly heterogeneous experimental sets and considering the quality and relevance requirements, two datasets from mouse and one from rat models were selected. The analyses of individual datasets highlighted a change in ribosomal gene expression in VitB12 deficiency mimicking conditions within each system. Specifically, a divergent regulation was observed depending on the animal model: mice showed a down regulation of the ribosomal gene expression, while rats an upregulation. Interestingly, E2f1 was significantly upregulated under VitB12 deficiency mimicking conditions in the animal models, with a greater upregulation in rats. The rat model also revealed putative E2F1 Transcription Factor Binding Sites (TFBSs) in the promoter of the differently regulated genes involved in ribosomal gene expression. This suggested the possibility that E2F1, being greater expressed in rats, could activate the ribosomal genes having E2F1 TFBSs, thus giving a plausible explication to the divergent regulation observed in animal models. Despite the great diversity of the experimental sets used to generate the datasets considered, a common alteration of the ribosomes exists, thereby indicating a possible basic and conserved response to VitB12 deficiency. Moreover, these findings could provide new insights on E2F1 and its association with CNS homeostasis and VitB12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Rachel Mathew
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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2
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Torrez M, Chabot-Richards D, Babu D, Lockhart E, Foucar K. How I investigate acquired megaloblastic anemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2022; 44:236-247. [PMID: 34981651 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this review of megaloblastic anemia (MA), an overview of vitamin B12 and folate body requirements, biochemical pathways, and laboratory testing strategies will be provided. However, the focus of this review is the classic and unique features of MA in blood and bone marrow. Acquired MA is a benign disorder for many, but can be detrimental for some. The clinical presentation can vary considerably, and the spectrum of symptoms and signs is diverse and quite broad. Prompt recognition and therapy are critical to prevent potential irreversible damage and clinical sequelae, especially in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. A delay in diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency can result in significant neurologic sequelae that may not fully resolve with treatment, including in neonates and young infants. The blood and bone marrow features in MA can closely mimic thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplasia, and other myeloid neoplasms. Both pancytopenia and normal MCV at presentation are common in MA and raise unique challenges for the diagnostician. Partially treated MA is also a significant diagnostic "trap". MA is highly responsive to treatment, and patients tend to improve rapidly upon treatment initiation. However, the broad range of clinical and hematologic features makes the rapid, successful diagnosis of MA a unique challenge for the hematopathologist. Even in the era of state-of-the-art laboratory testing, a high suspicion is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Torrez
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Devon Chabot-Richards
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Daniel Babu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Evelyn Lockhart
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Kathryn Foucar
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Current Nanocarrier Strategies Improve Vitamin B12 Pharmacokinetics, Ameliorate Patients' Lives, and Reduce Costs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030743. [PMID: 33809596 PMCID: PMC8001893 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (VitB12) is a naturally occurring compound produced by microorganisms and an essential nutrient for humans. Several papers highlight the role of VitB12 deficiency in bone and heart health, depression, memory performance, fertility, embryo development, and cancer, while VitB12 treatment is crucial for survival in inborn errors of VitB12 metabolism. VitB12 is administrated through intramuscular injection, thus impacting the patients’ lifestyle, although it is known that oral administration may meet the specific requirement even in the case of malabsorption. Furthermore, the high-dose injection of VitB12 does not ensure a constant dosage, while the oral route allows only 1.2% of the vitamin to be absorbed in human beings. Nanocarriers are promising nanotechnology that can enable therapies to be improved, reducing side effects. Today, nanocarrier strategies applied at VitB12 delivery are at the initial phase and aim to simplify administration, reduce costs, improve pharmacokinetics, and ameliorate the quality of patients’ lives. The safety of nanotechnologies is still under investigation and few treatments involving nanocarriers have been approved, so far. Here, we highlight the role of VitB12 in human metabolism and diseases, and the issues linked to its molecule properties, and discuss how nanocarriers can improve the therapy and supplementation of the vitamin and reduce possible side effects and limits.
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Gul M, Azari Jafari A, Shah M, Mirmoeeni S, Haider SU, Moinuddin S, Chaudhry A. Molecular Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Related Disorders: A Critical Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6020. [PMID: 32825639 PMCID: PMC7547375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) which can lead to severe disability. Several diseases can mimic the clinical manifestations of MS. This can often lead to a prolonged period that involves numerous tests and investigations before a definitive diagnosis is reached. As well as the possibility of misdiagnosis. Molecular biomarkers can play a unique role in this regard. Molecular biomarkers offer a unique view into the CNS disorders. They help us understand the pathophysiology of disease as well as guiding our diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic approaches in CNS disorders. This review highlights the most prominent molecular biomarkers found in the literature with respect to MS and its related disorders. Based on numerous recent clinical and experimental studies, we demonstrate that several molecular biomarkers could very well aid us in differentiating MS from its related disorders. The implications of this work will hopefully serve clinicians and researchers alike, who regularly deal with MS and its related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gul
- Precision Rheumatology INC, 2050 South Euclid Street, Anaheim, CA 92802, USA
| | - Amirhossein Azari Jafari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran; (A.A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Muffaqam Shah
- Deccan College of Medical Sciences, P.O. Kanchanbagh, DMRL ‘X’ Road, Santhosh Nagar, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana State, India;
| | - Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud 3614773947, Iran; (A.A.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Safee Ullah Haider
- Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Sadia Moinuddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Antonio Regional Medical Center, 999 San Bernardino Rd, Upland, CA 91786, USA;
| | - Ammar Chaudhry
- Department of Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
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Krzywański J, Mikulski T, Pokrywka A, Młyńczak M, Krysztofiak H, Frączek B, Ziemba A. Vitamin B 12 Status and Optimal Range for Hemoglobin Formation in Elite Athletes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041038. [PMID: 32283824 PMCID: PMC7230602 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Athletes and coaches believe in the ergogenic effect of vitamin B12 (which results from enhanced erythropoiesis) and they often insist on its unjustified supplementation. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the vitamin B12 status in Polish elite athletes and its influence on red blood cell parameters. Methods: In total, 1131 blood samples were collected during six years from 243 track and field athletes divided into strength and endurance groups, as well as according to the declared use of vitamin B12 injections. Results: An average vitamin B12 concentration in all subjects was 739 ± 13 pg/mL, with no cases of deficiency. A weak but significant relationship was found between vitamin B12 and hemoglobin concentrations. A significant increase in hemoglobin appeared from very low vitamin B12 concentration and up to approx. 400 pg/mL, while hemoglobin did not significantly change from 700 pg/mL and onwards. Vitamin B12 injections were used by 34% of athletes, significantly more often by endurance than by strength athletes. In athletes who declared no use of injections, a higher concentration of vitamin B12 was observed in the endurance group. Conclusion: The main finding of the present study is the determination of the range of vitamin B12 concentration which may favor better hemoglobin synthesis in athletes. They should regularly monitor vitamin B12 concentration and maintain the range of 400–700 pg/mL as it may improve red blood cell parameters. We might suggest application of a supplementation if necessary. Special attention is required in athletes with a vitamin B12 concentration below 400 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Krzywański
- National Centre for Sports Medicine, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Tomasz Mikulski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcel Młyńczak
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, św. Andrzeja Boboli 8, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hubert Krysztofiak
- National Centre for Sports Medicine, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (H.K.)
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Frączek
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Ziemba
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Gwathmey KG, Grogan J. Nutritional neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2019; 62:13-29. [PMID: 31837157 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathies associated with nutritional deficiencies are routinely encountered by the practicing neurologist. Although these neuropathies assume different patterns, most are length-dependent, sensory axonopathies. Cobalamin deficiency neuropathy is the exception, often presenting with a non-length-dependent sensory neuropathy. Patients with cobalamin and copper deficiency neuropathy characteristically have concomitant myelopathy, whereas vitamin E deficiency is uniquely associated with a spinocerebellar syndrome. In contrast to those nutrients for which deficiencies produce neuropathies, pyridoxine toxicity results in a non-length-dependent sensory neuronopathy. Deficiencies occur in the context of malnutrition, malabsorption, increased nutrient loss (such as with dialysis), autoimmune conditions such as pernicious anemia, and with certain drugs that inhibit nutrient absorption. When promptly identified, therapeutic nutrient supplementation may result in stabilization or improvement of these neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Grogan
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Huemer M, Baumgartner MR. The clinical presentation of cobalamin-related disorders: From acquired deficiencies to inborn errors of absorption and intracellular pathways. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:686-705. [PMID: 30761552 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of nutritional and acquired cobalamin (Cbl; synonym: vitamin B12) deficiencies, inborn errors of Cbl absorption and intracellular trafficking, as well as methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiencies, which impair Cbl-dependent remethylation. Acquired and inborn Cbl-related disorders and MTHFR deficiency cause multisystem, often severe disease. Failure to thrive, neurocognitive or psychiatric symptoms, eye disease, bone marrow alterations, microangiopathy and thromboembolic events are characteristic. The recently identified MTHFD1 defect additionally presents with severe immune deficiency. Deficient Cbl-dependent enzymes cause reduced methylation capacity and metabolite toxicity. Further net-effects of perturbed Cbl function or reduced Cbl supply causing oxidative stress, altered cytokine regulation or immune functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huemer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Harada Y, Komori I, Morinaga K, Shimizu T. Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia with thrombocytopenia induced by vitamin B12 deficiency long term after gastrectomy. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225915. [PMID: 30232206 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia with thrombocytopenia, called pseudo-thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), is a clinically important complication in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. We herein present a case of an 80-year-old woman with pseudo-TMA after gastrectomy. She was initially suspected with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura based on rapid progression of anaemia with schistocytes and thrombocytopenia; however, her anaemia and thrombocytopenia were improved by vitamin B12 supplementation alone, with a single session of plasma exchange. Vitamin B12 deficiency was finally confirmed by low vitamin B12 levels from the patient's initial blood sample. In addition, normal ADAMTS13 activity was proven, lowering the likelihood of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Therefore, this patient was diagnosed with pseudo-TMA caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Pseudo-TMA can occur in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency post-gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Harada
- Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Itsumi Komori
- Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Kouhei Morinaga
- Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
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