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Daibes MA, Qedan RI, Al-Jabi SW, Koni AA, Zyoud SH. Nurses' knowledge and practice regarding mixing medications with food: a multicenter cross-sectional study from a developing country. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:52. [PMID: 37277885 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different pharmaceutical characteristics of the dosage form (DF) have a direct effect on how easily oral solid medicine is swallowed. The practice of crushing tablets or opening the capsule occurs daily in the hospital, and most nurses are unknowledgeable regarding these issues. Coadministration of medications with food can cause changes in drug absorption and lead to an alteration in gastrointestinal motility, which can cause an unexpected effect on the dissolution and absorption of the drug. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate nurses' knowledge and practices regarding the mixing of medications with food or drink in Palestine. METHODS From June 2019 to April 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted, encompassing nurses working in government hospitals across various districts of Palestine. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews, using questionnaires that assessed nurses' understanding and implementation of mixing medications with food. The sampling method employed was convenience sampling. To analyze the gathered information, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 (IBM-SPSS) was utilized. RESULTS A total of 200 nurses participated in the study. The data show a significant difference between the median knowledge scores according to the department of work (p < 0.001). The highest median [interquartile] knowledge score of 15 [12-15] was found for nurses working in the neonatal intensive care unit. In addition, nurses in the pediatric ward and the men's medical ward had high scores of 13 [11.5-15] and 13 [11-14], respectively. In general, the results show that 88% of nurses modified oral DF prior to administration to patients. Regarding the type of food used, mixing medicine into juice was the most common procedure performed by nurses (approximately 84%); 35% of nurses used orange juice to mix with medicine. The most common reason for crushing was to administer medications to patients with a nasogastric tube (41.5%). In regard to medications, aspirin was the most frequently used drug that was crushed by the nurses (44%); however, 35.5% of nurses did not feel sufficiently trained to carry out this practice. Concerning the sources of information, 58% of nurses usually asked pharmacists for information about medications. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that crushing and mixing medications with food is common among nurses, and most nurses are unaware of the dangerous effect of this practice on patient health. Pharmacists, as medication experts, should participate in sharing knowledge about unnecessary crushing situations or when crushing should be avoided and try to find an alternative, when available, to aid administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah A Daibes
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
| | - Rawan I Qedan
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
| | - Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
| | - Amer A Koni
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Hematology and Oncology, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839, Palestine
| | - Sa'ed H Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
- Clinical Research Center, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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Freerks L, Sucher W, Tarnow MJ, Eckert C, Klein S. Vehicles for Drug Administration to Children: Results and Learnings from an In-Depth Screening of FDA-Recommended Liquids and Soft Foods for Product Quality Assessment. Pharm Res 2022; 39:497-509. [PMID: 35233727 PMCID: PMC8986743 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mixing with liquids or soft foods is a common procedure to improve acceptability of oral medicines in children but may affect drug stability and the in vivo performance of the administered drug product. The aim of the present study was to obtain an overview of the variability of critical attributes of commonly used vehicles and to identify which vehicle characteristics need to be considered when developing in vitro methods for evaluating product quality. Methods One product of each vehicle listed in the FDA draft guidance “Use of Liquids and/or Soft Foods as Vehicles for Drug Administration” was analyzed with regard to composition, calorific content and physicochemical properties. Results The studied vehicles show wide variability, both in composition and physicochemical properties. No correlation was observed between vehicle composition and physicochemical properties. Comparison of results of the present study with previously published data also provided variability in physicochemical properties within individual vehicle types. Conclusions To identify acceptable (qualified) vehicles for global drug product labeling, it is important that the vehicles selected for in vitro compatibility screening reflect the variability in composition and essential physicochemical properties of the vehicles recommended on the product label, rather than relying on results obtained with a single vehicle of each type. Future activities will focus on the development of standardized dosing vehicles that can represent key vehicle characteristics in all their variability to ensure reliable risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freerks
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix Hausdorff Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wenke Sucher
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix Hausdorff Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Josefin Tarnow
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix Hausdorff Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carolin Eckert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix Hausdorff Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Felix Hausdorff Straße 3, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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An R, Zong A, Chen S, Xu R, Zhang R, Jiang W, Liu L, Du F, Zhang H, Xu T. Effects of Oligosaccharides on Markers of Glycemic: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Food Funct 2022; 13:8766-8782. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To Investigate the effect of oligosaccharide on marker of glycemic including fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting blood insulin (FBI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR),...
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Rautamo M, Kvarnström K, Sivén M, Airaksinen M, Lahdenne P, Sandler N. A Focus Group Study about Oral Drug Administration Practices at Hospital Wards-Aspects to Consider in Drug Development of Age-Appropriate Formulations for Children. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020109. [PMID: 32019100 PMCID: PMC7076415 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug administration to pediatric patients is characterized by a lack of age-appropriate drug products and the off-label use of medicines. However, drug administration practices at hospital wards is a scarcely studied subject. The aim of this study was to explore the oral drug administration practices at pediatric hospital wards, with a focus on experiences and challenges faced, methods used to mitigate existing problems, drug manipulation habits, perceptions about oral dosage forms and future needs of oral dosage forms for children. This was a qualitative study consisting of focus group discussions with physicians, nurses and clinical pharmacists in a tertiary university hospital with the objective of bringing forward a holistic view on this research topic. These healthcare professionals recognized different administration challenges that were classified as either dosage form-related or patient-related ones. A lack of depot formulations developed especially for children as well as oral pediatric dosage forms of drug substances currently available as intravenous dosage forms was recognized. The preferred oral dosage forms were oral liquids and orodispersible tablets. Patient-centered drug administration practices including factors facilitating drug administration both at hospital wards and at home after patient discharge were identified. Among all healthcare professionals, the efficient cooperation in drug prescribing and administration as well as in educating the child’s caregivers in correct administration techniques before discharge and improving the overall discharge process of patients was emphasized. This study complements the prevalent understanding that new dosage forms for children of varying ages and stages of development are still needed. It also brings a holistic view on different aspects of oral drug administration to pediatric patients and overall patient-centered drug administration practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rautamo
- HUS Pharmacy, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9B, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Kirsi Kvarnström
- HUS Pharmacy, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9B, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mia Sivén
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Marja Airaksinen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Pekka Lahdenne
- Department of Children and Adolescents, HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, 00029 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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Lopez FL, Ernest TB, Orlu M, Tuleu C. The effect of administration media on palatability and ease of swallowing of multiparticulate formulations. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:67-75. [PMID: 30170024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiparticulate formulations based on pellets, granules or beads, could be advantageous for paediatrics, geriatrics and patients with swallowing difficulties. However, these formulations may require suitable administration media to facilitate administration. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of administration media properties on palatability and ease of swallowing of multiparticulates. A range of vehicles were developed using xanthan gum (XG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as model hydrocolloids. Such vehicles were prepared at three consistency levels (Level 1 - 'syrup', Level 2 - 'custard' and Level 3 - 'pudding') to investigate the effect of viscosity on their performance as administration media. A randomised, single-blind sensory evaluation study was carried out in thirty healthy adult volunteers using microcrystalline cellulose pellets as model multiparticulates, dispersed in the hydrogels (and water as control) at a concentration of 250 mg in 5 ml. Samples were evaluated using 5-point scales. The use of hydrogels as administration media improved a range of sample attributes compared to water formulations, including appearance, taste, mouthfeel, ease of swallowing and residue in the mouth (all improved by ca. 0,5 points) and oral grittiness perception (improved by ca. 1 point). Polymeric hydrogels thickened to medium consistency (Level 2, XG 0.5% and CMC 1.0% w/v) demonstrated the best performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Lopez
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Terry B Ernest
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Mine Orlu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Tuleu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Thabet Y, Walsh J, Breitkreutz J. Flexible and precise dosing of enalapril maleate for all paediatric age groups utilizing orodispersible minitablets. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wolska E, Kluk A, Zarazińska M, Boniecka M, Sznitowska M. Choice of excipients for gelly-like pulp prepared ex tempore "on a spoon"- "placebo" and with sartans. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:998-1007. [PMID: 26548554 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1103747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT To ensure safe oral administration, pediatric patients require an appropriate dosage form to be swallowed without relevant difficulties. Ex tempore hydrated powders, forming viscous pulp "on a spoon", have recently gained much interest as pediatric formulations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viscosity-increasing substances and disintegrants, alone or in mixtures, as excipients suitable for preparing such formulations, with candesartan and valsartan chosen as model active substances. METHODS The mixtures of excipients were prepared in the form of powders, granules or lyophilizates, which were evaluated in terms of their ability to form a homogenous mass after hydration with a small amount of water. The best compositions were tested with candesartan cilexetil and valsartan (2% and 10% w/w, respectively). Performed studies include macroscopic, organoleptic and microscopic observations, as well as a textural analysis, determination of gelation time and rheological measurements. RESULTS Mixtures of guar gum, lactose and one of the disintegrants (F-Melt M, Prosolv 50, Prosolv Easy, Lycatab, Pharmaburst, Pearlitol) demonstrated the best properties. With regard to drug-incorporating formulations, granules were evaluated as the most satisfying form, while the functional properties of lyophilized formulations were poor. CONCLUSION Granules with candesartan cilexetil (2%) were found to be the most promising for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Wolska
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Anna Kluk
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Magda Zarazińska
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Magdalena Boniecka
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sznitowska
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
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Methods of administering oral formulations and child acceptability. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:261-7. [PMID: 26143234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children may be unable or unwilling to swallow medicines. In order to avoid or accommodate any such problems, parents may decide to administer medicines other than intended. The aim of this study was to investigate how parents administered four oral placebo formulations to infants and preschool children and how the applied methods correlated with child acceptability. METHODS Parents were asked to administer a 4 mm mini-tablet, powder, suspension and syrup to their child twice on one day and to report the child characteristics and administration details in a participant diary. RESULTS A 151 children were included. The tablet, syrup and suspension were mostly given on their own, whereas the powder was commonly given with food or drink. Generally, the higher the child acceptability (VAS-score) of the first administration of a specific formulation, the less frequently its method of administration was changed. A change in the method of administration of the same formulation involving (a larger quantity of) food or drink generally resulted in a higher VAS-score. CONCLUSIONS The joint administration of medicines with food or drink is an effective strategy to ensure swallowing. This study supports earlier findings that 4mm mini-tablets are a suitable dosage form from infant age.
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